...Billings on Construction XXX To record collections: Cash XXX Accounts Receivable XXX To Record Revenue, GP, Completion, and expense: To Recognize Revenue and GP (dr.) Construction in Process (GP) XXXX Construction Expenses XXXX (cr.) Revenue – LT Contracts XXXXX Record Completion of Contract: (dr.) Billings on Construction in Progress (FULL BILLING AMT) (cr) Construction in Process (FULL CIP AMOUNT) Balance Sheet Reporting: CIP & Rec. Profit > Billings = Current Asset Billings > CIP & Rec. Profit = Current Liability ------------------------------------------------- Completed Contract Method Billings on Construction in Process XXXXXX Revenue – LT Contracts XXXXX Costs of Construction XXXXXX Construction in Process XXXXXX ------------------------------------------------- Losses on LT Contracts 1. Loss in current period – contract still profitable JE: (dr.) Consruction Expenses XXXXXX (cr.) Construction in Process (loss) XXXX (cr.) Revenue – LT contracts XXXX 2. Loss on an Unprofitable Contract – always recognize loss immediately. JE: (dr.) Consruction Expenses XXXXXX (cr.) Construction in...
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...Insurance Contracts This project deals with the accounting for insurance contracts. As stated on the site, “accounting for insurance contracts does not provide users with the information they need to meaningfully understand the insurer’s financial position, performance and risk exposure.” Additionally, IFRS does not provide the proper guidance to how insurers should handle certain issues. The main goal of the Insurance Contracts project is to provide a single principle-based standard to account for all types of insurance contracts. Also, because comparability between entities is largely lacking today, the Insurance Contracts project also aims to enhance the comparability of financial reporting between them. The Insurance project is broken down into 2 phases. The first phase coincides with the issuance of ‘IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts,’ which “offered limited improvement in account by insurers and enhanced disclosures on amount, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows from insurance contracts.” Phase 2 will be the issuance of a new Insurance Contracts Standard, which will actually replace IFRS 4 (Insurance Contracts). Leases The Leases project deals with the reporting of lease information to investors and analysts. The main goal of the project is to develop a new standard that will establish the guidance for entities to follow on reporting information regarding the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from a lease. As stated in the work plan, in...
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...Business Accounting Revenue Recognition ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE: REVENUE RECOGNITION This document describes the Revenue Recognition methods that are currently employed at ASB(ASB): Revenue Recognition Methods The ASB revenue recognition policy follows the definitions and principles stated in the Nokia Accounting Standards as well as the relevant International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) mainly IAS 11 "Construction contracts" and IAS 18 "Revenue". ASB´s main revenue recognition methods are contract accounting, general revenue recognition and service revenue recognition methods. Basic Revenue Recognition Criteria Revenue can be recognized for majority of ASB sales (regardless of revenue recognition methods) when all the following criteria have been met: 1. A contract is in place (binding obligation) 2. Delivery has occurred: a. IAS 11 (contract accounting); delivery has occurred and services performed according to the contract delivery terms, b. IAS 18 (general revenue recognition); the significant risks and rewards of ownership (as defined in the contract) have transferred to the customer. 3. Continuing managerial involvement usually associated with ownership and effective control have ceased, 4. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably (the fee is fixed or determinable), 5. It is probable that economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to ASB (collectibility is probable) and 6. The costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction...
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...Necessity Differentiate between a positive and normative accounting theory * Positive Theory seeks to explain and predict particular phenomena * Focuses on relationships between various individuals and how accounting is used to assist in the functioning of these relationships * Normative Theory prescribe how a particular practice should be undertaken Identify the origins of Positive Accounting Theory (PAT) * Assumption: All individual action is driven by self-interest opportunistic behaviour increase wealth does not incorporate notions of loyalty or morality * 1960s: paradigm shift from normative theories * Efficient Markets Hypothesis: capital markets react in an efficient and unbiased manner to publicly available information * Ball & Brown paper: investigated stock market reaction to accounting earnings announcements crucial to the acceptance of the positive research paradigm * Agency theory: explained why the selection of particular accounting method might matter focus: relationship between principals and agents information asymmetries create much uncertainty acceptance of transaction costs and information costs * Relies on traditional economics literature assumptions of self-interest and wealth maximization without having contractual agreements between the agents and the principal the agent will receive a reduced income agents then motivated to enter contracts which appear to limit actions detrimental to agents agency...
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...Positive accounting is the branch of academic research in accounting that seeks to explain and predict actual accounting practices. This contrasts with normative accounting, that seeks to derive and prescribe "optimal" accounting standards. The branch of academic research in accounting that seeks to explain and predict actual accounting practices. Positive accounting can be associated with the contractual view of the firm.[1][2] The firm is viewed as “a nexus of contracts” and accounting one tool to facilitate the formation and performance of contracts. Under this view, accounting practices evolve to mitigate contracting costs by establishing ex ante agreement among varying parties. For example, positive accounting postulates that conservatism in accounting –in this sense defined conditionally as requiring lower (higher) standards of verifiability to recognize losses (gains)– has origins in contract markets, including managerial compensation contracts and lender debt contracts. As an example, absent conservatism, managerial compensation agreements may reward managers based on current reports that later evidence indicate were unwarranted. The contractual view of positive accounting puts it in tension with value relevance studies in accounting: the latter contend that accounting’s primary role is to value the firm, and thus practices like conservatism are sub-optimal.[3] The value relevance school emphasizes the usefulness of accounting information to equity investors in contrast...
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...LabCo’s accounting policy for the revenue treatment of its contracts is quite reasonable. First of all, LabCo’s business primarily involves the design and manufacture of large industrial-sized machinery and tooling that is used by its customers in manufacturing parts and components for fighter jets, transport planes, and other aerospace-related machinery and equipment which falls under the contracts covered in ASC 605-35-15-2,3. ASC 605-35-15-2 covers contracts as “binding agreements between buyers and sellers in which the seller agrees, for compensation, to perform a service to the buyer's specifications.” ASC 605-35-15-3 further specifies that “contracts to design, develop, manufacture, or modify complex aerospace or electronic equipment to a buyer's specification or to provide services related to the performance of such contracts” are also covered. LabCo’s accounting policy for the revenue treatment of its contracts is quite reasonable. First of all, LabCo’s business primarily involves the design and manufacture of large industrial-sized machinery and tooling that is used by its customers in manufacturing parts and components for fighter jets, transport planes, and other aerospace-related machinery and equipment which falls under the contracts covered in ASC 605-35-15-2,3. ASC 605-35-15-2 covers contracts as “binding agreements between buyers and sellers in which the seller agrees, for compensation, to perform a service to the buyer's specifications.” ASC 605-35-15-3 further...
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...Lighthouse that it business specializes as a provider of locating services for the shipping industry. The services comprise of a one-way messaging service that routes messages from the ships at sea to the shipping company’s offices. The messages provide the shipping company detailed information regarding to ship location, speed and current local weather. The way the system works for gathering the ships data is, by installing a device as a dedicated hardware unit in the ships that serves as tracing device in which Lighthouse rendered the services, Lighthouse will connect the device to its service. Before the Ship Finder service can put in place the company required to customers sign two contracts, one for the sale of the devices and the other governing the provision of the service. The service contracts generally have duration twelve months and are billed monthly, customer may terminate the services at any time but the amounts paid for the devices are nonrefundable. The Lighthouse devices are made to be used exclusively with the Lighthouse services, the standard pricing for the Ship Finder Device are $10,000 per unit (MSRP) and for the Ship Finder Service are $300 a fixed monthly payments per unit. Payments for the devices are due upon completion of the installation and final acceptance by the customer. The services are priced at standard rates although discounts are offered; depending on the number of devices sold also the company offered device discounts. Nevertheless, the...
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...is a provider of location services that routes messages from the ships at the sea to the shipping company’s offices. Lighthouse provide to their customers the devices that must be install in the ship and the services, but clients need sign separately contracts for each of ones. Service contracts generally are for twelve months and are billed monthly. The standards prices are $10,000 per unit device and $300 monthly per service. Devices are made to be exclusively with the Lighthouse services. Customers may cancel the service at any time, but amounts paid related to the devices are non-refundable. According to the FASB, “Revenues are inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlements of its liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations”. According to FASB Codification of Accounting Standards a company should not recognize revenue until “it has performed under the terms of the arrangement” and “unless it will indeed receive and retain payment in a form that has value to the company.” This means that the company has to perform the duty that they have agreed to in their contract and will receive a form of payment in return. The performance of the arrangement can be the delivery of goods, providing services, or providing information. Once a company performs the terms of the arrangement, the revenue is deemed as earned. The...
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...Accounting 495 In this case there are two accounting students discussing alternative methods for accounting for long-term construction contracts and which method would be most like the typical revenue recognition method at point of product delivery. The names of the students are Bill and John. Bill believes that the completed -contract method is most like recognizing revenue at point of delivery because in the end the final product is delivered and has fulfilled any requirements to recognize revenue. John believes that percentage-of-completion is most like point of delivery and this allows a company to recognize revenue over time. I support Bill’s opinion that the completed-contract method is closest to recognizing revenue at point of delivery. The reason I support this is because while there is still construction taking place, as in the percentage-of-completion method, there still is no actual product being delivered. Along with no product being delivered, it is possible that the final product may never actually be made. If there’s a chance the end product not being made then there is no way to recognize revenue for that product. Using the completed contract method we hold off on recognizing any revenue until the final product is finished and delivered to the client. In my opinion completed contract fulfills the requirements of revenue recognition which are (1) the amount has to be realized / realizable and (2) the revenue must be earned. In completed contract at point...
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...MA Special Module 2012 ExamREADINESS 170 Intensive Review Questions Ed. The Number One Source of Exam and OntheJob Information STUDY INFORM ATION FOR EX AM CANDIDATES Special Module ExamREADINESS 170 Review Questions Covering Federal Contract Administration ã ExamREVIEW PRO & ExamREVIEW PRESS 2012 All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Important – Please Read Due to the variety of fonts installed on the users' systems, Acrobat may prompt you to download an additional language component (which is FREE from Adobe anyway). If you receive a message saying that a Traditional Chinese language pack has to be downloaded in order to load this eBook, please click YES to have Acrobat download the update. The size of the update is about 7M. Don’t worry, this download is safe. Table of Contents PRACTICE TEST MODULE 1................................................................................................4 PRACTICE TEST MODULE 2..............................................................................................45 PRACTICE TEST MODULE 3............................................................................................106 PRACTICE TEST MODULE 4............................................................................................167 PRACTICE TEST MODULE 5..........................
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...Dr. Wygal Fall 2014 Acc 310 Codification Exercise As we have discussed, the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) is a relatively recent addition to an accounting professional’s toolkit. You will access and employ this platform as a normal part of your studies and in the profession in the days ahead. This assignment is intended to help you to become familiar with this important new platform and to enable you to become better aware of the recent “Revenue Recognition” standard that was discussed briefly earlier in the semester. As a professional on the job, your firm will pay big $$$ for a subscription to the Professional View. Rider has paid for your ability as student to use the information below to access the Codification website: http://aaahq.org/ascLogin.cfm Use the following user name and password: User ID AAA51248 Password s33UYhH This assignment is designed to provide you with a baseline familiarity with the ASC and the terminology associated with the new Revenue Recognition pronouncement. Required: 1. Access the ASC with the user name/password information above and click on the “Help” link for the site. Explore the suggested strategies that may be employed for “searching” ASC content. Describe more specifically how information in the ASC may be identified and retrieved through the use of “Codification Reference” terminology. Starting...
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...the International Accounting Standards Board in July 2008. Its effective date is 1 January 2009. © IFRS Foundation A1129 IFRIC 15 CONTENTS paragraphs IFRIC INTERPRETATION 15 AGREEMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF REAL ESTATE REFERENCES BACKGROUND SCOPE ISSUES CONSENSUS Determining whether the agreement is within the scope of IAS 11 or IAS 18 Accounting for revenue from the construction of real estate Disclosures AMENDMENT TO THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ACCOMPANYING IAS 18 EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION 1–3 4–5 6 7–21 10–12 13–19 20–21 22–23 24–25 FOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW, SEE PART B OF THIS EDITION INFORMATION NOTE Analysis of a single agreement for the construction of real estate ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS A1130 © IFRS Foundation IFRIC 15 IFRIC Interpretation 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate (IFRIC 15) is set out in paragraphs 1–25. IFRIC 15 is accompanied by an information note, illustrative examples and a Basis for Conclusions. The scope and authority of Interpretations are set out in paragraphs 2 and 7–16 of the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards. © IFRS Foundation A1131 IFRIC 15 IFRIC Interpretation 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate References • • • • • • • IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007) IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors IAS 11 Construction Contracts IAS 18 Revenue IAS...
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...Course: Financial Accounting Theme 1: "Accounting for leases – Financial versus Operational Leases impacts on financial statements and on financial analysis." "Accounting for leases – Financial versus Operational Leases - impacts on financial statements and on financial analysis" A lease is a contractual agreement between two parties for the hire of an asset. The lessee – user of the asset – will pay a lease rent to the lessor – owner of the asset – to be able to use it during a certain period. At the end of the lease the asset is returned to the lessor. A lease is then just another source of capital and firms may find them preferred solutions to buying for a variety of reasons. First, the lessor may have access to cheaper capital on the markets and be able to pass on past of the resultant savings to the lessee. Then, leases normally involve smaller transaction costs than bonded debts and may offer more flexible contract terms. Additionally, there are normally tax benefits associated. A particular situation where leases may be of great help is when trying to setup new businesses. The budget is usually tight and the access to capital markets more difficult and expensive than for well established companies. In this situation, leasing allows to avoid heavy upfront costs and obtain more equipment sooner. It may be even possible to defer payment for a while and give the company opportunity to put business running smoothly before getting into heavier expenses. All leases...
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...take up 0.03 trailers, or 3% of a trailer’s total volume. The company’s stated accounting treatment of their product shipments is FOB shipping point, which would render the company’s accounting for product shipments and accompanying revenues to be accurate as title transfers when shipments take place. However, management appears to be assuming an incorrect contract structure with its distributors, which is indicated to be FOB destination by the distributor. This information was not provided to Biovail’s CFO prior to the company’s quarterly earnings call. As the shipment in question took place on September 30th, the shipment would not have reached North Carolina from Canada prior to the close of the quarter; revenues for this shipment must be recognized during October and reported with fourth quarter operating results under FOB destination contract terms. Revenues associated with the shipment would be recognized as-of September 30th under FOB shipping point accounting treatment. The company is utilizing an FOB shipping point contract structure for its accounting; had the accident not occurred, revenues for the quarter would not have been adjusted downward. As the revenues associated with the damaged shipment were recognized during the third quarter, the associated charge would be recognized for the third quarter which is included in the revised guidance. Using the accurate FOB destination contract terms, third quarter revenues would never have been overstated in the first place...
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...Determine proper accounting treatment for restructuring program costs under GAAP for the year ended December 31, 201X. Background: Pharma is in the process of restructuring a business line. As part of a restructuring, the Pharma is considering the relocation of a manufacturing operation from its present location to a new facility in a different geographic area. The relocation plan would include terminating certain employees (research and development employees). On December 15, 201X, Pharma issued a press release announcing its intentions to terminate the lease of the old facility. On December 27, 201X, Pharma management communicated the main features of a one-time, non-voluntary termination plan to its employees. Pharma will incur a relocation cost of $500,000 and staff training cost of $1.5 million. Further, the Company has entered into irrevocable contracts with certain other relevant parties to affect the restructuring plan over the following 18 months. The cost to dismantle the existing manufacturing operation is estimated to be $1 million. In the jurisdiction in which Pharma operates its current facility, there is no legal obligation for dismantling plants when abandoned. Pharma has not historically dismantled its plants when abandoned but decided to make an exception. In a press release, the Company has stated its intention to dismantle the existing operation. The costs to reassemble the operation in the new facility have not yet been finalized Accounting Questions:...
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