...party to a contract is not given full or accurate information by the other party about the contract subject matter, misrepresentation occurs. In the case of misrepresentation in the formation of a contract, the law allows a rescission of the contract. Rescission means the contract is set aside. Misrepresentation occurs when a seller makes inaccurate statements about its product or fails to disclose pertinent information about its product that would affect someone’s decision to enter into the contract. To be a basis for rescission, the misrepresentation must have been one regarding a material fact. A material fact is the type of information that would affect someone’s decision to enter into the contract. Although misrepresentation can result simply because of inaccurate information, fraud is the knowing and intentional disclosure of false information or the knowing failure to disclose relevant information. Fraud has the same elements of proof as misrepresentation, with the added element of knowledge that the information given is false. Unconscionable Section 2c of Big Bank, Systems Inc. “In the event the conversion process is stopped, cancelled, or suspended by Big Bank, Big Bank agrees to pay Systems Inc. all labor costs, expenses, and charges incurred by Systems Inc. in preparing to perform under this Agreement” Some contracts are not actually contracts for criminal or illegal activities, but the terms of the contract are grossly unfair to one party. A contract that gives...
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...Reimbursable Costs and Contract Disputes Cost-Reimbursement contract is a contract where a contractor is paid for all of its allowed expenses to a set limit, plus additional payment to allow for a profit. Cost-reimbursement contracts contrast with a fixed-price contract, in which the contractor is paid a negotiated amount regardless of incurred expenses. Federal agencies choose among three contract types to procure goods and services: Fixed-Price, Time-and-Materials and Cost-Reimbursement. Each contract type has a different level of cost or performance risk to the government. They can be used to motivate contractor’s efforts and discourage contractor inefficiency and waste. The cost-reimbursement contract is considered high risk for the government because of the potential for cost escalation and because the government pays a contractor’s costs of performance regardless of whether the work is completed. The government uses the cost-reimbursement method only when it’s suitable when the cost of the work to be done cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy to use any type of fixed-price contract. It appears cost-reimbursement has issues that can be for or against the contractor such as the case with Boeing. Boeing Co is the US Air Forces biggest client. Boeing is suing the US Air Force for $385 million it says the US owes them for the Delta IV Rocket Launch services. Boeing, United Launch Alliance and Lockheed Martin Corp filed a joint compliant in June 2012. They...
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...Contracts: Offer and Acceptance Iris M. Rodriguez LAW 531 November 30, 2011 Jonathan Beyer Contracts: Offer and Acceptance Quick Tape Video is a television Production Company experiencing difficulties with the operation of outdated editing equipment. The editing equipment has been outdated for over 10 years. The post-production supervisor, Janet Mason, is advocating replacing the equipment with more up-to-date digital technology. Hal, the production company’s owner, made a promise to Janet that he will look into the possibility of acquiring the much needed upgrade to the editing equipment. In response to Janet’s request, Hal scheduled a meeting with a representative from Non-Linear Pro; the company responsible for the sales and distribution of editing equipment. Contract Formation According to Privette (1985), a contract is defined as a written or a verbal agreement. There are certain elements that need to be present for the formation of a contract. The elements of a contract are agreement, consideration, contractual capacity, and lawful object (Cheeseman, 2010). The essential elements of a contract are present in the scenario from Contracts: Offer and Acceptance Video. Therefore, there is a contract formation between Hal and Jack. The elements found in the video scenario, which formed the contract, are written...
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...Construction Contract Agreement (CCA) w/ Aegean Construction Devt Corp (Debtor/Obligor) for the construction of a 6-storey commercial bldg. To guarantee its full & faithful compliance w/the terms & conditions of the CCA, Aegean posted a performance bond by Manila Insurance Co. (Surety) & Intra Strata Assurance Corp. (Surety). Due to failure of Aegean to comply w/the project, Sps. Amurao filed a Complaint vs. the Sureties to collect on the performance bond at the RTC QC. Manila Ins. filed a (motion to dismiss) M/D seeks to dismiss on grounds: 1) Lack of cause of action vs. Surety that filing of Complaint is premature due to failure to implead principal contractor; and that at the time the Surety Issued the performance bond, CCA was not yet signed; and 2) lack of jurisdiction. During pre-trial, Sureties discovered that the CCA contained an arbitration clause. RTC - denied Sureties M/D and subsequent M/R. It disregarded the fact that CCA was not yet signed at the time Surety issued the performance bond. CA - dismissed the petition. 1) The presence of arbitration clause in the CCA does not merit dismissal of the case; it is only when there are differences in the interpretation that parties may resort to arbitration 2) found no GAD on the part of the RTC, it explained that performance bond was intended to be coterminous w/The construction of the bldg. 3) it pointed out that if delivery of the CCA is contemporaneous w/delivery of the Surety's obligation: a. Each contract becomes...
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...Managing disputes in Contract SL. No. Particulars Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. Various types of risk in contract 3 3. Various factors that increase contract risk 4 5. Limitation of Liability 5 6. Risk Allocation in contracts 5 7. Importance of fair allocation of risks 6 8. Managing risk in contract 7 9. Unforeseeable physical conditions 8 10. Ways to avoid pitfalls 9 11. Dispute Resolution 9 12. Conclusion 10 13. References 11 Introduction ...
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...Contract Creation and Management Assignment Paper George Van Hoosier LAW 531 June 26, 2012 Dr. Beverly Spencer Contract Creation and Management The scenario presented is on contractual conflicts. In summary, a software development company and a hotel company entered into a business partnership to develop an electronic reservation system for the hotel company. The groundwork of the plan changed and obfuscated what was expected by both parties. These changes were not communicated well enough, both internally and externally, to accommodate these changes (University of Phoenix, 2002). This case presented how a contract between parties was prepared, but what was required was not clear to either party. To further complicate matters, as the project requirements became clearer, no contract revision occurred to discuss how the expanding requirements could be negotiated. The increasing requirements and scope of work meant the original resources assigned to the project were rapidly becoming insufficient. Project delays and poor quality products were the result. Instead of addressing the changes and the need to revisit and negotiate the changing requirements, and additional compensation, the two parties filed suits and counter suits against each other (Cheeseman, chapter 16, 2010). The scenario points out how devastating the resultant legal costs were to both parties, and how the end result was a failed project that could have been resolved with less contract ambiguities...
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...down from $126 million, while gross profit suffered a loss of 60 million. The loss according to the company was driven primarily by $46 million in charges relating to the legacy LogCAP III. United States of America v. Kellogg Brown & Root, U.S. District Court. A lawsuit filed in federal court in DC by the US Army, alleged that KBR violated the contract by failing to obtain Army authorization for arming subcontractors and allowing the use of private security contractors who were not registered with the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior. The case was dropped by the US but then in 2014 the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals advised that KBR use of private security contractors did not violate contractual terms with the Army. The ruling will clear the way for KBR to recover $45 million plus interest from the US Government for 2003-2007 services that were rendered. Nature and Reason for the Contract KBR leads the government services world contingency market by providing support to deployed forces around the world under the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program contract (LOGCAP). LOGCAP was created to provide per se an umbrella contract supporting the advanced acquisition planning process for use during wartime or military emergencies. The overall focus is to support and augment the operational strength of the US...
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...representative. d. Establish a claim system of identifying and processing claims (flow chart). e. Assessing and evaluating the validity of a claim. f. The role of expert witness. g. Identifying the procedures for dispute resolution. 1.1 VARIATION. This is when parties by mutual agreement modify or alter the terms of a contract. It involves definite alteration as a matter of contract or contractual obligation of parties in mutual agreement and must be supported by consideration in some cases. Variations clause must be indicated in the original contract and must be in writing. Variations take place when there is a change in the original terms especially, the scope of work, design, material usage, price, because of technological advancement, statutory regulations, material changes. Circumstances in which variations occur are as follows: a. Change in the Scope of Design. When the employer varies the original design of the project to the contractor can bring about variation. Example, when the employer decides to vary a carport design into a main garage of a three-bedroom house. b. Statutory Regulations. Statutes or laws may also bring about variations in contracts. Sudden legislations barring certain designs that were not foreseen in the original contract or local assemblies by-laws legislating against construction in certain areas. c. Changes in Material Types. When an employer...
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...Simulation The risk of legal disputes, between companies, during international transactions occurs frequently. Companies involved with international transactions must be certain that contracts between companies and countries are legally enforceable, or binding. Legally binding contracts offer a sense of security to the companies involved and minimize risks of legal disputes regarding the subject matter of the contracts. If a company must take legal action against a business partner located in a different country, it would be practical for the company to decide on the type of law clauses used during contract negotiations. As indicated in the succeeding simulation example, some law clauses support both domestic and foreign governments. There are other law clauses that are not supported. In University of Phoenix simulation (2012), a U.S. based company, CadMex Pharma, is entering contractual agreements with Gentura, a biotechnology-based company located in Southeast Asia called, Candore. CadMex Pharma is a global leader in pharmaceutical and health care development and shows interest in an anti-diabetes drug called ProPrez, which Gentura has created. The contract would license CadMex Pharma’s technology and expertise to Gentura and CadMex Pharma would gain the global marketing rights to ProPrez. To avoid any legal disputes, CadMex Pharma would be wise to employ the Candorean Regulations for Technology Import Contracts (CRTIC), as the choice of law....
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...business contract, defined law, forum of dispute settlement, and understanding of contract clauses. “A working knowledge of international law helps business owners and managers with global interests reduce risk and increase profits” (Melvin, 2011, P. 631). This enlightenment will address the international legal and ethical issues involved in international business transactions and compare such to domestic business operations. Resolving legal disputes Business internationally, enviably creates change in legislation, interest conflict, and rise of ethical dilemmas. When international business arises, business owners, and management must use precaution to avoid ethical, legal, and cultural issues. Business must prepare for the unexpected to ensure success. Often conducting foreign business requires the parties to set standard law, determine how to settle disputes, and define contract clause to determine the correct business decision applicable through contracts. Foreign businesses commonly use contracts for the international sale of goods as standard law. “Contracts for the international sale of goods was created by the U.N. Commission on International Trade Law to establish uniform rules for drafting certain international sales contracts” (Melvin, 2011, P. 634). Often foreign business use alternative dispute resolution to resolve contract conflicts that arise. Third parties ensure the safeguard of interest, standard law, and clause through such business contracts. International...
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...(FAA)(http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/309172/Arbitration+Dispute+Resolution/International+Arbitration+And )”The Federal Law on International Commercial Arbitration, 1993 (the "Law") governs international commercial arbitration throughout the entire territory of Russia. Manifestly, this has a unification effect and harmonizes legal practice in Russia. The Law is largely a mirror image of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985) and places Russia on the map of the countries with modern arbitration legislation.” http://www.arbitrations.ru/en/dispute-resolution/arbitration-in-russia.php “An acceptance is “a manifestation of assent to the terms [of the offer] made by the offeree in the manner invited or required by the offer.”1 In determining if an offeree accepted an offer and created a contract, a court will look for evidence of three factors: (1) the offeree intended to enter the contract, (2) the offeree accepted on the terms proposed by the offeror, and (3) the offeree communicated his acceptance to the offeror.” (Book page 353) In my opinion, Russia should be the country that handles the dispute in this situation between Monarch Associates and Vladir Unlimited. Monarch associates I believe intended to enter into the contract, accepted the terms, and communicated their acceptance by signing, Monarch Associates should have negotiated their terms and expressed their concerns prior to agreeing to the contract. An advantage is “something (such as a good...
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...Contract Creation and Management The simulation begins in the middle of a major dispute between a software-developing company, Span Systems, and one of its customers, Citizen-Schwartz AG (C-S), a large German bank. The two companies are in dispute over the quality and timeliness of deliverables. There have been major bugs found by C-S during testing and are worried about Span not fulfilling the one-year contract, which is worth $6 million. Span's main concern is securing a larger contract with e-CRM, which is tangent on the outcome of the current contract. C-S has requested all code and asserted the rescission of the contract. Future Business Opportunities Performance of Contract The contract states, "… neither party may cancel this agreement, in whole or in part, subsequent to more than 50 percent of the consideration having been tendered by the other" (UOP Simulation). Since C-S requested all code, it is in breach of contract because more than 50 percent of the deliverables have been delivered. By looking at the big picture, the e-CRM contract, Span is willing to discuss and give concessions regarding the quality issue. Internal Escalation Procedure for Disputes The current contract covers the internal escalation procedure for disputes. The party believing itself aggrieved shall call for progressive management involvement in writing to the other party (UOP Simulation). C-S requesting all finished and unfinished code is a direct violation of the current contract. Span...
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...Ethical Issues Simulation The risk of legal disputes, between companies, during international transactions occurs frequently. Companies involved with international transactions must be certain that contracts between companies and countries are legally enforceable, or binding. Legally binding contracts offer a sense of security to the companies involved and minimize risks of legal disputes regarding the subject matter of the contracts. If a company must take legal action against a business partner located in a different country, it would be practical for the company to decide on the type of law clauses to be used during contract negotiations. As indicated in the succeeding simulation example, some law clauses are supported by both domestic and foreign governments and others are not supported. In University of Phoenix simulation (2012), a U.S. based company, CadMex Pharma, is entering contractual agreements with Gentura, a biotechnology-based company located in Southeast Asia called, Candore. CadMex Pharma is a global leader in pharmaceutical and health care development and is interested in an anti-diabetes drug called ProPrez, which was created by Gentura. The contract would license CadMex Pharma’s technology and expertise to Gentura and CadMex Pharma would gain the global marketing rights to ProPrez. To avoid any legal disputes, CadMex Pharma would be wise to employ the Candorean Regulations for Technology Import Contracts (CRTIC) as the choice of law. The CRTIC is...
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...The Contract Creation and Management simulation presented two different business creation contract situation that displayed issues within business contracts (University of Phoenix, 2002). One contract creation presented was difficult to work around the legality because the contract was unclear and decision made seemed hard to reach. Another contract creation example displayed similar core components of issues within the contract and its management but solution were able to be rectify this contract disputes between parties. Contract creation and management of those contracts need to be properly formulated and reviewed before agreeing and signing any contract. To begin the first simulation analyzed was a contract creation and management dispute between InfoBuild and Majestic hotels. Some if the issues presented could have been avoided if a firm review processes would have been performed when creating the contract between the two parties. As the contact between InfoBuild and Majestic was being created, agreements were difficult to reach making for a rough contract of negations. As the creation of the contract was signed and established in the line of business between the two parties, breaches within the contract began to be seen. The issues presented in this simulations breach of contract was the “quality of deliverables, delivery of schedule slips, and ever-growing end-user requirements” (University of Phoenix, 2002). InfoBuild was contracted to set up the programming...
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...Contract Creation Law-531 Business Law October 31, 2011 Whitney Bell Contract Creation Span Systems is the leading banking software companies located in California. . Citizen-Schwarz AG (C-S) contacted Span Systems to develop s software program to assist with there transactions. C-S is a German bank, which the revenues increased to $20 billion. A one-year contract was signed by the two company’s estimation for the software would be $ 6 million dollars. If the project goes well, C-S would seek further business with Span System for future projects. After the software project began, Span Systems' discovered that the deliverables were behind on there scheduling and the quality of the deliverables were unacceptable. The outsourcing director stated to transfer the unfinished code to C-S to find another company to complete the job. He also requested that the contract that was signed be voided. He wanted to void the contract and find another company to complete the task. Span Systems wants to work with C-S to fulfill their contract in order for both parties to continue to work together. After reviewing the contract there are five contract provisions signed by both parties. The five provisions are changed control, performance, procedure for disputes, and communications, and reporting. Span Systems and C-S noticed the five contract provisions were not sufficient to cover the unforeseen requirements. So provisions needed to be made. The simulation...
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