...side of the heart has a harder time pumping blood to the lungs when this happens. Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the heart. ... Any chronic lung condition that causes prolonged low blood oxygen levels can lead to cor pulmonale. Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of your heart. Pulmonary hypertension begins when tiny arteries in your lungs, called pulmonary arteries, and capillaries become narrowed, blocked or destroyed. Then the blood passes into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood to the lungs. ... The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the left atrium and then ... From the left side of the heart, blood is pumped through the main artery of the ... are a class of drugs that block certain hormones that can put stress on your heart. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body's tissues. It can have a number of causes. Heart failure can develop slowly over time as the result of other conditions (such as high blood pressure and coronary artery disease) that weaken the heart. It can also occur suddenly as the result of damage to the heart muscle or an acute valve problem. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body's tissues. Define the disease cor pulmonale. Cor pulmonale is failure of the right side of the heart brought on by long-term high blood pressure...
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...Phys 261 2c Pathophysiology Case Reviews 1. The name of this respiratory disease is Cor Pulmonale, also called right sided heart failure. This is a disease in which hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle occur secondary to diseases affecting structure or function of the lungs or their vasculature. It can occur at the end stage of various chronic respiratory and respiratory control center diseases. Cor pulmonale doesn’t occur in disorders stemming from congenital heart defects or those that affect the left side of the heart. Causes include but are not limited to; bronchial asthma, vascular obstruction, high altitude, kyphoscoliosis, obesity, pectus excavatum, poliomyelitis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and vasculitis. Symptoms of the disease include dyspnea at rest, weakened pulses due to decreased cardiac output, and neck vein distention. Treatment of Cor pulmonale has three main focuses, reducing hypoxemia and vasoconstriction, increasing exercise tolerance, and correcting underlying conditions when possible. 2. Croup is severe inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway, occurring as acute laryngo-tracheobronchitis, laryngitis, and acute spasmodic laryngitis. Croup usually results from viral infection. Viruses include; adenovirus, influenza, measles, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus. Signs and symptoms include: inspiratory stridor, muffled vocal sounds, and a characteristic sharp barking or seal-like cough related to...
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...Exercise may incorporate walking, stationary bicycling or postural balance activities. The sequence is to: Begin with two to four minutes of exercise Followed by one to two minutes of rest Exercise continuously for 20 or more minutes Corpulmonale Definition Cor pulmonale is a term that depicts the right ventricular enlargement as a consequence of a lung disorder causing hypertension in pulmonary artery. Pathophysiology The mechanisms by which lung disorders brings pulmonary hypertension are: Loss of capillary beds (eg, due to bullous changes in COPD or thrombosis in pulmonary embolism) Vasoconstriction as a result of hypoxia, hypercapnia or even both Elevated alveolar pressure eg, in COPD, during mechanical ventilation Hypertrophy in arterioles often a response to pulmonary hypertension Sign and Symptoms Patients of Cor pulmonale depicts following symptoms: Faintness or lightheadedness Chest discomfort or pain Swelling in feet or ankles Fatigue wheezing or coughing Bluish lips and fingers (cyanosis) Physical signs of corpulmonale include: Tachypnea Cyanosis Clubbing Increased jugular venous...
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...Pulmonary Problems Chapter 10 Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs resulting in consolidation Obstruction in gas exchange on the alveolar level Aspiration most common cause 2nd most frequent cause is droplet inhalation Least likely cause is blood borne Protein rich fluid move into the alveoli- complicated by production of the organism- result is decreased alveolar surface area-resulting in elevation of pco2 and a decrease in po2 Inspection-tachypnea and central cyanosis Percussion-dullness Palpitation-tactile fremitus Auscultation-crackles, rhonchi, wheezing, or egophony Diagnosis-labs, chest xray Ct not recommended unless anthrax is suspected Bronch-immunocompromised individuals and patients who have not responded to treatment Xrays Focal- bacteria Interstitual-viral Rapid progression/ multifocal- legionella, pneumococci, staphylococci Medialstinal widening without infiltrates- inhalation anthrax Tamiflu within 48 hours to be effective HAP-received care in a health care institution for at least 2 days in the last 90 days prior to infection VAP- pneumonia within 48 hours of intubation HAP more difficult to treat compared to CAP COPD- include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and small airway disease Emphysema-structural change via destruction and enlargement of alveoli Chronic bronchitis- chronic cough and mucous production Small airway disease-generalized narrowing of bronchioles, may include asthma COPD-4th leading cause of death in United States ...
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...Depending on the severity of your COPD, your doctor may prescribe short-acting or long-acting bronchodilators. Short-acting bronchodilators last about 4–6 hours and should be used only when needed. Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours or more and are used every day. Oxygen is always used cautiously in patients with COPD, because they have adjusted to high levels of CO2; they become dependent on low oxygen levels to stimulate breathing. (P. 304) Nutrition also has a big part in COPD you want to stay balanced, watch your weight, watch what you drink, and know the foods to avoid (salt, some fruits and vegetables, dairy products, chocolate, and fried foods.) Some major complications of COPD are cor pulmonale, pneumonia, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Cor pulmonale is an abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels. Pneumonia is dangerous, because it greatly reduces the amount of oxygen in the body. Without oxygen, cells can quickly begin to die. Life-threatening complications can develop rapidly in COPD patients, and can be fatal if not treated. People with COPD and other chronic lung conditions have an increased risk of developing pneumonia. This is because these infections are more common when the lungs are already weakened, when a person’s immune system isn’t working properly, or when the body is less able to filter viruses and bacteria out of the air. Peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal...
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...has chronic bronchitis, he will exhibit certain clinical manifestations that separate his condition from other forms of COPD and respiratory diseases. He is considered a “blue bloater”, which mean he will have a bluish appearance due to hypoxia. This cyanosis would indicate that his chronic bronchitis is in late stagesPeople with chronic bronchitis tend to be around 30-40, and overweight. His test results will likely also include elevated interleukin-8 and CD8 T-lymphocytes and a thickened/inflamed bronchial wall, which causes pulmonary hypertension, which would eventually lead to cor pulmonale He may also have a medical history of airway infections. In fact, R.S. has...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD; Emphysema) Pathophysiology Abakyereba Kwansemah June 4, 2014 Abstract D.Z.is a 65-year-old man admitted to medical ward with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). Past medical history (PMH) indicates hypertension (HTN), well managed with enalapril (Vasotec) past six years, diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia yearly for the past three years. D.Z. appears cachectic with difficulty breathing at rest. Patient reports productive cough with thick yellow-green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective data collection. He states, he has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o) insomnia and tiredness. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102° F, SaO2 88%. Admitting diagnosis is chronic emphysema with acute exacerbation. Admitting orders includes: diet as tolerated; out of bed with assistance; oxygen (O2) to maintain SaO2 of 90%; maintenance IV of D5W at 50 ml/hr.; intake and output (I&O); arterial blood gases (ABGs) in AM; CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel (BMP), and theophylline (Theo-Dur) level on admission; chest x-ray (CXR) q24h; prednisone 60 mg/day PO; doxycycline 100 mg PO q12h x10 days, azithromycin 500 mg IV piggyback (IVPB) q24h x2 days then 500 mg PO x 7 days; theophylline 300 mg PO bid; heparin 5000 units SC q12h; albuterol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml) in 3 ml normal saline (NS) and ipratropium 500 mg by nebulizer q4-6h;...
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...Asthma Hanna Bazzi Nsg 222 Henry Ford Community College Definition Bronchial asthma is a chronic disorder of the airway obstruction, bronchial hyper responsiveness, and airway inflammation that are usually reversible. It is a chronic lung disease. According to 2005 data, an estimated 22.2 million American (3.8million children younger than 18 years of age) had an asthma attack (Porth and Matfin, 2009 pg), (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2010). Although the prevalence rates for asthma have increased over the past several decades, the mortality and hospitalizations rates have stabilized. Risk factors There are several risk factors for asthma which include air pollution, infection, occupational chemicals and dust. Cigarette smoking is the most common factor in developing the disease. “Clinically significant airway obstruction develops in approximately 15% to 20% of smokers and 80% to 90% of asthma deaths in the United States are related to tobacco smoking” (Dirksen, O'Brien, Lewis, 2009, p. 631). Cigarette smoke has a direct effect on the respiratory tract in many different ways. Smoking reduces the ciliary activity and may cause loss of ciliated cells. It can also reduce airway diameter and increase the difficulty in clearing any secretions. People who are exposed to high levels of air pollution or prolonged exposure to various dusts, vapors or fumes could increase the risk for developing asthma (Porth and Matfin, 2009), (Ignatavicius and workman, 2010). ...
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...Jorge Cantu RSPT 2310 Mr. Ramos 3/4/14 Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis can be interpreted as the accumulation of dust in the lungs and the tissue’s reaction to its habitation. It is considered to be an occupational lung disease caused by the long-term exposure to dust. There are several interstitial lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain dusts. The primary cause of the pneumoconioses is work-place exposure; environmental exposures rarely give rise to these diseases. Pneumoconiosis refers to a range of diseases that are caused by the inhalation of a range of organic and non-organic dusts which are then retained in the lungs. The main types of pneumoconiosis are: Asbestosis, Berylliosis , Byssinosis, Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (also known as “black lung”), Kaolin Pneumoconiosis, Siderosis, and Silicosis. The most common type of pneumoconiosis is Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP). The Black lung is actually a set of conditions and it wasn’t till the 1950s that its dangers were not well understood. There are currently about 130,000 underground coal miners that are currently working in the United States. Mining and the production of coal is a large part of the economy in several developed countries therefore, leaving thousands of American miners dead from CWP. Even though this disease is preventable by using the appropriate safety equipment, there are still many miners that end up developing advanced and severe cases of the disease. The coal dust itself is not...
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...1. What is an obstructive lung disorder? COPD- preventable and treatable disease state characterized by chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, primarily caused by cigarette smoking. 2. What should the nurse consider when giving oxygen to the patient with an obstructive lung disorder and why? -02 has an irritating effect in mucous membranes and dries secretions, therefore it is important that a high liter of flow of 02 delivering 35-50% be humidified when administered. - Periodic reevaluations are necessary for the patient who using chronic supplemental O2 -Most patients with COPD can tolerate 2 L/min via cannula -Access patients nares and ears for skin breakdown and may need to pad cannula where its sits on the ears -Watch for complications -Periodically check o2 delivery device to ensure that the prescribed concentration is being delivered -Monitor the effectives of 02 therapy( pulse ox, ABG’s) to evaluate patient response to therapy -Observe for signs of o2-induced hypoventilation because this occurs with carbon dioxide nacrosis -Position to minimize respirator efforts ( HOB elevate and provide overbed table for patient to lean on) -The person with COPD who retains CO2 should be treated with low rates of 02 with careful monitoring of ABG’s to avoid hypercarbia. 3. What are nursing management issues...
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...Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers Week 8 Topic 8 Fever and Chills Beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Rheumatic fever signs/symptoms and lab findings (and Infective Endocarditis). Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myelogenous leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma signs, symptoms, and lab findings Glomerulonephritis, mononucleosis ...
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...“Cystic Fibrosis” Pediatric Case Study March 27, 2013 Kasie Wilson The name cystic fibrosis refers to the characteristic scarring (fibrosis) and cyst formation within the pancreas, first recognized in the 1930s. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a major cause of serious chronic lung disease in children. It is an inherited recessive trait, in which both parents carry a gene for the disease. Children with cystic fibrosis have a defect in chromosome number seven, which is thought to have developed many years ago as a protective response of the human body against cholera (just a theory). The disease causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body such as the pancreas, liver, and intestine. It also causes a loss of electrolytes in sweat because of an abnormal chloride movement. About one thousand new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed each year and more than seventy percent of these patients are diagnosed by the age of two. Cystic fibrosis is considered a multisystem disease because of the following effects of the thick, viscid secretions. In the respiratory system, small and large airways are obstructed, which then results in difficulty breathing. The accumulation and stasis of the secretions create a medium of growth for organisms that will cause repeated respiratory infections. The thick secretions in the lungs and response of tissues to infections cause hypoxia that can lead to heart...
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...debilitating disease of the airway that is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is rising. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is treatable but currently there is no known cure and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. COPD causes reduction in airflow during the ventilation cycle due to the loss of air way elasticity, narrowing of the airways, chronic airways inflammation and over active mucous production (Frace, 2008). Known risk factors for development of COPD include tobacco use (including second hand smoke), air pollution, dust and exposure to chemicals used in the production of coal, cotton and grain. There are many complications of COPD, the most common are pneumonia, pneumothorax, cor pulmonale, atelectasis, and in severe cases there maybe respiratory insufficiency and failure (Bare, Cheever, Hinkle, & Smeltzer, 2010). Nursing management for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease begins with assessment; gathering information from the patient including detailed medical history, present symptoms and evaluate findings of diagnostic tests. Symptoms vary with each patient, but may include chronic cough, clubbing of the fingers, chest tightness, weight loss, cyanosis, difficulty breathing with a higher rate of respirations and difficulty sleeping (Weber, 2008). It is common for patients suffering from difficulty breathing to use their accessory muscles to promote more efficient breathing which in turn causes...
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...Running Header: Asthma Paper on Asthma September 10, 2010 Abstract Chronic bronchitis is a preventable disease highly linked to smoking. Once a patient is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis through pulmonary function tests and other exams, it is not curable but there are medications that may help in alleviating symptoms. Chronic bronchitis patients are often referred to as “Blue bloater.” In chronic bronchitis, there is a marked increased in the proliferation of the goblet cells that results in excess mucous production. There is marked inflammation of bronchial mucosa due to infection or chemical inhalation. There is excessive mucus production occurring on most days for at least three consecutive months for two consecutive years. Some medications that are use in the treatment of chronic bronchitis are: adrenergic agents, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids agents and antibiotics. Since there is no cure for chronic bronchitis at the present time, the prognosis is fair in regards to when the diagnosis is made. If detected early enough steps can be taken to prevent further damages to the lungs. Smoking cessation is a key factor in stopping the progression of the disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation including exercise training and education about the disease and the harmful effect of smoking is an essential component of chronic bronchitis therapy. Paper on Chronic Bronchitis Introduction Chronic Bronchitis belongs to a part of a larger group of diseases called...
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...Chapter 2 Restrictive Resp. Disorders * Resulting from basically a collapsed lung - Alterations in lung parenchyma, pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular function * Decrease in vital capacity (VC), lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV) * The greater the decrease in lung volume, greater the severity of disease Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease * Immune reaction * Begins with injury to alveolar epithelial or capillary endothelial cells * Interstitial and alveolar wall thickening * Increased collagen bundles in interstitium * lung tissue becomes infiltrated * Persistent alveolitis leads to obliteration of alveolar capillaries, reorganization of lung parenchyma, irreversible fibrosis * Lead to large air-filled sacs (cysts) with dilated terminal and respiratory bronchioles * Occurs early, reversible * Triggering event leads to inflammatory response and increased inflammatory cells * Injury leads to increased membrane permeability and movement of fluid/debris into alveoli * Fibroblastic proliferation and deposition of large amount of collagen * Caused by increased mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts in interstitium * Alveolar walls become thickened with increased amounts of fibrous tissue * Progressive dyspnea with exercise with desaturation * Rapid-shallow breathing * Irritating, nonproductive cough * Clubbing of nail beds (40%-80%) * Bibasilar end-expiratory...
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