...an unpredictable, high-stacks game. The paper puts forth a Corporate Expansion Strategy to deal with such a scenario . Case studies have also been used to understand the expansion phenomenon. Efforts have been made to take a generic view of expansion which is independent of line of business, market segment, or type of expansion. Expansion and investment are compared to have a clear understanding of how expansion for a firm and investment for a individual are similar to each other and how they differ with each other. INTRODUCTION Firms are attracted to capture the new liberalized market segments to pronounce their global existence and enhance their customer base. The literature emphasizes the points that should be discussed and resolved ,before making any decision regarding expansion. It is a design process for building a new set-up. Expansion involves various critical factors to be considered e.g risk of market, return from a new set-up, risk estimation, opportunity cost, expansion revision analysis , resource availability, dominant market study etc. Expansion decision is a strategic decision which is related to firm's objectives and mission. To quantify the expansion benefits is a very complex process as analysis involves various intangible variables like brand-value, employment generation, forward and backward integration, bringing competition to the market etc. One can safely say expansion is a "strategic decision" which has an eye on market, competitors and future...
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...Assignment 1 ESLSCA Business School MBA Program Strategic Management Prof. Saneya EL Galaly Prepared by: Sayed Fahmy EL-Sayed Class No : 49-3rd A A cyclical view of the relationship between corporate Governance and strategic management Introduction The function of corporate governance is generally performed by the boards of directors within the firms. The boards always have power to hire and fire top managers and to ratify and monitor important decisions. In addition, they can influence strategic decisions by aligning interests of shareholders and top managers through executive compensation Researches has found that corporate governance mechanisms such as the boards of directors and executive compensation affect strategic decisions that benefit themselves at the expenses of shareholders when there is lack of effective corporate governance. As show in the figure it is a new proposal of a cyclical model in the relation between corporate governance and strategic decision, highlighting that strategic decisions can also affect corporate governance through shaping firm ownership structure. Discussing the impacts of strategic decisions on firm ownership structure and corporate governance. Suggesting that the relationship between strategic management and corporate governance is a cyclical and ownership structure plays a central role in understanding how strategic management affects corporate governance. Literature review (Summary) Corporate governance results from the separation of decision...
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...KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS THE USE OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AS A MEANS OF ACHIEVING CORPORATE OBJECTIVE IN THE MICROFINANCE SECTOR. (A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS) BY: ACKON BEATRICE APRAKU ESTHER ASABEA OPPONG-SEKUM KINGSLEY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTION) MAY, 2015 DECLARATION We the undersigned, declare that this is the result of our own research work carried out in the School of Business, and under the supervision of Mr. Emmanuel Oheneba-Acquah ACKON BEATRICE 8535512 …………………………… …………………………… APRAKU ESTHER ASABEA 8548912 …………………………… …………………………… SEKUM-OPPONG KINGSLEY 8584412 …………………………… …………………………… CERTIFIED BY: EMMANUEL OHENEBA-ACQUAH……………………….. ……………………………. (SUPERVISOR) SIGNATURE DATE MR. J.E TURKSON ………………….. ……………………………. (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) SIGNATURE DATE DEDICATION This study is dedicated to the Almighty God, we made this possible despite the many challenges faced and to our supervisor Mr. Emmanuel Oheneba-Acquah whose patience and intellect, guided us through this whole phase. We appreciate you! ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...
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...Aligning Sourcing and procurement strategy to corporate strategy/strategic supplier selection analysis, Collaboration methods and mechanisms INTRODUCTION Organizations are operating in an environment characterized by continuous economic, social, natural and political disruptions to their sources of supplies and services/ consumers and markets. To survive in this turbulent and highly competitive market place, these organizations must continually monitor their competitive positions alongside their internally controllable functional strategies to ensure they are proactively aligned with the overall corporate strategy. To succeed therefore in this fact evolving global competitive business environment, an innovative business concept Supply Chain Management was introduced to help align the functional strategies with the overall business strategies and suppliers. During World War I and II, the success of a firm was not dependent on what it could sell, since the market was almost unlimited. Instead, the ability to obtain from suppliers the raw materials, suppliers and services needed to keep the factories and mines operating was the key determinant of organizational success. Consequently, attention was given to organization policies, strategies and procedures of the supply chain functions which resulted to activities termed logistics, souring, procurement, material management. By the open of 1970’s, organizations faced two most challenging problems: an international shortage of almost...
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...Strategic management, corporate responsibility and stakeholder management Integrating corporate responsibility principles and stakeholder approaches into mainstream strategy: a stakeholder-oriented and integrative strategic management framework Takis Katsoulakos and Yannis Katsoulacos Takis Katsoulakos is a Director at INLECOM Ltd, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK. Yannis Katsoulacos is a Professor at Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece. Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this article is to establish a strategic management framework that supports the integration of corporate social responsibility principles and stakeholder approaches into mainstream business strategy. Design/methodology/approach – A top-down and bottom-up approach was used to develop the proposed framework. The top-down approach focused on analyzing the main strategic management theories including social responsibility movements to identify complementary concepts and create a relevant topology. The bottom-up approach was based on empirical research on the views of business companies on corporate social responsibility, a review of best practices and case studies mainly in Greece. Findings – The paper describes a stakeholder-oriented integrative strategic management framework linking the main strategic management theories across value, responsiveness and responsibility dimensions. A mathematical model is presented describing the synergistic development of advantage-creating knowledge and...
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...happens when the same person occupies both the CEO and chairing the board in a corporation. On the other hand, if different individuals serve in these two pivotal positions, the firm can be said to adopt a separate leadership structure. The fundamental question surrounding CEO duality leadership is whether the chairperson‘s position should be filled by the CEO or by a different person (Daily & Dalton, 1997). The all round concern has been whether one person‘s positioning at the corporate pivotal positions of CEO and board chairperson weakens corporate governance effectiveness, leading to managerial opportunism and resulting in reduced firm performance (Brickley, Coles, & Jarrell, 1997; Finkelstein & D‘Aveni, 1994). From the agency theory perspective, having one individual in charge of both management implementation and control is not consistent with the concept of checks and balances. However, from an organization theory perspective, CEO duality may enhance organizational efficiency in corporate leadership. Most theoretical arguments against the practice of CEO duality leadership have centered on the issue of power concentration on dual CEO (Brockmann, Hoffman, Dawley, & Fornaciari, 2004; Daily & Dalton, 1997). Duality has been described as a concentration of power on the dual CEO, enabling dual CEOs to dominate the board, reducing board effectiveness in monitoring and controlling the management’s performance. CEO duality leadership implies a heightened formal...
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...is a Corporate University ? • Corporate University vis-à-vis a traditional University o A Corporate University is so-called because it is similar to a traditional university in many respects. A traditional university is one where there are defined courses or programs taken by students to attain a specific degree or qualification. Syllabi and curricula are clearly spelt out and so are the proficiency levels – measures in terms of marks or grades. Similarly, in a Corporate University, the Knowledge, Skills and Competencies (equivalent of Proficiencies in a traditional university) required for each role will be clearly documented. o In a traditional university the assessment of learning is done by a committee of examiners who evaluate performance and then moderate / normalize their award of marks / grades by a process of ‘calibration’ through mutual discussion. In a Corporate University this role is played by Assessors in an Assessment Center or by other validated and calibrated means. Thus, like a traditional university, a Corporate University is a proficiency development and certification body (internal to the organization). o However a traditional university, largely, creates ‘generic’ proficiencies – not customized to specific industries or organizations. Hence, the students of a traditional university need retraining to fine tune their Knowledge, Skills and Competencies to meet the particular requirements of their employer. The Corporate University...
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...of Management Review 2003, Vol. 28, No. 3, 447–465. THE CROSS-NATIONAL DIVERSITY OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: DIMENSIONS AND DETERMINANTS RUTH V. AGUILERA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign GREGORY JACKSON Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry We develop a theoretical model to describe and explain variation in corporate governance among advanced capitalist economies, identifying the social relations and institutional arrangements that shape who controls corporations, what interests corporations serve, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities among corporate stakeholders. Our “actor-centered” institutional approach explains firm-level corporate governance practices in terms of institutional factors that shape how actors’ interests are defined (“socially constructed”) and represented. Our model has strong implications for studying issues of international convergence. Corporate governance concerns “the structure of rights and responsibilities among the parties with a stake in the firm” (Aoki, 2000: 11). Yet the diversity of practices around the world nearly defies a common definition. Internationalization has sparked policy debates over the transportability of best practices and has fueled academic studies on the prospects of international convergence (Guillen, 2000; Rubach & Sebora, ´ 1998; Thomas & Waring, 1999). What the salient national differences in corporate governance are and how they should best be conceptualized remain hotly debated (Gedajlovic...
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...Corporate Governance of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Introduction: The need for corporate governance arises from the potential conflicts of interest among stakeholders in the corporate structure. These conflicts of interest often arise from two main reasons. First, different stakeholders have different goals and preferences. Second, the stakeholders have imperfect information as to each others actions, knowledge, and preferences. Corporate governance (CG) is an important effort to ensure accountability and responsibility and is a set of principles, which should be incorporated into every part of the organization. Though it is viewed as a recent issue, there is, in fact, nothing new about the concept. Because it has been in existence as long as the corporation itself-as long as there has been large – scale trade, reflecting the need for responsibility in the handling money and the conduct of commercial activities. Numerous works, studies, and researches have been conducted to enact principles, codes, and guidelines for ensuring good corporate governance systems and culture within the organizations. Sir Adrian Cadbury in 'Global Corporate Governance Forum’ defined corporate governance as: "Corporate Governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals. The corporate governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally to require accountability for the stewardship...
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...Governing the House of the Mouse: Corporate Governance at Disney from 1984-2006 CASE ASSIGNMENT At the departure of Eisner, Chairman George Mitchell and new CEO Robert Iger are preparing to move the company forward. They have invited your consulting firm to meet with the new Board of Directors and discuss the situation at Disney. To familiarize yourself with the client, your first task is to prepare a background report which analyzes Disney's business environment and strategy. 1. What external forces and industry conditions have had an impact on Disney's performance over the years? 2. How did the internal organization and culture at Disney influence its performance? 3. How has Disney strategically responded to its competitive environment and internal capabilities? You have been asked to present a five-minute overview of the root causes of Disney's governance issues. The content of this brief presentation should achieve the following goals. 4. Identify the causes and consequences of the Board of Directors' ineffectiveness. 5. Highlight other governance weaknesses that have made Disney vulnerable to managerial opportunism. To be prepared for the ensuing discussion, you'll also need to be familiar with the following items. 6. How have governance mechanisms at Disney been used in the past, and what was their effect? 7. What unprecedented maneuvers were made by Disney stakeholders to overcome internal governance weaknesses? During the discussion, you...
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...Approach…………………………………………...7 3.7 Critical Approach…………………………………………….7 3. Discussion…………………………………………………………7 4.8 Cultural Approach…………………………………………...7 4.9 Critical Approach…………………………………………….9 4. Conclusion..……………………………………………………….11 5. Recommendations and Implementation……………………….11 ------------------------------------------------- Tables and References………………………………………………12 ------------------------------------------------- List of tables and graphs Table 1: Operational Structure Table 2: Executive Structure Table 3: Corporate Governance Structure Table 4: Staff by age and gender Executive Summary The Northern Territory Government (NTG) consists of 22 agencies. It is responsible for a wide range of functions, including but not limited to budgeting, finance, housing, taxation, etc. Department of Business and Employment (DBE) is one of the agencies under the NTG. Its main responsibilities are to deliver corporate shared services, defence support, employment, and business and industry development services. This business report aims to analyse and understand the culture and the structure and sources of power within an organisation, which DBE is the concentration. The first part of this report is the application of the prescriptive views of culture to DBE using Deal and Kennedy’s “Strong...
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...stock broker, Bud Fox, trying to learn from and become like his idol, a greedy, immoral, and wildly successful corporate raider named Gordon Gekko. In the movie, Bud Fox makes his way into Gekko’s office initially through persistence but makes his mark by informing Gekko of inside information regarding a company, Blue Star Airlines. Gekko rewards Bud Fox by showing him the rich and fast life, and Bud Fox continues to help Gekko make money in an illegal fashion. Eventually, Bud Fox wants to be in on part of a deal that involves Blue Star Airlines, for which his father is a labor union head. The deal goes sour for Bud Fox when he finds out that Gekko plans to dismantle the company and sell its parts, destroying his father’s and father’s friends’ jobs, rather than the initial plan of changing how the company is run and helping it succeed. This causes Bud Fox to go to Gekko’s enemy, Sir Larry, for help in order to successfully save the airline. All in all, I believe that Gordon Gekko, though a greedy corporate raider, is a great strategist who brings value to the shareholder while having many skills as an effective administrator sans one in human skill that leads to his eventual downfall. The term ‘corporate raider’ or ‘takeover artist’ often has a negative connotation associated with it in the English language. I believe this is due to one of the ways that corporate raiders improve the shareholder value of a company involving the loss of jobs; this is the dismantling of a company...
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...Governing the House of the Mouse: Corporate Governance at Disney from 1984-2006 CASE ASSIGNMENT At the departure of Eisner, Chairman George Mitchell and new CEO Robert Iger are preparing to move the company forward. They have invited your consulting firm to meet with the new Board of Directors and discuss the situation at Disney. To familiarize yourself with the client, your first task is to prepare a background report which analyzes Disney's business environment and strategy. 1. What external forces and industry conditions have had an impact on Disney's performance over the years? 2. How did the internal organization and culture at Disney influence its performance? 3. How has Disney strategically responded to its competitive environment and internal capabilities? You have been asked to present a five-minute overview of the root causes of Disney's governance issues. The content of this brief presentation should achieve the following goals. 4. Identify the causes and consequences of the Board of Directors' ineffectiveness. 5. Highlight other governance weaknesses that have made Disney vulnerable to managerial opportunism. To be prepared for the ensuing discussion, you'll also need to be familiar with the following items. 6. How have governance mechanisms at Disney been used in the past, and what was their effect? 7. What unprecedented maneuvers were made by Disney stakeholders to overcome internal governance weaknesses? During the discussion, you should be able to demonstrate...
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...(ii) Current Strategic Position; (iii) Future Strategic Moves and; (iv) Alternatives for the company´s future. *Before we continue, we want to show you this video….. FURTHERMORE, THIS IS A COMPANY WITH STRONG CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STANDARDS, FOCUSING ON ENSURE FAIRNESS FOR EVERY STAKEHOLDER; CUSTOMERS; INVESTORS; VENDOR-PARTNERS, THE COMMUNITY, AND THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH THEY OPERATE. WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A COMPANY THAT FOCUSES ON SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS ITS ADDED VALUES. FIRST, because they’re aware that the growth of a Company is linked to the well-being of the ecosystem, employees and business partners, local communities and the environment. SECOND, because they’re committed with Social Responsibility through their Infosys Labs, their Academic Entente, the Infosys Prize and more important the Infosys Foundation (To support the underprivileged sections of Indian society in the fields of Healthcare, Education, Culture, Destitute Care and Rural Development. And nowadays they have launched the Infosys Innovation Fund to invest in entrepreneurial ventures delivering innovation in domains relevant to the core business. i. Satisfying the spirit of the law and not just the letter of the law ii. Going beyond the law in upholding corporate governance standards iii. Maintaining transparency and a high degree of disclosure levels iv. Making a clear distinction between personal convenience and corporate resources ...
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...CONFERENCE PAPERS 165 What is the Impact of Corporate Governance on Organisational Performance?* Loizos Heracleous** Research on the importance of generally accepted ``best practices'' in corporate governance has generally failed to find convincing connections between these practices and organisational performance. We discuss research outcomes on the relationship between two such ``best practices'' (CEO/Chair duality and insider/outsider composition) and organisational performance, and find this relationship to be insignificant. We propose four possibilities for this tenuous relationship, that are not mutually exclusive: firstly, the possibility that ``best practices'' in governance are indeed irrelevant to organisational performance; secondly, that the operationalisation of theoretical concepts has low face validity; thirdly, that studies are too narrow, aiming to relate board attributes directly to organisational performance and ignoring other systemic factors; and lastly, the possibility that different types of organisations require different practices in corporate governance. Lastly, we address the methodological and substantive implications of each of these possibilities. Keywords: Corporate governance, best practices, performance, research methodology T he legal formation of limited liability companies in the UK in the eighteenth century has separated ownership from control of corporations (Fama and Jensen, 1983), where salaried managers ideally...
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