...that the treatment or finding does not make enough of a difference to justify its use or to be practical. Yes, it is possible for a study to have statistical significance but not a practical significance. If the source of the data can benefit from the results of the study, it is possible that an element of bias is introduced so that the results are favorable to the source. A voluntary response sample is a sample in which the subjects themselves decide whether to be included in the study. A voluntary response sample is generally not suitable for a statistical study because the sample may have a bias resulting from participation by those with a special interest in the topic being studied. Even if we conduct a study and find that there is a correlation, or association, between two variables, we cannot conclude that one of the variables is the cause of the other. There does appear to be a potential to create a bias. There does not appear to be a potential to create a bias. There does not appear to be a potential to create a bias. There does appear a potential to create a bias. The sample is a voluntary response sample and is therefore flawed. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The sample is a voluntary response sample and is therefore flawed. 11. The sampling method appears to be sound. 12. The sampling method appears to be sound. 13. Because there is a 30% chance of getting such results with a diet that has no effect, it does not appear to have statistical significance, but the average...
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...Introduction One of the problems linked with the assessment of research based on statistical analysis involves the determination of whether a true cause and effect connection between variables exists, or is it just a statistical relationship known as correlation. While there may be correlation between variables, there is not a causal relationship unless the variation in the independent variable or variables actually causes the variation in the dependent variable. Often correlation is misinterpreted as causation, as is the case in the examples presented in this essay. The first example is from a journal article that says watching TV increases a persons risk of heart disease and non-cancer related deaths. The second two examples are related to transportation, one saying that speeding causes car crashes and the other saying population in a traffic analysis zone (TAZ) causes trips produced. Although correlation is necessary it is not sufficient, it is important that a true causal relation exists before making conclusions. Body (Example A) The first study is presented in the journal, Circulation-Journal of the American Heart Association with the title, Television Viewing time and Mortality: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). The baseline data for the study was gathered between the years of 1999 and 2000. The locations for data collection were chosen based on Census Collector Districts in each of the Australian states and in the Northern...
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...Each of these things needs to be done to have a good organization. Departmentalization is needed to do each group jobs efficiently. It can and does cause problems between workers. Such as when another group of workers is supposed to do a job and fail to do so, it then may fall onto another set of workers to complete. Where I work we are required to do housekeeping, v and our own job s of taking care of our patients. This causes problems because when we don’t have time to do something such as the nightly cleaning of the wheelchairs, and lifts. It causes upper management to get mad because it wasn’t done. Matrix organizations, is taking employees from every department and making a group that lets their upper management know how everything is going for those in their respectively departments. This does not make them tattle tells, as I am sure a lot of people would call them. They are there to help the upper management learn if changes need to be made to help the employees do a better job. These can cause problems because the other employees in a group may think the person doing the reporting is doing nothing but trying to get the other employees in trouble. Project teams are employees from all parts of the organization, and are grouped together to do a set project. This can be good for each group to interact with those outside of their normal groups. Project teams can cause problems though when those chosen don’t get along well, are not being corruptive with those who...
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...fallacy of composition. People should jump our of their own world to see the whole economics, so that people could get a better view and make good decisions. People should not let the fallacy confuse them. The fourth one is post hoc fallacy. Sometimes, people think event A is the cause of event B because A precedes B. But not all the situation are the same. There is an example that the Great Depression. Many people don’t think that the weaknesses in the economy caused the Great Depression, they think the stock market crash caused it. People should not look at the whole situation to find the cause of an event.The last one is correlation. Many people think that if variable X increases and Y also increases, it is increases in X cause increases in Y. That is not always correct. X and Y are two conjoint things, they have correlation between them, but not causation. Those are five common pitfalls to avoid when people are applying the economics...
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...Correlation and Causation The Link Between Sleep and Weight Correlation is the association between two variables, when there is an increase or decrease in one variable what effect does it has to the other variable (Triola, 2010). In this research the author looks on the relationship between a person who do not sleep or get quality sleep and their body weight. There was a study which highlighted a correlation between lack of sleep and increase in body weight. In the study with the women 40 – 60 years old, it was concluded that after studying their eating and sleeping pattern for 5-7 years women who had trouble falling asleep gained approximately 11 pounds. In the other study with the younger men, they studied their sleeping patterns for two consecutive days one day eight hour sleep and the other day four hour sleep. The researchers reported an increase in calorie intake (approximately 560 more) after sleeping for four days significantly more than the person who slept for eight hours. The two variables we have in this scenario is lack of sleep and increase in body weight, for these two variables to be correlated they must be linked or dependent on each other. Although the writer shows studies to show that when there is lack of sleep there is increase in appetite there can be other variables that determine the results such as location, body mass, individuals’ state of mind and age. According to the text the relationship between these two variables is weak and negative. The study...
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...sample you selected and the question that was explored in the study. * There is a correlation between x and y. The scatter chart shows that the more hours a student studies the higher their grade percentage will be. 2. Report the r2 linear correlation coefficient and the linear regression equation produced in the Excel spreadsheet. * The linear correlation coefficient is positive. * The r^2 linear correlation coefficient is 0.785 * The linear regression equation is y=1.5608x+55.767 3. What would be the value of Pearson’s r (simply the square root of r2)? * R^2 is 0.785, which means that 78.5% of the total variation in y can be explained by the relationship between x and y. The other 21.5% remains unexplained. 4. Would Pearson’s r be positive or negative? What does this imply about the relationship between the factors in this study? * Pearson’s r is positive and equal to 1.0. Since Pearson r is positive this implies that there is a strong correlation between x and y. 5. What is the implication of any correlation found between the variables in the study you picked? * X & Y have a strong positive correlation. It seems the more hours put into studying the better the grade percentages will be. 6. Does this correlation imply a causal relationship? Explain. * There is a casual relationship, because on the graph it shows positive correlation, because the slopes are increasing. That implies if you spend more time studying your...
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...------------------------------------------------- Causation and Correlation ------------------------------------------------- Courtney Clark July 19, 2015 psy/285 Taryn Stevenson July 19, 2015 psy/285 Taryn Stevenson 1. 2. 3. Home > 4. Health & Medicine > 5. Disease 6. > 7. Causation and Correlation 1. < Back to Health & Medicine Causation and Correlation Correlation does not imply causation * By missweetie * May 11, 2012 * 511 Words * 146 Views There are many similarities between causation and correlation but there are also just as many differences. Causation is when one or more factors contribute to the effect. As said in the PowerPoint review, for example, if you switch a light switch on it causes the light turns on. The one factor of flipping the light switch on causes the effect of the light to turn on. Correlation is when two or more factors contribute to one effect. There is two different types of correlation. One type of correlation is high correlation which is when the factors all match up in a row to cause the effect. Low correlation is when the results of one factor are scattered but a pattern can be recognized. The similarities between causation and correlation are that they both require factors that can point to a result. But remember that correlation is not causation. One factor does not mean it will make the effect happen. The difference between causation and correlation is causation has a direct factor...
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...DQ 1 Week4 You notice that your accounts receivable days outstanding have doubled in the first 6 months. Do you give someone a bonus or put him or her on probation? Why? Just because the accounts receivable days outstanding have doubled in the first 6 months does not mean that someone gets a bonus or is put on probation. There is not enough information given in this question to warrant such action. This type of action is jumping to conclusions and assuming without the evidence to substantiate such an action. What would warrant such action of probation would be if this has happened before, and the correct training has been provided, inefficiencies have been documented, and the employee(s) have been counseled verbally and written counsel has been documented. What this does mean is that there is a challenging issue and the root cause of this issue needs to be found. An investigation is in order to figure out and understand what is causing the accounts receivable to double. This also raises the question as to why it has taken six months to figure out that there is an issue. Since accounts receivable is made up of what monies are owed to the organization from such examples like the patients copayments or payments for service, insurance companies or third party payers, part of the investigation should include what is outstanding or what kind of credit has been given to raise the amount of outstanding days for the accounts receivable. Also before the investigation is closed and...
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...Humans (T1) falls under the category mammels (P1) and they give birth to their babies (P2) Cows (T2) falls under the category mammels (P1), they give birth to their babies (P2) and also need oxygen to bredth (P3) for surviving. Humans are like Cows. Thus, humans also need oxygen to survive. 3) Argument from Authority: In this argument form, the statement goes such as: If X (an authority on Z) says Y Then Y is true. For example: Let X be the Teacher, Z be the exam hall and Y be the cheating in the examination hall is stictly prohibited and student will be punished for that. So, be the cheating in the examination hall is against the exam rule which is true. 4) Argument about causes: a) Correlation vs Causation: We know that Correlation and Causation may come along with each other’s but it cannot be put together all the times. Sometimes even-though they seem having relation with each other’s, doesn’t really support side by side. After going through the article, there can have a problem between these two factors as sometimes they do not tend to come along aside but they do. For an example:...
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...Question 3 4 out of 4 points | | | Problem 9: Which method of forcast in part a, b, and c give the best forecast?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Exponentially smoothed forecast | Correct Answer: | Exponentially smoothed forecast | | | | | * Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | Problem 26A: What is the Forecast if 30 permits are filed?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | 10.40 | Correct Answer: | | Evaluation Method | Correct Answer | Case Sensitivity | Exact Match | 10.40 | | Exact Match | 10.4 | | Exact Match | 10.40 Sale | | Exact Match | 10.40 Sales | | Exact Match | Y=10.40 | | | | | | | * Question 5 2 out of 2 points | | | Problem 26B: What is Correlation coefficient?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | .699 | Correct Answer: | | Evaluation Method | Correct Answer | Case Sensitivity | Exact Match | .699 | | Exact Match | 0.699 | | Exact Match | .70 | | Exact Match | 0.70 | | Exact Match | .6990 | | | | | | | * Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | | Problem 27A: What is the Forcast for temperature of 85°?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |...
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...individuals reading this article would accept this information and Matthew’s study as truth, simply because of where he goes to school. The article mentions very little about Mathew’s actually study or compiled date, but it does make a point to touch on the fact that he is a researcher at Harvard University. This school is known nation wide as being one of the most prestigious universities in our country, and those who attend it are known to be exceptionally intelligent. This causes individuals to accept that the information this writer is talking about is true, simply because they assume the man that researched the topic is smarter than them or some sort of a “genius”. There are no references listed with this article and this research is in correlation with a smart phone app (is that really a reliable source of data?), and yet people overlook these flaws due to presence of authority. Thus, appeals of authority are used to influence readers, when the claims could very well not be true. Article: http://www.inc.com/geoffrey-james/the-surprising-truth-about-workplace-happiness.html 2. B. Covariation of cause and effect * Because when watching 20 hours of T.V. each week (cause) results in two or more incidences of bullying per month at school (effect), those who...
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...Correlation does not imply causation Almost daily we are in (mainly) news media whose owner has a structure similar to some of the following: One study claims that the more A, the more B A study says that those who are to have less B. A study says that since A is, then B is the other way. In principle, all these headlines indicate that basically what it says A is causing B to happen, or what is the same, that B is a consequence of A. Normally, when one reads the news, just realizing that so there is a correlation between A and B (come on, a relationship between these two events ), but in principle, without any indication that either one of them, even in this case, we cause the other B. (Oakes, 2012) The study of the correlation between two variables is one of the issues in question in Statistics. To summarize a bit, the question would be something like the following: - From certain data from each of these variables one estimates if there is any relationship between them. The one most frequently studied is called linear regression (by which we seek if there is no linear relationship between the variables), but there are many more possible types: quadratic, exponential, logarithmic... - With these data a function (which, for example, is a straight linear regression) that determines us exactly what the relationship between these variables is calculated. - The actual correlation between them is studied (ie, how strong is the relationship that we calculated based on the...
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...closely resembles spaghetti and meatballs that “changes results of carbon dating with his Noodly Appendage”. Henderson prophesies that intelligent design uses ambiguous references to a creator; therefore any conceivable entity could fulfill that role. After receiving no reply from the board of education he posted his letter virally gaining significant public interest. As Henderson’s letter grew in popularity, the satirical nature of his argument caught global attention and received many supporters. According to Pastafarian beliefs, pirates are the original Pastafarians, and are divine beings. The inclusion of pirates was first found in Henderson’s letter to the Education Board, where he uses this as an effort to illustrate that correlation does not imply causation. Henderson correlates global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes and all other natural disasters to the dying numbers of pirates. Instead, Pastafarians believe that they were "peace-loving explorers and...
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...Causation and Correlation Jennifer PSY/285 Darren Iwamoto July 17, 2013 Causation and Correlation Correlation does not imply causation. According to “statistical Language Correlation and Causation” (Correlation is a statistical measure (expressed as a number) that describes the size and direction of a relationship between two or more variables. A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable.) And (Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events. This is also referred to as cause and effect.) Causation and correlation can be difficult to discern from one another because they are so closely related to one another. Wealthy People are thin. Causation or correlation? The statement “Wealthy people are thin” is a correlation. Not all wealthy people are thin however there may be more thin wealthy people versus non wealthy people due to the fact that wealthy people can afford personal trainers, better food, and healthier lifestyles. People with long hair do better on audio memory tests. Causation or correlation? The statement “People with long hair do better on audio memory tests” is in fact a correlation, it is not a very strong correlation but it is indeed one. Ice cream melts when heated. Causation or correlation? The statement “Ice cream melts...
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...Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the body’s reactions. It also affects the working of the brain and the nervous system. The more a person drinks, the more their ability to make important decisions become impaired. After just one drink a person can lose their ability to perform everyday tasks. There are many causes of people drinking, but the major two are causal drinking and peer pressure. Causal drinking occurs when a person goes to a party or bar and he or she does not intend on drinking, but they do anyway. The next cause is peer pressure. Why does peer pressure cause drinking? The first reason is when someone’s friends keep going on at them until they drink. The second reason is when someone’s friends’ drink, they think it is cool and they don’t want to be left out, so they drink too. The effects alcohol can have on a body are numerous. It increases the workload of the heart, causing irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure. It poisons the liver, causing extensive damage and failure. It can stop the kidneys from maintaining a proper balance of body fluids and minerals; it can also affect the brain, causing unclear thinking. Large amounts of it can cause unconsciousness or death. Even knowing this some people will still make bad and dangerous choices when it comes to alcohol. One of the most dangerous things you can do is, driving under the influence (D.U.I). Not only are you endangering yourself, you are endangering your passenger, other road users, and pedestrians...
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