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就像戰略可以被制定一樣,戰略也可以自己形成。

當我們想像有人在做戰略計劃時,腦海中很可能會出現這樣一幅井井有條的畫面:一位高級經理,或者是 一群,坐在辦公室裡,炮製出一些其他所有人會準時執行的行動綱領。基調就是推理——理性的控制,系統地分析競爭對手、市場和企業的優劣勢。綜合這些分析產生一個清晰、明確而又完全成熟的戰略。

現在讓我們想像一下戰略手藝化,腦海中出現的很可能就是另外一幅畫面。手藝式戰略與計劃式戰略非常不同,其區別就像手藝與機械化之間的區別一樣。手藝會讓人想起傳統的技藝、專注以及通過細節的把握做到完美。人們想到更多的不是思考與推理,而是各種原材料水乳交融的感覺,這種感覺來自長期的經驗與投入。制定與執行相互交融,形成一個漸進的學習過程,在此過程中,創造性的戰略水到渠成。

我的理論很簡單:戰略手藝化更好地描述了有效戰略的形成過程,而計劃式戰略儘管流傳廣泛,實際上卻扭曲了這一過程,誤導了那些篤信它的組織。

在本文的寫作過程中,我將引用一位陶藝人的經驗,並把這些經驗與一個項目的研究結果進行對比(這一項目追踪了眾多公司在數十年間的戰略歷程)。因為陶藝人與戰略制定者之間的差別十分明顯,所以剛開始時,我的比喻就像我的論斷一樣,顯得風馬牛不相及。然而,如果我們把藝人想像成一個個人組織,就會看到她也必須解決公司戰略家們所面臨的一個重大挑戰:對組織的能力瞭如指掌,以便能足夠深入地思考組織的戰略發展方向。通過從個人視角思考戰略制定,剔除戰略諮詢公司那些條條框框,我們會對公司內的戰略形成過程有所了解。就像很多陶藝人不得不掌握手藝一樣,管理者們也必須把戰略手藝化。

在工作 的時候,陶藝人坐在一堆陶土前。她的心思在陶土上,但同時她也意識到自己坐在過去的經驗與未來的暢想之間。她準確地知道過去的哪些東西對自己有用,哪些東西沒用。她對自 己的工作、能力及市場非常熟悉。作為一個手藝人,她是在感覺這些東西,而不是分析;她的知識是“默示的”。當她動手時,所有這些都在她的腦海中發揮作用。這些陶輪上的作品可能沿襲她過去作品的傳統,但是她可能突然換個方向。即便如此,“過去”所起的作用一點也不減少,照樣體現在未來中。
在我的比喻中,管理者就是陶藝人,而戰略就是他們的陶土。就像陶藝人一樣,他們坐在過去的公司能力與未來的市場機會之間。並且,如果他們是真正的藝人,他們對手頭的材料應該同樣熟悉。這是戰略手藝化的精要所在。

接下來,我們將對這個比喻做進一步探討,看看戰略在實際操作中是如何制定的,而不是主觀臆想戰略該如何制定。我將不斷援引兩方面的經驗,一個是麥吉爾大學的戰略形成模式的研究項目;自1971年起,這個項目一直在我的指導下進行;另一個是成功的陶藝人的工作流程,這個陶藝人是我的妻子,她的手藝始於1967年。

戰略既是未來的計劃,也是過去的模式

如果你問戰略是什麼,幾乎每個人都會告訴你,戰略是某種形式的規劃,是對未來行為的明確指導。如果你再問他們競爭對手、政府或者他們自己追求什麼樣的戰略,他們很可能就會不停地描述他們過去的行為。最後你會發現,戰略和其他很多詞彙一樣,人們下定義是一套,用起來卻是另外一套,沒有意識到其間的區別。

原因很簡單:雖然戰略的正式定義與它的希臘軍事起源都強調未來,但我們確實也需要用這個詞來解釋過去的行為,就像我們需要用它來描述未來的行為意向一樣。畢竟,戰略一方面是計劃和企圖的對象,另一方面也是貫徹和實現的對象。行為模式,或者我們稱作“已實現的戰略”,是對這個貫徹過程的解釋。而且,就像計劃不一定會產生一個模式一樣(有些戰略根本沒有實現),模式也不一定來自於計劃。一個組織可以不知道自己有某個模式(或者叫“已實現的戰略”),更不用說把它講得一清二楚了。

當然,模式就像事物是否美麗一樣,各人所見不同。但是任何一個人,只要把我們藝人的作品按時間順序排成一排,找出一個清楚的模式就不成問題,至少在一定階段如此。比如說,直到1974年,我的妻子只做小的裝飾用陶製動物和其他小東西,但是“小玩意兒戰略”忽然中止了,最後她做出餅狀雕塑和陶碗,紋理清晰,沒有上釉。

在組織中找到一個對等的行為模式並不很難。事實上,在我們的研究中,就連大眾汽車和加拿大航空公司這樣的大公司也再簡單不過。把大眾公司20世紀40~70年代的產品模型畫到圖上,就會清楚地發現該公司的模式是集中於甲殼蟲車型,20世紀60年代末期才瘋狂收購和開發新車型,尋找替代產品,到70年代中期才在戰略上重新定位於更時尚的、用水降溫及前驅動的汽車。

但是,當我們使用戰略這個詞時常常想到的那些正式的計劃與宣告(所謂意圖性的戰略,與上文“已實現的戰略”相對應)在哪兒呢?具有諷刺意味的是,這裡其實有很多問題。例如,對單個藝人來說,她意圖性的戰略是什麼?如果我們回到過去,我們能找到對該意圖的表達嗎?如果找到了,我們能信得過這種表達嗎?我們經常否認潛意識中的動機,愚弄自己,也愚弄別人。記住,意圖不值錢,至少在與現實相比的時候如此。

閱讀組織的心靈

如果你相信,與生產汽車的現實的實踐相比,我講的這些與手藝人的弗洛伊德式潛意識之間的關係更大,那就請你再想一下。例如,誰知道大眾汽車的意圖性戰略是什麼?我們能把大眾汽車的意向性戰略簡單地假設為公司的高層管理團隊做的正規計劃書或其他聲明嗎?也許這些只是無謂的空想、合理化的解釋或者愚弄競爭者的伎倆?即使有表達出來的意圖存在,組織中的其他人認可的程度有多高?我們如何閱讀組織的心靈?到底誰是戰略家?

戰略管理的傳統觀點似乎可以輕而易舉地解決這些問題,組織理論家稱之為歸因。你可以在各種商業新聞發布會上看見他們這樣做。通用汽車採取了什麼行動,那是因為史密斯(Roger Smith,時任通用汽車CEO)制定了戰略。做了什麼事?那肯定是有意而為,然後,自動地歸之於領導。

在雜誌的短文中做這樣的假設是可以理解的。記者們沒那麼多時間去揭開戰略的源頭,何況通用汽車是個龐大復雜的組織。但是考慮一下這個假設中所掩蓋的所有的複雜性與困惑——所有的會議、爭論、眾多人員、僵局、各種展開和沒展開的思路。現在想像在這個假設的基礎上試圖建立一個戰略制定係統,在這種情況下,一個正式的戰略計劃一敗塗地還值得大驚小怪嗎?

要解開這些疑惑——從我們在戰略制定過程中所遇到的表面的複雜性中走出來,我們需要回到一些基本的概念。最基本的一點就是思考與行動之間的緊密關係,這是手藝的關鍵,也是戰略手藝化的關鍵。

戰略可以自然生成

實上,在關於戰略制定的所有文章中,都把戰略描述成一個深思熟慮的過程。我們先想,後做;先制定,後執行。這個步驟看起來完美無缺,為什麼還會有人想另闢蹊徑呢?

我們的陶藝人正在她的工作室裡轉陶土,做一個餅狀雕塑。陶土粘在轉軸上,圓形初現。為什麼不做一個圓柱狀花瓶呢?這個想法還會引出另一個想法,直到一個新模型形成。行為驅動思考:戰略自然生成。

在戶外,一位銷售員訪問顧客。產品不太對路,他們一起做了修改。銷售員回到公司,做了相應的變動;兩三個回合之後,產品最終合適,一個新的產品出現,並打開了一個新市場,公司也改變了戰略路線。

事實上,大多數的銷售員沒有上述銷售員或我們的手藝人幸運。在個人組織中,執行者就是製定者,因為創新可以輕易快捷地融進戰略之中。在一個大的組織中,創新者與戰略制定者之間可能隔了10級,他的這個主意也許只能向處於同階層的同 行們推銷。

當然也有一些銷售員可以自行其事,修改產品以適應顧客,並說服工廠生產。事實上,他們是在執行自己的戰略,其他人也許不聞不問。有時候,他們的創新也會引起注意,或許是幾年之後,那時公司流行的戰略已經失敗了,領導們正在物色新事物,那時會允許這個銷售人員的戰略在系統中流行,成為組織的戰略。

我們都聽過這樣的故事,但是因為我們只願意看自己相信的東西,如果我們相信戰略是計劃的,我們就不大願意去想這個故事的真實含義。

看一看加拿大國家電影委員會是如何通過特色電影戰略的。國家電影委員會是聯邦政府機構,以創新和生產短記錄片聞名。前些年,委員會資助了一位電影製片人的某個片子,這部影片出人意料地經久不衰。為了發行這部影片,委員會轉向影院,不經意中獲得了營銷特色影片的經驗。其他的電影製片人也看到了這一點,最後,委員會發現自己在實行特色電影戰略——一種生產此類電影的模式。
我的觀點很簡單,簡單得有點像騙人:就像戰略可以被制定一樣,戰略也可以自己形成。一個已實現的戰略可以通過對演進的形勢做出回應而自然生成,也可以是深思熟慮,通過先制定後執行的過程完成。但是當這些計劃中的意圖沒有產生意圖的行為時,留給組織的就是一個沒有實現的戰略。

我們聽到過很多沒有實現的戰略,而且幾乎都伴隨著執行失敗的聲明。管理不嚴、控制放鬆、人員不專心致志,理由滿天飛。事實上,在大多數情況下,這樣的解釋過於簡單。因此一些人越過執行去看制定的問題。他們看到,戰略家們其實並不夠聰明。

當然,很多意圖性戰略一開始就構思不當也是事實,我相信問題還是出在更深一層,這就是我們對製定與執行所作的人為的區分。人確實可以更聰明——但不僅僅是通過構思出更聰明的戰略,有時候,通過允許戰略借助組織的行為與經驗而逐步自我發展,人們會變得更聰明。人們不可能總是聰明到可以提前把所有事情想清楚,對這一點,聰明的戰略家應該很明白。
手與心

手藝人不會今天思考,明天行動。手藝人的心思連貫,與手緊密相聯。而大的組織試圖將心與手的工作分開。他們通常會切斷兩者之間關鍵的反饋連結。那位發現顧客需求未得到滿足的銷售員可能是整個組織中掌握了最有戰略性信息的人,但是如果他沒有權利制定相應的戰略或者把信息傳達給有權的人,這個信息是沒有用的——因為渠道被封鎖了,或者更簡單,戰略制定者們已經完成了戰略制定。在傳統的戰略管理觀念中存在一個極大的謬論,就是認為戰略是高高在上的,與組織每天的經營細節相隔千里。這一點解釋了今天的商業與公共政策中那些戲劇性的失敗。

在麥吉爾大學,我們把加拿大電影委員會那種看起來沒有明確意向的戰略稱為自然生成戰略。行動簡單地匯聚,呈現出一種模式。當然,如果這個模式得到認可,然後再被高級經理們論證一番,它也有可能成為深思熟慮的戰略。但這一切都是事後所為。

這些聽起來可能很奇怪,我知道。戰略自然生成?經理們只是事後認可已經成形的戰略?這些年來,我們在麥吉爾大學的研究小組遇到了很多反對意見,我們對戰略一詞下了一個被動的定義,但是又與意志密切相關,這令他們煩擾。畢竟,戰略意味著控制——古希臘人用這個詞來描述將軍的藝術。

戰略學習

但我們堅持這麼用有一個原因:學習。純粹的深思熟慮的戰略一旦制定出來,就排除了學習,而自然生成的戰略孕育著學習。人們採取一個又一個行動,並對每個行動的結果做出反應,模式最終得以形成。

我們的藝人想做一個獨立式的雕塑模型,但是做不成,於是她這裡捏圓一些,那裡捏扁一些。結果看起來好一點,但還不夠。她又做了一個又一個調整。最終,數日、數月或者數年之後,她完成了自己想要的作品。她放下這一個,又開始了新的戰略。

當然,在實踐中,所有的戰略制定都需要兩條腿走路,一條是深思熟慮,一條是自然生成的戰略。因為就像純粹的深思熟慮的戰略排斥學習一樣,純粹的自然生成的戰略也阻止了控制。如果走極端,兩種方法都沒有太大意義。學習必須與控制結伴而行,這正是為什麼我們在麥吉爾大學的研究小組都用戰略這個詞來描繪自然發生的行為和深思熟慮的行為。

同樣,世界上也不存在純粹的深思熟慮戰略和純粹的自然生成戰略。沒有組織——包括古希臘將軍控制的部隊——能夠見多識廣到可以事事提前,而忽略學習的程度,也沒有人——甚至獨立的陶藝人——能夠靈活多變到可以事事任其自然,絲毫不加控制。手藝也需要控制,就像手藝人必須對手頭的材料做出反應一樣。因此,深思熟慮的戰略與自然發生的戰略在終點上實現統一,在現實世界中也可以找到手藝化的戰略。有些戰略可能接近於某一端,但是更多的戰略位於兩者中間。以各種奇怪的方式形成的有效戰略有效的戰略可能出現在非常奇怪的地方或者通過最讓人出乎意料的方法實現。制定戰略沒有最好的方法。

輪子上的貓模型失敗之後,我們的陶藝人看到了公牛的形狀。陶土還在轉軸上轉動,形成了一個圓柱。因為陶土的缺乏以及工作間的狹小,就做成一個餅狀。錯誤變成了機會,限制激發了創造力。各種自然的經驗,甚至包括厭倦情緒,都會激發戰略變化。

戰略手藝化的組織也會有相似的經歷。看看加拿大國家電影委員會和它過去那些漫不經心的長電影,或者考慮一下放映用特殊音效與動畫製成的實驗電影的經歷。 20年來,委員會的這類電影就像水淺但流量穩定的小溪。事實上,在這條小溪中,除了一部電影之外,所有電影都是諾曼(Norman Mclaren)製作的。諾曼可能追求實驗式個人戰略,對他個人來說,也許是深思熟慮的,但是對整個組織肯定不是。 20年後,其他人跟隨了他的領導,溪流漸寬,他的個人戰略變寬,成為組織的戰略。 (老紀按,這一點倒像是《溫和激進領導》中闡述的道理)

倒過來想,1952年電視剛進入加拿大,國家電影委員會出現一個眾口一詞的戰略。管理高層並不熱心於為新媒體製作電影。但是當爭論激烈時,一個電影製片人悄悄退出,為電視製作了一個系列片。先例既開,他的同事接踵而至,不出幾個月,國家電影委員會和管理層就不得不以前所未有的尷尬承諾以後幾年實施新戰略。這個戰略看似自然出現,實際上是因為很多獨立電影製片人想製作自己喜歡的影片。我們能把這個戰略稱為深思熟慮的嗎?對於電影製片人也許是,對於管理高層肯定不是。但是對於組織呢?這要看你的觀點了,取決你如何閱讀組織的心靈。儘管國家電影委員會的例子看起來有點極端,但是它突出了在所有組織中都可以找到的行為,儘管這種行為悄無聲息。對這一點持懷疑態度的人可以讀一下理查(Richard Pascale)的文章,該文講述了本田汽車如何跌跌撞撞地在美國汽車市場獲得巨大成功的故事。儘管事後看來這個戰略聰明至極,但是經理們犯了幾乎所有可以想像出來的錯誤,直到市場最後點醒了他們正確的方法。本田公司在美國的開本田車的經理們(這會在不經意中提高他們對市場的反應)至少做對了一件事:學習,第一手地學習。

如果把製陶匠人想像為一個個人組織,我們就會發現,製作陶器的過程和公司的戰略制定過程十分相似。匠人和公司戰略家都面臨一個重大挑戰:對組織的能力瞭如指掌(老紀按,一知半解下制定戰略全靠想像力添油加醋),以便能足夠深入地思考組織的戰略發展方向。我們在上一期介紹了戰略的自然形成過程,接下來再來看看戰略的變化和戰略管理的精髓。

來自草根的戰略制定

就像花園裡的雜草一樣,戰略可以在各種各樣的環境中成長,只要人們有學習能力和相應的支持資源。我們在研究中發現,一些最有效的戰略都把組織學習與深思熟慮、控制和靈活性結合在一起。

先看看所謂的繖形戰略。管理高層建立起廣泛的指導方針,把具體要求留給組織中的低層。這個戰略不僅是深思熟慮和自然生成的,而且是深思熟慮地讓其自然生成,因為整個過程是有意識地讓戰略沿固有的路線自然出現的。

深思熟慮的自然生成也是我們所說的過程戰略。在此,管理層控制著戰略形成過程,同時把具體內容留給別人。

過程戰略與繖形戰略都很流行,尤其是在急需專有經驗與創意的公司中,比如3M公司、惠普和國家電影委員會。只有當執行者也是戰略制定者時,這樣的組織才會有效率,因為只有了解具體情況的公司低層人員有所需的技術能力。在某種意義上,在所有人都是手藝人的組織中,所有的人也都必須是戰略家。

量子式跳躍

傳統的戰略管理觀點認為,變化必須是連續的,組織應該具有適應性。然而這個觀點的可笑之處正在於它的戰略概念根植於穩定,而不是變化。這類戰略會在計劃書中說明戰略的方向和行動路線。而事實上,只要擁有戰略,尤其把戰略制定得一清二楚,就會滋生戰略變化的反對力量。

所以,傳統觀點沒能抓住的要點是何時及如何推動變化。戰略制定的一個根本性難題是協調穩定與變化之間的力量對比(老紀按,難的原因是戰略制定者把製定戰略當做了目標,而不是盈利或構建盈利能力本身)——一方面要集中力量,提高經營效率;另一方面要不斷適應,與外部環境同步變化。

在研究中我們發現,組織解決這些反對力量的辦法是今天集中精力解決一件事,明天集中精力解決另一件事。任何組織通常都會有非常明顯的穩定期與變動期,儘管某個特定戰略可能在末端不斷變化,但卻極少發生重大的戰略定位的轉變。

我們在研究加拿大大型連鎖超市Steinberg時發現,該公司從成立到上世紀70年代中期的60年間只發生過兩次大的戰略轉向:1933年轉向自助服務;1953年引入購物中心與公共金融。而大眾汽車在上世紀40年代末期到70年代中只發生過一次戰略轉向,即從傳統的甲殼蟲車型轉向奧迪。

我在麥吉爾大學的兩個同事在對大量公司進行研究時發現這種現象普遍存在,於是他們建立了一個理論,稱為戰略變化的量子理論,其基本要點是組織在不同時期使用兩種明顯不同的行為模式。

大部分時間裡,組織追求一種既定的戰略定位。變化可能是連續的,但都圍繞著原來的定位。大多數組織都喜歡這個穩定期,因為這種成功不是來自戰略變化,而是對原有戰略的再開發。

與此同時,世界在不停地變化,有時緩慢,有時急劇,組織的戰略定位也會突然或逐步地與世界不再同步,這時一定會發生戰略革命。長期的演進式變化會突然被一輪革命式的動盪打斷,組織迅速改變原有的很多既定模型。事實上,組織是想通過重新定位戰略、結構 和文化,以期躍進到一個新的穩定階段。

量子理論適用於既定的大規模生產公司。它們對標準化程序的依賴度特別高,對戰略再定位的抵制力也極強。因此我們發現,長期的穩定階段被革命性變化的短期破壞階段打破。

以大眾汽車為例。著名的甲殼蟲車型再加上整套嚴密的戰略,使大眾汽車在上世紀50~60年代忽視了市場的根本變化。當變化來臨時,一定是猛烈的。大眾汽車靠大雜燴產品度過了這一混亂期,直到一位新領導選定了一套新車型。戰略再定位實際上就是公司文化的革命。

變化週期

在一個更有創意的組織中,我們看到一個更為平衡的變化與穩定模型。那些生產新產品的公司需要四處出擊,以保持創意。經過這個階段之後,他們也需要在混亂中理出秩序來。

國家電影委員會通過保持高度平衡的集中期與擴散期不斷轉移焦點。上世紀40年代,該委員會集中生產電影支持戰爭,戰後則百花齊放。 50年代,電視的到來帶來一個新的焦點,但它來得快,去得也快,到50年代末期就發散了,世界又進入新的創意探索期。到60年代初期,社會的變化又引發出實驗電影與社會問題的新集中階段。

我們將這種在項目的基礎上以創新的方式生產個性化定制產品的組織模型稱為“隨機制”。陶藝人也是這樣一個組織,她的每個陶製品都很獨特,而且她的戰略變化模型與國家電影委員會很接近,有明顯的集中期與分散期:1967~1972年集中於小玩藝兒; 1976年是探索期,兩次聚集於陶製雕塑;1981年前後開始研究新的方向;而最近,她的戰略似乎正轉向陶製壁畫。

不管是通過量子革命或者是一致化與多樣化的周期,組織需要及時將變化與穩定的基本力量分開,通過輪流關注來實現兩者之間的協調。許多戰略失敗都可歸罪於將兩者混合在一起,或者以另外一個為代價,過分注重其中一方力量。

在很多手藝人的作品中,這個問題很明顯。一方面,有些人執著於完美一個主題,從不改變。最後,創意從他們的作品中消失,世界拋棄了他們——就像戰略革命發生前的大眾汽車公司。另一方面,很多人在不斷變化,從一個想法跳到另一個想法,從不落腳。因為沒有主題,或者作品中體現不出戰略,他們不能探索,甚至不能開發本能。因為他們的作品缺少內涵,接下來就可能有個性危機,手藝人與客戶都講不清作品的構成。我的兩位同事在傳統商業中也發現了這種行為的存在,稱之為“盲目經營的衝動型公司”。在那些喜歡收購的公司中,這種現象十分多見。

將思考與行動手藝化

流行的觀點把戰略家看成是策劃者或者有遠見卓識者,是高高在上、向其他所有人佈置卓越戰略的某個人。在承認提前思考的重要性的同時(這個迂腐的世界尤其需要有創意的觀點),關於戰略家,我想提出一個不同的視點——把他們看作一種模式的識別者,一個學習者— —他們管理一個過程,其間戰略可以自然生成,也可以深思熟慮而成。我還想重新定義戰略家,他們是多個個體組成的相互影響的一個集體中的一員,深至組織的心靈。這位戰略家與其說是創造了戰略,不如說是發現了戰略(就在那裡,拾起來,靠緊繃的一根神經,敏銳),通常這些模式的形成都源於一些意料之外的行為。

那麼,這對戰略手藝化有何意義呢?讓我們回到與手藝相關的詞:專注、經驗、與材料的親密接觸、對細節的掌握、對和諧與整體的感覺。在實際執行中,懂得戰略手藝化的經理不會花很多時間閱讀專業報告或行業分析,而是喜歡通過個人接觸了解組織與行業。他們對經驗很敏感,知道儘管個人觀點很重要,但其他因素對決定戰略一定也有幫助。

管理穩定:管理戰略首先是管理穩定,而不是管理變化。實際上,管理高層的大部分時間不應該花在戰略制定上,而應該盡可能執行已有的戰略,使組織變得更有效率。就像出色的手藝人一樣,組織出色也是因為它們掌握了細節。

要管理戰略,重要的不是推動變化,而是知道何時推動變化。戰略計劃的支持者常常會強求經理們為環境中永遠的不穩定做計劃(比如每年都重訂五年計劃)。但是執迷於變化會造成機能障礙。不斷改變戰略的組織就像一個不斷換工作或不斷換婚姻的人——這兩種情況中的任何一種都會令人瘋狂或麻木。計劃變得如此頻繁和機械,只能讓組織對真正的變化不再敏感。 (老紀按,朝令夕改的下場,就是一個狼來了的故事)

所謂的戰略計劃是一種方法,不是用來創造戰略,而是將已生成的戰略程序化。

察覺間斷性:環境不會按照某種規律或順序變化。雖然所謂“間斷的年代”與環境“動盪”之論不絕於耳,但也極少有持續不斷的劇烈變動。大多時候變化是微小甚至暫時的,不需要作出戰略反應。偶爾會有重大的間斷,或者出現更稀有的情況,環境面目全非,但這類變化很容易識別。

戰略手藝化面臨的真正挑戰是察覺那些可能孕育未來商機的微妙的間斷,這種間斷沒有章法可循,只有那些既與現有模式非常調和,又能察覺到其中重大間斷的人才能發現。不幸的是,根據大多數公司的經歷,這種戰略思考會在長期穩定的環境裡不斷萎縮。所以,技巧是在大多數時間內管理既定的戰略定位,但又有能力察覺那些真正重要的、偶爾出現的間斷。

近半個世紀裡,Steinberg連鎖店都是創始人山姆(Sam Steinberg)一人經營的。有20年時間,這個連鎖店只集中於完善在1933年引入的自助式零售。 1952年,蒙特利爾迎來了第一個購物中心,山姆在一夜間意識到,要控制購物中心,必須在公共金融等方面進行重大變化。因此,他重新定義了自己的生意。戰略管理的精髓就是具有作出這種轉換的思考力。而且,這種能力更多地關係到洞察力與投入,而不是分析技巧。

了解生意:山姆是企業家的縮影,他在周六上午視察店鋪,對生意的細節瞭如指掌。他說:“沒有人像我們一樣了解百貨……我了解商品,我了解成本,我了解銷售,我了解顧客。我什麼都了解,並傳授自己的所學。我教員工,這就是我們的優勢。我們的對手根本追不上我們。”

這種知識類型不是智商型知識,不是分析報告或抽象的事實與數字,而是個人化的知識,是親密的了解,就像手藝人對陶土的感覺一樣。任何人都可以得到事實,但這種知識不是每個人都能得到的。 “智慧”這個詞用在這裡最恰當。但是在我們為自己建立的官僚機構以及那些讓領導遠離經營細節的系統中,我們看不到智慧。如果你告訴我,有一個經理認為他可以依靠正式的規劃創造戰略,我可以告訴你,這位經理肯定對業務不夠熟悉,或者對生意缺少創意。

管理模式:不管在公司執行部門還是陶藝人的作坊裡,管理的一個關鍵就是察覺新興模式的能力,並幫助它成形。經理的工作不僅是預想專門的戰略,而且能在組織的其他地方認識它的出現,並在適當的時候介入。

就像公園裡意外出現的雜草,有些自然出現的戰略也許需要立即連根拔起。但是管理層不要急於斬除這些意外,因為明天的觀點可能就來自今天的異常。

協調變化與連續:最後,那些考慮激進變革的經理應該牢記量子變化理論,如《聖經》所言,有些時間用來播種,有些時間用來收穫。必須遏制一些新的模式,直到組織為戰略革命做好準備。作為模式識別者,經理們應該有能力知道什麼時候探索既有戰略,什麼時候鼓勵以新代舊。

正如克爾凱格爾所言,生活總是向前走,但要理解生活,必須向後看。經理們必須為未來製定戰略,但是必須通過過去來理解戰略。只有理解了用自己的行為形成的模式,才能了解自己的能力與潛力。因此,戰略手藝化和管理手藝一樣,需要過去、現在與未來的自然融合。

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...Crafting and Executing Strategy Take the Time and Time it Right Greetings Card Company Belvis Wright Strayer University Strategic Management-BUS 599 Dr. Gary B. Shelton July 15, 2012 Abstract What can a business professional implement that would help a company to be successful? In an effort for a company to be successful, business professionals should create and execute strategic planning models which outline specific results that are to be achieved and by establishing es a course of action for achieving them. In our current failing economy, business professionals are becoming more aware of the how challenges ing it is in to starting a business and remaining successful. While most would agree that failures are personally painful and could have been conceivably too often prevented, ??????? consensus dissolves around how to take action to the problem.?????? Some business owner’s may believe think that a successful business’ is based solely on luck; while other’s business owners believe may think that their success is based on the location. of their business. Although, both concepts could be attributed to success, in this report I provide a solution that could help business owners ????? transit ??? a business toward its success. In this paper, as a business professional for Take the Time and Time it Right Greetings Card Company, I argue in support of and focus on the importance of implementing a strategic plan for the success of this business. Several business...

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Crafting and Executing Strategy

...Strategic Planning for the Beauty Industry Name: Removed BUS599- Strategic Management Date Removed Professor: Removed Strategic Planning for the Salon and Day Spa Developing and executing a strategic plan is vitally important whether you are the founder of a large corporation or simply the owner of a small business. For instance, the start-up business salon and day spa “Salon VII” would benefit from a strategic plan by building a loyal customer base and gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage in the highly competitive salon industry. Simply put, the strategic plan is an “expression of ownership dreams and visions of successful results” (Pirraglia, 2012). In order to develop and foster a sustainable competitive advantage, the owner of Salon VII must first decide on a strategic approach. Because of the high competition in the salon industry, the owner should strive to create a differentiation-based advantage. This differentiation should be centered on high quality and top-notch customer service as well as offering a large product selection and value-added services (Thompson, 2010). With this approach in mind, the salon and day spa owner must develop the mission statement and strategic vision. The Mission The mission of Salon VII is to provide our clients with the highest quality barbering, hairdressing, and cosmetology services and products in the salon and beauty industry. Salon VII also delivers the highest standard of customer...

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