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Creation Myths Across Cultures

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Creation Myths Across Cultures
Angie Laird
HUM/105 - World Mythology
Class Group: BSDH16JHC0
University of Phoenix Online
Instructor: Gerald Grudzen
February 11, 2013
Comparing and contrasting creation myths The two creation myths chosen to compare and contrast focuses on the Norse culture of Iceland Vikings and the Genesis creation of the Hebrew origin of Christian culture. Both creation myths begin with an empty void where chaos or conflict develops. The Norse myth narrates a conflict between the fiery realm of Muspell and the dark, cold realm of Niflheim within the emptiness called ginnungagap and where nothing could grow. The Genesis conflict was between God and nothing, loneliness, and the need to create something beautiful. There are specifically nine classifications of creation myths and many employ more than one motif. Genesis cosmogonies apply both the deus faber and ex nihilo motifs. The story often considered the ex nihilo myth, meaning "out of nothing" is the account in the first book of the Old Testament, Genesis, of God's creation in six days by speaking into existence light and darkness, sun and moon, stars and earth, plants and animals, and birds and fish. God then generates Adam in His image from the dust and breathes life into him and Eve was formed from one of Adam's ribs, therefore combining deus faber (the "maker-God") with ex nihilo motifs. The Nordic creation myths tend to combine accretion/conjunction, secretion, and sacrifice motifs. It features the blending of fire and ice in a random joining of elements. When the warm breath of Muspell meets the frost of arctic Nieflheim, ice melts and the resulting water drops come to life, creating the evil giant Ymir. As the giant sleeps, sweat from his armpits creates the first man and woman. These other giants grow to despise Ymir and the creation story continues with the slaying and mutilation of the vile giant.

Worlds and elements represented in these myths The Norse culture is made up of what we call Vikings. They had a pantheon of 14 major gods and conceived the cosmos as divided into three levels: Asgard, Aesir, is the upper level and land of the major gods, fertility gods, and where light elves also lived. Midgard is the middle level where men, giants, dwarves, and dark elves lived. Niflheim is the lower level, better known as the underworld, where the evil dead died a second time in the fortress city of Hel. Running through and ultimately reaching above heaven is Yggdrasil, the enormous ash tree that apparently existed before the beginning. The Genesis creation myth is similar in that the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the surface of the deep. The Spirit of God was moving over the surface of waters when, in the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The biblical authors conceived the cosmos as a flat disc-shaped earth in the centre, an underworld for the dead below, and heaven above. Below the earth were the "waters of chaos", the cosmic sea, and home to mythic monsters defeated and slain by God. There were also waters above the earth, and so the firmament, a solid bowl, was necessary to keep them from flooding the world.
Creators and creation cycles of these myths From the text in Genesis, "the earth was formless, empty, and dark, and God's Spirit moved over the waters preparing to perform God's creative Word" (Fairchild, 2013). God then began speaking his creation into existence. On day 1, God created light and separated it from the darkness, calling light "day" and darkness "night." On day 2, God created the "sky" to separate the waters. On day 3, God created the dry ground, called "land", and gathered the waters, calling them "seas". God also created plants and trees on this day. "God created the sun, moon, and the stars to give light to the earth and to govern and separate the day and the night" on the fourth day (Fairchild, 2013). These elements would also serve to establish days, seasons, and years. On the fifth day, God created every living creature of the seas and of the skies, sanctifying them to flourish. God created the animals to fill the earth on the sixth day. Adam and Eve, believed to be the first man and woman, were also created in his own image on this day to communicate with. "He blessed them and gave them every creature and the whole earth to rule over, care for, and cultivate" (Fairchild, 2013). Finally, on day 7, God completed his work of creation and rested, blessing it and making it holy. The Norse story did not have one maker of good, but multiple elements and events that emerged from one evil giant in this creation myth. The cow licked away entire mountains of ice, slowly licking ice from two more beings, the god Buri and his goddess wife. "They had a son named Bor, and his son was named Odin, who became the king of all the gods" (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Ymir was malicious and wicked and when Odin and the other gods could no longer tolerate Ymir's evil acts, they united to kill the giant. "Ymir’s huge body formed the earth, his blood became the sea, his flesh became the land, his bones the mountains and his hair the trees" (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Odin and the other gods formed the sky with his skull, held up by four towering pillars. Odin created the sun and moon from sparks from the fiery depths of Muspell and placed them in the sky. The ice began to melt in the new world of Ginnungagap from the illumination of the sun and moon and vegetation began to grow. The largest tree, called Yggdrasil, grew from the center of the world and became known as "The Tree of Life". "Its roots penetrated into the bottom of creation and its leaves reached the very top of the sky" (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). To his satisfaction of the new world, Odin named it Midgard, meaning 'The Middle Land'. However, Midgard needed tending to while the gods ascend to Asgard. Odin discovered two fallen trees, an ash and an elm, which he extracted from the mud and shaped the first man and woman. "Odin breathed life into the beings, gave them reason and feelings, hearing and sight" (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Similar to the Genesis story of Adam and Eve, Odin named the man Ask and the woman Embla and from them, sprang the entire human race.
Role of cosmic occurrences or natural phenomena of these myths In summary, the Genesis creation story identifies God as the author of creation. "In Genesis 1 we are presented with the beginning of a divine drama that can only be examined and understood from the standpoint of faith. How long did it take? How did it happen, exactly?" (Fairchild, 2013). It is impossible to definitively answer these questions, but these mysteries are not the focus of the creation story. The purpose, rather, is for moral and spiritual revelation. In verse 26, God says, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness ..." This is the only instance in the creation account that God uses the plural form to refer to himself. It is believed by many scholars to be the Bible's first reference to the Trinity. Then the Lord God took the man and put him into the Garden of Eden to cultivate it and keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, “From any tree of the garden you may eat freely; but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat from it you shall surely die.” The story goes that a serpent tricked Eve into eating the fruit from the forbidden tree and she offered it to Adam and he also ate from it. As a result, Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden, men will labor over the earth, women will experience excruciating pain bearing children, and all humans will die. The Vikings' lives depended on the sun, moon, and stars to navigate through their world of immense oceans and colossal rugged mountains. "The origin of all of these elements of the natural world is explained in the Norse creation myth, which not only describes the creation of the world the Vikings would have seen every day, but also ones they didn't: whole other worlds populated by gods, trolls, dwarves, and spirits" (Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008). The Norse creation myth also reflects the violent lives of the Vikings. For a culture whose fate depended upon success in battle, what could be more natural than for creation to begin with destruction? From murder and bloodshed comes beauty and order. Readers from Western cultures tend to rank “metaphysical or spiritual” cosmogonies like the account of Elohim-God speaking the world into existence in Genesis higher than “physical, natural, or elemental accounts of creation by accretion, excretion, copulation, division, dismemberment, or parturition" (Leonard & McClure, 2004). If, however, we are self-conscious about our culture’s assumptions about what is “normal,” we see that at least as many cosmogonic myths have presented creation as part of a natural process as have conceived it as an exercise of divine and creative will. That is, many creation myths depict the birth of the cosmic order as an organic, natural, and evolutionary process rather than as an engineering project or the act of a master magician. Ranking one kind of myth as lower or more primitive and our own myths as higher or more cultured derives from a cultural bias. To study myth effectively, we need to free ourselves as much as possible from the prejudices we inherit from our cultural surroundings.
References
Distant Train, Inc. (2011). Norse Creation. Retrieved from http://bigmyth.com/download/NORSE_CREATION.pdf
Fairchild, M. (2013, January 4). The Creation Story - Bible Story Summary. About.com Christianity. Retrieved from http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/ creationstory.htm
Gill, N. S. (2012, April 13). Creation of the World - Norse Mythology on the Creation of the World. About.com Ancient / Classical History. Retrieved from http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/creationmyths/a/11083199Norse.htm
Ginzberg, L. (2012, April 13). Legends of the Jews, By Louis Ginzberg. Legends of the Jews. Retrieved from http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_jewslegends1a.htm
Leonard, S., & McClure, M. (2004). Myth & Knowing: An introduction to world mythology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).The Myth of Norse Creation Myth. Retrieved February 11, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/norse-creation-myth/

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