...Crime Data Comparison Paper Justin Coleman CJS/231 9/28/15 Kenneth Bitting Crime Data Comparison Paper Crime data is reported through the UCR (Uniform Crime Report) which is recorded by the F.B.I (Federal Bureau of Investigation). Local law enforcement reports their yearly crime to the UCR. Crime data is divided into personal or violent crimes, property crimes, murder, burglary, arson, and robbery. The only way the report can be 100% accurate is if all crime committed are reported. The UCR is not completely accurate but can give you a picture of what crimes are being committed and how often. There is crime everywhere all over the world and the United States some areas have higher crime rates than others. Citizens use the UCR when moving to a new area. It can show what neighborhoods have a higher break in rate versus others. Crime rates vary month to month, year to year, and city to city. If the economy is down in a certain area than the crime rates usually go up because people turn to crime to provide for their families. The UCR can also be altered if there is a high police activity in the area. City’s Chosen for Comparison The two metropolitan areas that I have chosen for comparison are Atlanta, Georgia and Savannah, Georgia. I choose the two areas because I have spent time in them as a youth and they both are predominate cities in the south. I will be comparing the crime of murder in the two cities. Fulton County is the county where Atlanta is located in 2014 it...
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...Crime Data Comparison GEN 314: Criminology March 9, 2015 Crime Data Comparison study within two Tennessee Metropolitan Cities Utilizing the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), this paper will compare burglary crime statistics between two metropolitan cities within Tennessee. This paper will discuss which area had more reported burglary incidents, what were the rates of crime for each area, did the rates change over time in either area, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates. FBI Uniform Crime Reporting The FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program was created by the FBI in 1929 as an official crime data-gathering program covering the entire United States. It was developed from a national initiative by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), whose goal was to develop a set of uniform crime statistics for use by police agencies and policymakers (Schmalleger, 2012, p.235). Under the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting program burglary is defined as an unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. The use of force to gain entry does not have to occur to be classified as an offense to burglary. Additionally, burglary is broken into three sub classifications: forcible entry, unlawful entry where no force is used, and attempted forcible entry. A “structure” is defined as an apartment, barn, house trailer or houseboat when used as a permanent dwelling, office, railroad car (but not an automobile)...
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...Crime Data and Comparison Paper CJA 314 Criminology April 28, 2014 Crime has been around since the early 1800s. Crime as defined by Merriam-Webster is considered to be an act of the commission of an act that is forbidden or the commission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by the law (Merriam-Webster, 2014). According to the European Society of Criminology (ESC), criminology is defined as “all scholarly, scientific and professional knowledge concerning the explanation prevention, control and treatment of crime and delinquency, offenders and victims, including the measurement and detection of crime, legislation, and the practice of criminal law, and law enforcement, judicial, and corrections systems” (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 11). UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS (UCR) The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is used to provide a summation of crimes statistics which are tallied annually and used data reported by both police and arrests. There are eight major offense categories reported in the UCR. They are murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, vehicle theft, and arson. The Uniform Crime Report uses data which is compiled monthly from local and state law enforcement agencies or individual crime transmitted reports to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). The information is then released nation-wide (FBI.GOV, 2014). NATIONAL INCIDENT BASED REPORTING SYSTEM (NIBRS) The National Incident Based Reporting...
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...Crime Data Comparison Rebecca Valenteen CJA/314 May 19, 2014 Jen Duncan In 1929 the International Association of Chiefs of Police concocted a systematic method to reporting crime called the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Shortly after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was tasked with collecting, publishing, and archiving the statistics. Seven main classifications were chosen to measure the fluctuation of overall volume and rate of each crime (National Atlas of the United States, n.d.). These seven classifications, also known as the crime index, are murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny theft. An eighth index, arson, was added to the report in 1979. With these statistics officials can determine the effectiveness of new laws and programs as well as the effectiveness of staff and procedural changes. This data affects numerous issues such as budget decisions, integration of new laws, and staffing decisions. The public also looks to this report for information pertaining to fluctuation in crime. Others, such as criminologists, municipal planners, legislators, media, and sociologists use the statistics for planning and research. Although these reports are never going to be a 100% accurate due to the amount of underreported crime throughout the United States, they generally give society a good sense of what is taking place in different areas. Underreporting of crime happens because law officials do not know that...
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...Crime Data Comparison Paper Name CJA/ 314 January, 2014 Dr. Anthony Carbo Abstract In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon. This student will compare the data to show which metropolitan area had more reported incidents of forcible rape crimes. This student will also identify the rates of the crime for each metropolitan area. In addition, this student will address how the crime rate changed over time in each city, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates? Finally, this student provides a conclusion about the topic Crime Data Comparison Paper In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon State. This student will compare the data to show which metropolitan area had more reported incidents of forcible rape crimes. This student will also identify the rates of the crime for each metropolitan area. In addition, this student will address how the crime rate changed over time in each state, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates? Finally, this student provides a conclusion about the topic * Number of Forcible Rape Crimes Reported The FBI has gathered crime statistics from law enforcement agencies from across the Nation that voluntarily participates in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program since 1930. The "UCR Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics" (2010)...
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...Crime and Data Comparison Professor September 14, 2015 In this paper I will compare burglary crime statistics between two cities for the years 2005 and 2012 using the Federal Bureau of Investigation database the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. This paper will also, discuss which area had more reported incidents, what were the rates of the crime for each area, did the rates changed over time in either area, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates. Since 1930, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has been tasked with collecting, publishing, and archiving criminal data statistics in most major cities across the United States. This information is gathered from, Crime in the United States, National Incident-Based Reporting System, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, and Hate Crime Statistics that are gathered from data received from over 18,000 cities, universities, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies, which voluntarily participate in the program (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2014). This data is then submitted to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program breaks down the data into states, the cities within that state, and numerous other categories. These categories include population, violent crimes, murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, property crimes, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (Federal Bureau...
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...when many installers recognized that both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications. ZigBee 2004: The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard was completed in May 2003. ZigBee 2006: In September 2006, the ZigBee 2006 specification was announced. The 2004 stack is now, more or less ignored ZigBee PRO: In 2007, ZigBee PRO, the enhanced ZigBee Pro Specification, was posted on 30 October 2007, and was finalized that same year. I. INTRODUCTION ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body which defines ZigBee, also publishes application profiles that allow multiple OEM vendors to create interoperable products. The current list of application profiles either published or in the works are: Home Automation ZigBee Smart Energy Telecommunication Applications Personal Home Hospital Care The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. II. CONCEPT OF ZIGBEE A high level communication protocol using small, low-power digital radios based on...
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...[pic] ZigBee Wireless Mesh Networking for Monitoring & Control What is ZigBee? ZigBee is a consortium of software, hardware and services companies that have developed a common standard for wireless networking of sensors and controllers. While other wireless standards are concerned with exchanging large amounts of data, ZigBee is for devices that have smaller throughput needs. The other driving factors are low cost, high reliability, high security, low battery usage, simplicity and interoperability with other ZigBee devices. ZigBee can be used in commercial applications such as building maintenance for monitoring and controlling lights, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), smoke alarms, fire alarms, burglar alarms, landscaping sprinklers and lights and many other uses. In health care, ZigBee can be used for patient monitoring equipment, fitness monitoring and other uses. Industrial environments can use ZigBee for asset monitoring, process control, assuring compliance with environmental standards and energy management. Used correctly, ZigBee enabled devices can give a warning before a breakdown occurs so that repairs can be made in the most cost effective manner. They can also be used to maintain quality and reduce waste. Soon, ZigBee enabled devices will show up in our homes. They will be used for controlling our home entertainment systems, lights, garage door openers, alarms, panic buttons, and many other uses. Imagine your...
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...MSc. Information System Management Kyaw Khine Soe (3026039) Data Mining and Business Analytics Boston Housing Dataset Analysis. Table of Contents Introduction 3 Problem Statement 3 The associated data of Boston 5 Data pre-processing / Data preparation 8 Clustering Analysis 11 Cluster segment profile 17 Regression Analysis 18 Predictive analysis using neural network node 19 Decision tree node 21 Regression node analysis 23 Model Comparison 24 The recommendation and conclusion 26 Bibliography 27 Introduction This report included part of assignment for the Data Mining and Business Analytics. This report based on the Boston Housing Dataset to describe prediction, cluster analysis, neural networks and decision tree nodes. Boston Housing is a real estate related dataset from Boston Massachusetts. This is small dataset with 506 rows can show prediction of housing price and regressing using decision trees and neural networks over this dataset. This report shows analysis of the property price over the size, age of property, environment factor such as crime rate, near the river dummy, distanced to employment centers and pollution. Problem Statement In relation to housing intelligence, real estate are usually concerned with following common business concerns: 1. Which area are high rates of crime? How crimes rates effected on housing price? How can reduce the crime? 2. Which area is most/lease house price base on rooms in house/ area and...
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...Crime Data Comparison Stacey Tabor CJA/314 - CRIMINOLOGY October 11, 2012 STEVE FREITAS Data Comparison The rates of any crime in the database are extremely different based on location and population. The two areas that are selected for this paper were Akron, Ohio, based on that I have family that reside there and it was very interesting looking at the statistics in this area. Also, another area chosen was Altoona, Pennsylvania, based on several friends/family is from that area as well. This paper will cover crime data from 2007, 2008, 2009 based on Aggravated Assault cases in those areas. The statistics show dramatic changes within both areas over the years according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Reported Incidents The population of Akron, Ohio, was 699,760 in 2007. It is estimated that a total of 902 cases of aggravated assault was reported. In comparison the population of Altoona, Pennsylvania was 125,800 and the total population of reported cases of aggravated assault was 238. Altoona had a vastly smaller population than Akron and in turn had much less reported cases of aggravated assault. (Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area 2007.) In 2008 the population of each area did not change very much. Akron increased by 154 people placing them at a population of 699,914, and Altoona decreased to a population of 125,036 dropping their total population by 764 people. Akron in 2008 had 1,137 reported aggravated assault cases and Altoona...
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...Correlations Between Population Demographics and Crime Table of Contents Executive Summary: 3 Project Goal: 3 Data Description: 3 Techniques Used: 4 Clustering: 4 Segment Profile: 5 Regression: 7 Decision Tree: 8 Model Comparison: 9 Knowledge, interpretation and conclusion 9 Executive Summary: This summary presents findings of the data mining techniques used in the Crime Statistics by City dataset. The aim of the project is to enhance the knowledge and hands on experience on EM tool and to make appropriate projections about crime rates in cities. Project Goal: Our goal is to determine the similarities between cities and their demographics. Data Description: Our dataset contains demographic data based on race, income, and other factors by city and includes different types of crime. The types include gun owners, convicted felons, race, and income. Examples of cities include Detroit, Chicago, New York, Houston, and Spring Field. Techniques Used: Clustering: As seen above, a large number of cities have similar demographics and were clustered together. Cluster 19 and cluster 7 hold the majority of cities. Population is the most important variable in determining cluster association. Segment Profile: The segment profile suggests that segment 19 holds a higher mean income than that of the overall population. Segment 7 is the opposite, it holds a lower mean income than the overall population. This suggests that …. Segment 19 and...
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...Crime and Data Comparison In the report coming ahead, a comparison of occurrences with hate crimes in the California and New York areas will be described. I will identify the number of incidents reported to the police for the areas in subject, and address the following: Which areas reported the most incidents, the rates of the crime, weather the rates change over time in either area, and what factors may explain the differences in the rates. In spite of this discovered information, it should be said that the crime rates are higher in geographical areas. In this report, an assessment will be given between Los Angeles and New York in pertaining to hate crime rates. A hate crime is a form of bias, prejudice, and discrimination that occurs as a result of one's religious-cultural beliefs, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, age, race, and disability (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007) Los Angeles, California and New York are the largest two metropolitan area cities that have been established. In 2008, New York had a projected population of 8,363,710. Los Angeles, California, had a population that exceeded over 9,862,049 (City population, 2009). New York and Los Angeles together have a colossal of a population that is bursting with cultural diversity that occurs within the borders. There are an abundant of sorts of religious-cultural beliefs that exist, and segments that display with riches while other areas suffer and are poverty stricken, it lead to crimes of all sorts on a...
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...information on the crime data sources available for different countries and the United States. Which of the following crime data sources provides the clearest and most helpful information, and why? Uniform Crime Report (UCR)- is a program administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigations in the United States. This report collects data from law enforcement agencies across the country. Not all crimes are reported to law enforcement agencies and this report only captures crimes that are reported to law enforcement agencies which emphasizes arrests and clearance rates. It does provide official crime statistics based on crimes that are reported to law enforcement, which include violent crimes and property crimes. This report...
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...information on the crime data sources available for different countries and the United States. Which of the following crime data sources provides the clearest and most helpful information, and why? Uniform Crime Report (UCR)- is a program administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigations in the United States. This report collects data from law enforcement agencies across the country. Not all crimes are reported to law enforcement agencies and this report only captures crimes that are reported to law enforcement agencies which emphasizes arrests and clearance rates. It does provide official crime statistics based on crimes that are reported to law enforcement, which include violent crimes and property crimes. This report...
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...Officers The year was 1870; the idea of collecting crime statistics is discussed between the US Congress and local police executives throughout the year (Investigation, 2006). Their ideas, thoughts, and hurdles overcame them with doubts of funding suck a program. With the overwhelming issues of creating such a program the US Congress and police executives were forced to shut the program down until additional funds and counsel were found. In the early 1920s the ideas of an association gained momentum. “The International Association of Chiefs and Police (IACP) took lead, as it had in many police reforms in the early 20th century” (Investigation, 2006). During this time an advisory group was formed which was head by Director J. Edger Hoover and his technical group to form a criminal statistics program. It was the late 1920s when the gaining momentum of notorious villains like Al Capone, Lester Gillis – AKA “Baby Face” Nelson, Bonnie and Clyde, and John Dillinger that the congressional leaders create such a program to track criminal activities. Using a nationwide barometer to measure crime and track its trends the congressional leaders created its first reports (Investigation, 2006). In August 1930, Volume one, Number one of the Uniform Crime Reports “UCR” were issued by the Bureau of Investigation, the United States Department of Justice (Investigation, 2006). Many crimes tracked by UCR like murder, robbery, aggravated assault, property crime, arson, motor vehicle, and larceny would pave...
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