ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
Raghda Al-dwaimeh . University of Jordan.

Abstract—this document describes the concept of ZigBee. It is wireless network standard. Possible network topologies and device types are shown. Finally, the application of ZigBee devices in everyday life was proposed.

802.15.4 standard for wireless networks and full mesh networking support, 128bit AES security.

III. HISTORY ZigBee-style networks began to be vision around 1999, when many installers recognized that both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications.  ZigBee 2004: The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard was completed in May 2003.  ZigBee 2006: In September 2006, the ZigBee 2006 specification was announced. The 2004 stack is now, more or less ignored  ZigBee PRO: In 2007, ZigBee PRO, the enhanced ZigBee Pro Specification, was posted on 30 October 2007, and was finalized that same year.

I. INTRODUCTION ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. The ZigBee Alliance, the standards body which defines ZigBee, also publishes application profiles that allow multiple OEM vendors to create interoperable products. The current list of application profiles either published or in the works are:  Home Automation  ZigBee Smart Energy  Telecommunication Applications  Personal Home  Hospital Care The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. II. CONCEPT OF ZIGBEE A high level communication protocol using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE

IV. USES ZigBee protocols are used in embedded applications need low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBee's current focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial control, medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning, building automation, etc. The resulting network will use small amounts of power. Typical application areas include:

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Home Awareness: Water sensors, power sensors, smoke and fire detectors smart appliances and access sensors. Mobile Services: m-payment,mmonitoring and control, m-security and access control, m-healthcare and teleassist. Commercial Building:Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting, access control. Industrial Plant: Process control, asset management,environmental management, energy management, industrial device control.

VI. PROTOCOLS The protocols build on recent algorithmic research (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector, neuRFon) to automatically construct a low-speed ad-hoc network of nodes. In most large network instances, the network will be a cluster of clusters. It can also form a mesh or a single cluster. The current profiles derived from the ZigBee protocols support beacon and non-beacon enabled networks. In non-beacon-enabled networks (those whose beacon order is 15), an unslotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism is used. In this type of network, ZigBee Routers typically have their receivers continuously active, requiring a more robust power supply. However, this allows for heterogeneous networks in which some devices receive continuously, while others only transmit when an external stimulus is detected. The typical example of a heterogeneous network is a wireless light switch: the ZigBee node at the lamp may receive constantly, since it is connected to the mains supply, while a battery-powered light switch would remain asleep until the switch is thrown. The switch then wakes up, sends a command to the lamp, receives an acknowledgment, and returns to sleep. In such a network the lamp node will be at least a ZigBee Router, if not the ZigBee Coordinator; the switch node is typically a ZigBee End Device. In beacon-enabled networks, the special network nodes called ZigBee Routers transmit periodic beacons to confirm their presence to other network nodes. Nodes may sleep between beacons, thus lowering their duty cycle and extending their battery life. Beacon intervals may range:    From 15.36 milliseconds to 15.36 MS * 214 = 251.65824 seconds at 250 Kbit/s. From 24 milliseconds to 24 MS * 214 = 393.216 seconds at 40 Kbit/s. From 48 milliseconds to 48 MS * 214 = 786.432 seconds at 20 Kbit/s.

V. DEVICE TYPES

There are three different types of ZigBee devices:  ZigBee coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one ZigBee coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network originally. It is able to store information about the network, including acting as the Trust Centre & repository for security keys.  ZigBee Router (ZR): As well as running an application function a router can act as an intermediate router, passing data from other devices.  ZigBee End Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node (either the coordinator or a router); it cannot relay data from other devices. This relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC.

In general, the ZigBee protocols minimize the time the radio is on so as to reduce power use. In beaconing networks, nodes only need to be active while a beacon is being transmitted. In non-beaconenabled networks, power consumption is decidedly asymmetrical: some devices are always active, while others spend most of their time sleeping.

applications(