Crime and disorder act 1998:
Abolishes the presumption of "doli incapax", the rule that a child aged 10 to 13 is presumed to be unable to form the necessary criminal intent.
Creates the anti-social behaviour order, designed to prohibit individuals from indulging in specific activities that are deemed to be anti-social.
Specifies that the only criteria a magistrate must use in deciding to impose an asbo is that the individual has behaved in a manner "that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress".
Creates two new schemes for dealing with youth crime: child safety orders, which apply to children under the age of 10, and parenting orders, which are made against the parents of a child who has been given an anti-social behaviour order.
Creates sex offender orders, which bar offenders from activities and areas frequented by children. Abolishes the death penalty for treason or piracy.
Introduces separate offences for crimes that were aggravated by the victim's race or presumed race.
Obliges local authorities, the police and other local bodies to draw up a crime and disorder strategy covering their area.
Creates a statutory duty on those working in the youth justice system to observe a principal aim of preventing offending by children and young people.
Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015:
A court must not permit a judicial review if it appears 'highly likely' that the decision or action by the public body would not have been substantially different if the conduct complained of had not occurred (section 84).
The court must be given information about the financial resources above a certain (as yet undefined) level - that are available to the party wishing to bring the judicial review (section 85). The court must take this into account and consider making a cost order against any party identified in that
