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Critic to Homer

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La Ilíada una controversia como hecho histórico

La Ilíada es un antiguo poema épico dividida en veinticuatro cantos. A través de ellos se narran los últimos tiempos del ataque de Troya. Se dice que la guerra de Troya se originó cuando el príncipe de Troya, Paris, raptó a la esposa de Agamenón, rey de Esparta. Esta guerra duro diez años. Desde la época clásica de Grecia hasta las generaciones de hoy día, se considera la Ilíada como una de las composiciones literarias mas importante de la Antigua Grecia. Esta poesía se le atribuye al poeta griego Homero. La Ilíada es un tema de constante debate ya que muchos historiadores, filósofos, antropólogos, en fin, muchos intelectos creen que este poema no narra algo verdadero y se preguntan si esta guerra de Troya verdaderamente ocurrió o si simplemente es un mito, una fantasía o pura ficción

El debate comienza desde el propio autor Homero. Hoy día no se sabe a ciencia cierta si fue un autor o varios autores los creadores de la Ilíada. Juan Carlos Rodríguez en su libro “El desarme de la cultura. Una lectura de la Ilíada” alega que debido al determinante peso de esta tradición oral épica la Ilíada no pudo ser obra de un solo autor (Rodríguez, 2010, p.21) . Marco S. De Veri comenta que Homero ha sido el compositor, o al menos, el recopilador de la Ilíada y que no solo multiplicó esas tradiciones trasmitidas oralmente, si no que fue quien las organizó (Veri, 2004, p.21). Friedrich August Wolf argumenta que la épica homérica es una colección de poemas compuestos oralmente por distintos aedos a lo largo de los siglos anteriores (August Wolf,1988). La falta de datos fiables y auténticos acerca del autor ocasiono entre los estudiosos diversas dudas y preguntas acerca de la historicidad de la Ilíada.

La Ilíada ha sido criticada en especial como un hecho histórico ya que se cree que este es un poema épico que cuenta algo leve de un hecho histórico, pero que en realidad es un mito o simple fantasía. Los arqueólogos por muchos años estuvieron buscando la Troya de la cual homero hablaba en sus poemas épicos, y no fue hasta el 1870 que fue encontrada por un arqueólogo alemán, llamado Heinrich Schliemann. Schlieman sostuvo que la poesía homérica comportaba al menos un fondo de veracidad histórica, y tras diversas excavaciones encontró en la zona de Troya restos identificables con la Troya homérica. Hoy día se cree y se afirma que algo como la guerra de Troya existió históricamente y que tal vez varias guerras de Troyas, pero que estas no ocurrieron como las cuenta Homero. E.L. Doctorow explica que los arqueólogos ponen en duda el que una guerra haya empezado porque alguien llamado Paris, secuestró a alguien llamada Helena, en las narices de su esposo griego. Esta autor nos plantea que a pesar de las críticas, comentarios, y búsqueda de la verdadera realidad de Troya nadie cambiaria la Ilíada por un dato histórico (Doctorow, 2008, p.10). Sin embargo, Gramer señala que con Troya tenemos un problema exasperante: "Homero”, ya que es difícil precisar hasta qué punto habla de la realidad, mezcla realidades de épocas distintas o simplemente inventa (Gramer, 1991, p.2). G.S, Kirk en su libro “El mito: su significado y funciones en la Antigüedad y otras culturas” expone que la Ilíada es una leyenda la cual ha exagerado y distorsionado la historia. El G.S Kirk plantea que esto se debe al papel tan grande que tienen los dioses. Un ejemplo que nos da es que los dioses determinan los acontecimientos humanos y que pueden llegar a tener una descendencia heroica.
Este autor nos explica que los dioses de Homero representan el aspecto metafísico de un relato básicamente legendario. Sin embargo concluye que estos elementos no históricos, como las leyendas, se basan en el mundo histórico, según las pretensiones del Peloponense y las Occidentales (Kirk, 2006, p. 51).

Todo lector sabe que la Ilíada tiene elementos de fantasía, intervenciones divinas, el uso de elementos ficticios y que no narra completamente el hecho histórico acerca de la guerra de Troya. Pero esta realidad no hace que la Ilíada pierda su encanto, su intriga, su fama y sobretodo su estilo clásico. La Ilíada es y seguirá siendo una poesía importante en la literatura y por la cual Grecia es reconocida. Este poema seguirá apareciendo durante la historia y se seguirá estudiando de generación en generación.

Refrencias:

Antón, J. (1991, August 5). La Troya homérica, adelantada al siglo XI a. C.. El País , p. 2. Retrieved August 5, 1991, from El País

Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición. (n.d.). Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición. Retrieved October 9, 2011, from http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/metafisica

Doctorow,E. (2008, January 1). Apuntes sobre la historia de la ficción ¿Quién cambiaria la Ilíada por la "verdadera" fuente histórica?. Revista de la dirección de estudios Históricos del instituto nacional de antropología e historia, 69, 3-10.

Kirk, G. (2006). Mitos y Leyenda Mundo Griego. El mito: su significado y funciones en la Antigüedad y otras culturas (1ª ed. , pp. 51-59). Buenos Aires: Paidos.

Ramallo Asensio, S. F. (2003). El comercio fenico en Homero. (1a. ed., pp. 85-89). Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, Servicio de publicaciones.

Rodríguez Delgado, J. C. (2010). Homero autor de la Ilíada. (pp. 21-62). Berkeley: Katz.

Veri, M. S. (2004). Troya. (1 ed., pp. 21-25). Buenos Aires: Imaginador.

Wolf, F. (1988). Prolegomena to Homer, 1795. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. Friedrich August Wolf es considerado el fundador de la fiología clásica y de los estudios homéricos.
[ 2 ]. Heinrich Schliemann no encontró una ciudad sepultada, sino nueve, una debajo de la otra, originándose un debate entre los investigadores, sobre cuál de esas ciudades correspondía a la descripta por el poeta griego.
[ 3 ]. Metafísica- Parte de la filosofía que trata del ser en cuanto tal, y de sus propiedades, principios y causas primeras.

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