...Decision Making : Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 was a tumultuous time for Americans, and people around the nation. During this time the United States and nations were on the brink of nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was known as one of the most trying times in history, as well as crucial moment throughout John F. Kennedy’s presidency. The Cuban Missile Crisis was believed to be one of the most successful decision-making processes in history. The movie Thirteen Days was one among several media outlets, which analyzed the events leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. It explored the leadership methods of President Kennedy, and process which led him and the Executive Committee (ExComm.) to reach a successful resolution. The intent of this summary will explore detailed events of the film to pinpoint several decision-making models, such as the rational model, political model, and process model. The review will focus on the key players in the decision making process and their influence on President Kennedy, as well as, how they eventually reached a successful outcome. During an emergency meeting with President Kennedy, McGeorge Bundy, National Security Advisor reported U-2 aerial photographs detecting the construction of medium range missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy initiated a discussion with the Joint chiefs of the Executive Committee. He took a step back to allow everyone involved to suggest different scenarios to solve the missile crisis. The military consensus...
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...Leadership Style John Vicciardo LDR/531-Organizational Leadership August 18, 2014 Dr. Patricia Anderson Abstract This paper will analyze the leadership style of John F. Kennedy and compare it to historical and contemporary leadership theories. It will review JFK’s leadership characteristics, compare them to my specific leadership style and discuss areas of future personal focus. The discussion includes specific examples that feature Kennedy’s ability to take risks, create and articulate a vision, identify the needs of followers and be responsible for his decisions. The paper will outline a leadership discussion with my mentor in which the traits of JFK and how they apply to my style are discussed. Table of Contents Introduction4 The Leadership Style of JFK4 Bay of Pigs4 The Cuban Missile Crisis5 Man on the Moon5 Personal Leadership evaluation6 Conclusion6 References8 Leadership Style Introduction There are several different theories for understanding leaders and what enables them to be successful. The theories: leader-member exchange, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, trait theory, contingency theory and behavioral theory (Robbins & Judge, 2013), are interdependent and most leaders will exhibit characteristics of all of these theories at different times in their roles. John F. Kennedy was a great political leader that I admire and his leadership style showcases the need for leaders to be born with some attributes while...
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...Cuban Collection Plan The purpose of this paper is determine what Cuba’s intelligence collection capabilities would be on the United States, if they performed a 15 day “non-lethal show of force” military operation within their country. The reason for this 15 day “non-lethal show of force” exercise is in hopes of showing the world and more importantly the United States that Cuba is done with the sanctions being held against them and slowly strangling the life out of their economy. In order to effectively evaluate the capabilities of Cuba during this time it would be important to highlight a similar event that took place in October of 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis. It’s important to note that during the Cold War was a military power house that...
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...The cuban missile crisis is one of the most iconic event in American history, as well as one of the most frightening, as the horrible threat of war loomed over the American people. Under the leadership of young American president John F. Kennedy, the United States made numerous decisions to the intricate problems, that were brought on by the deadly and strategistic threats of Cuban primer Fidel Castro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. The sudden threat of missiles combined with the rising panic of not only the American people, but those in governmental positions as well, made president John F. Kennedy’s strategies, actions, and decisions regarding the crises a favorite example to study amongst scholars. Nikita Khrushchev believes in...
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...p81 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Limits of Crisis Management. RICHARD M. PIOUS. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001 Academy of Political Science Nowhere do the constitutional prerogatives of the president seem greater than in the midst of national security crises; nowhere do we invest in the president greater resources of command. Although in the past half century presidents have surrounded themselves with a vast national security apparatus, consisting of intelligence agencies and the National Security Council, it is not at all clear that presidents have been effective as crisis managers. They often lack crucial information, use incomplete or misleading analogies to understand crisis situations, find it difficult to micromanage events, and are unable to project force effectively. Even when they are successful, it is often in spite of, rather than because of, the resources of the institutionalized presidency at their disposal. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 provides a case study of how John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev almost blundered into a nuclear war through the crisis management approaches of their advisory systems, but then managed to extricate themselves using personal diplomacy and old-fashioned political horsetrading. They did so without revealing to the world how they had defused the crisis, a decision to maintain confidentiality with far reaching consequences for subsequent presidential crisis decision making. The illusion that presidential crisis management can...
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...The Kennedy Doctrine This paper discusses the Presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy from the perspective of charismatic leadership. Specifically, it addresses the four characteristics that social scientists have agreed lead to such leadership and their relation to the 1961-1963 Kennedy Presidency: a crisis situation, potential followers in distress, an aspiring leader, and a doctrine promising deliverance. This paper shows that all four of these characteristics apply to Kennedy, and demonstrates their causality of his charismatic leadership persona, which endured long past (and perhaps in part because of) his assassination in 1963. The United States was in a state of controlled turmoil. Unknown dangers were threatened from enemies abroad, while moral concerns further eroded confidence at home. The nation was emerging from a decade of paranoia and fear stirred up by certain high-ranking members of the federal government. In this election year, a Democratic Senator would become one of the youngest men ever elected to the office of President of the United States of America in a historically barrier-breaking election. No, the year is not 2008, and the President is not Barack Obama. Instead, turning the calendars back to 1960 brings us the year that John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America, the youngest man ever elected to the office, as well as being the only Roman Catholic to ever hold...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis: Reading the Lessons Correctly Author(s): Richard Ned Lebow Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 431-458 Published by: The Academy of Political Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150497 Accessed: 10/11/2008 23:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aps. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Academy of Political Science is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis: Reading the Lessons Correctly Author(s): Richard Ned Lebow Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 431-458 Published by: The Academy of Political Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150497 Accessed: 10/11/2008 23:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aps. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. The Academy of Political Science is collaborating with JSTOR to...
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...life on that fateful Friday in November 1963. His decision-making, his leadership and his ability to inspire a nation at a time when it was desperately needed were second to none. He seemed to face one crisis after another, on the international stage and at home. • The Bay of Pigs – a failed attempt by US CIA-led forces to overthrow the Fidel Castro-dictated Cuban government initiated less than three months after JFK took office. • The Cuban missile crisis – one of his most defining moments, Kennedy made Russian chairman Nikita Khrushchev accede to our demands to pull their weaponry out of Cuba. Kennedy initiated a blockade of Soviet ships headed towards Cuba and told Khrushchev the blockade would be in force until the arms were removed. • The economy – was shaky and the unemployment rate was at levels similar to what we’re experiencing now. Kennedy loosened monetary policy to keep interest rates down and the economy turned around and prospered. • He promoted the equal rights revolution, laying the groundwork for the Civil Rights Act. • The space program and his challenge to send a man to the moon within a decade culminated with success, and the computer advances it generated had undreamt of consequences. Without a doubt John F. Kennedy has become one of America's most favorite presidents. Among his greatest accomplishments was his leadership during the Cuban missile crisis and the establishment of the Peace Corps. In contrast to his success...
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...The United States made the right decision in intervening during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Missiles brought to Cuba were against the Monroe Doctrine, and the USA had to act on it. The Monroe Doctrine warns all nations to not interfere in American affairs. The Nuclear Missiles that were brought to Cuba were an extreme threat to the United States, therefore, establishing a naval quarantine around Cuba and intervening had to be done for the welfare of the United States. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union over Soviet nuclear missile bases that were found and being built in Cuba. The conflict only lasted 13 days in the October of 1962. In the short amount of time that the Cuban Missile Crisis transpired,...
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...Leadership in Organizations Semester Assignment John F. Kennedy (USA President: 1961-1963) November 22, 1963 |October 28, 1962 |October 22, 1962 |October 16, 1962 |May 25, 1961 |January 20, 1961 |November 8, 1960 |May 29, 1917 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |JFK is assassinated while riding through the streets of Dallas, Texas. Lyndon Johnson becomes president |Soviet Union agrees to remove its missiles from Cuba |JFK announces naval quarantine of Cuba |The U.S. obtains photos of Soviet missile emplacements in Cuba, bringing about the Cuban Missile Crisis |President John F. Kennedy's "Man on the Moon" Address |John F. Kennedy is sworn in as President of the United States and makes his inaugural address |JFK defeats Nixon and becomes president |Birth of John F. Kennedy in Brookline, Massachusetts | | Meital David – ID#: 039024898 Alon E. Nachmany – ID#: 302259593 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29th, 1917, into a rich, politically connected Boston family of Irish-Catholics. Even though his childhood was abundant with frequent and serious illnesses; John still strove to create his own path in life, writing a best-selling book, while still attending Harvard University, and volunteering for combat in World War II. After the war, John pursued journalism, but soon after entered politics, serving the US House of Representatives (1947 – 1953) and the Senate (1953 – 1961). The most significant events in Kennedy's life were soon to follow. After...
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...The Cuban Missile Crisis The world was at the edge of a third world war. This was the result of a variety of things: the Cuban Revolution, the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, US anti-communism, insecurity of the Soviet Union, and Cuba's fear of invasion all made causes for war. However, war was not the result due to great cooperation from both President Kennedy and President Khrushchev and each of the decisions made by the leaders was crucial in the outcome of The Crisis. Kennedy's choice to take action by means of quarantine instead of air-strike and Khrushchev's decision to abide by the quarantines were perhaps the two most significant decisions made by the leaders in order to prevent war. The Cuban Missile Crisis showed the world that compromising and discussion can in-fact prevent war. As Khrushchev said in 1962, "They talk about who won and who lost. Human reason won. Mankind won." 1 The world had almost seen another world war, the effects of which would have been devastating because of the weapons involved. Humanity, indeed, was the prevention of the war. The Cuban Revolution was a background cause to the crisis. On January 1st, 1959 a Marxist regime in Cuba would have seemed unlikely. To the communist party in Cuba, Fidel Castro appeared tempestuous, irresponsible and stubbornly bourgeois. In 1943 President Batista appointed a communist to his Cabinet, as he used communists as leaders of the labor unions. Batista started to fail the Cuban communists and their...
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...re-establish diplomatic relations with Cuba. “To the Cuban people, America extends a hand of friendship ”, he said. ‘Since the President took office in 2009, he has taken steps to support the ability of the Cuban people to gain greater control over their own lives and determine their country’s future. Now, the President is taking the next steps to renew our leadership in the Americas, end our outdated approach on Cuba, and promote more effective change that supports the Cuban people and our national security interests.’( "President Obama Delivered a Statement on Cuba." The WHITE HOUSE. 17 Dec. 2014. Web. 1 May 2015. <https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/foreign-policy/cuba>.) It seems to me as if this would be an especially good time for a change in America’s relations with Cuba and that the moment has finally come to put an end to this mess that not only economy of both countries suffers from but the real people too, and to admit that the embargo has to be lifted. The U.S. trade embargo on Cuba was placed after World War II by the President Eisenhower in October 1960, one year after Fidel Castro seized power. Thus, diplomatic relations were severed. It was an implicit reluctant recognition of the permanence of the Castro regime and an explicit signal of U.S displeasure with expropriation of American property and with Cuba’s having become an ally of the Soviet bloc. A 1961 disaster with a name Bay of Pigs, carried out by Cuban exiles, was...
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...Introduction I decided to write about the Cuban missile crisis, because it was a very important event in mankind history. There was a higher risk or probability of nuclear war than ever before. It could cost millions of lives and change the progress of the people. Everything depended on the solutions of the two countries, or simplified, on the solutions of two men – president of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy and president of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev. I will try to focus on the particular question, which is – why did the Soviet Union decide to place nuclear missiles in Cuba. I have chosen this question because it is the principle of the crisis. Looking on it from different points of view will secure the objectivity of the conclusions. First, I will analyze it with using the theory of Constructivism, then I will use the Game theory. Realism In realism, states are the principal actors in the international system, which is anarchic. States look on their own interests and they are rational unitary actors. Placing of the missiles in Cuba was in conflict of the Soviets behavior and their statements: The Soviets gave every indication of sensitivity both to American strategic interests and to the president's political needs. In their September 4 meeting, Ambassador Dobrynin called on Robert Kennedy to relay a confidential promise from Chairman Khrushchev that the Soviet Union would not create any trouble for the United States during the election...
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...pacific, John Kennedy stood for Massachusetts eleventh congressional district in the United States House of the legislature from 1947 to 1953 as a democrat. Later, he served in the United States council from 1953 to 1960. John Kennedy crushed the deputy President and Republican aspirant Richard in the 1960 United States presidential voting. At forty three years, he was the most young to have been nominated to the presidential office, the second-youngest President following Theodore Roosevelt, and the foremost person born in the 20th century to become the president. As a Roman catholic, John Kennedy was the only non-protestant president, and was the only president who won a Pulitzer award. Events all through his presidency incorporated the Cuban missile emergency, Bay of Pigs attack, the construction of the Berlin wall, the African American national rights group, the space race, and early phases of the Vietnam warfare. Therein, John Kennedy added the number of military force advisers, helicopters and the special operation services in an attempt to curb the increase of Marxism in South East of Asia. Kennedy’s administration approved the policy of the tactical hamlet program which was executed by the South Vietnamese administration. The policy involved certain compulsory relocation, segregation and village internment of country South Vietnamese from the southern and northern communist uprisings. John Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 on 22nd November in Dallas, Texas. Oswald Lee Harvey...
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