...differences between people of different cultures, ages, genders, etc, but theoretical approaches are a starting point to begin to understand it. There are many different theoretical approaches but this paper will focus on the trait approach and the cultural approach to personality. Trait theorists believe that the traits that people have are evolved, heritable, and consistent across all cultures, as well as stable and consistent over time and across situations. In contrast, cultural psychologists argue that culture influences how individuals differ from one another. They argue that there are a lot of personality differences between cultures and that it is the culture and upbringing that causes these differences. There are two main cultural categories- individualistic cultures and collectivistic cultures. These two cultural groups have values on the opposite side of the spectrum and have very distinct characteristics in personality. Individualistic cultures, such as the United States and Canada, value the individual self over groups and relationships. There is a bigger emphasis put on personal achievement and personal rights. Collectivistic cultures, such as Asia and Mexico, value group and...
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...Topic: Socio-Cultural impacts of tourism Tourism considered as global phenomenon which is carried out by persons itself. This naturally results in meeting of different culture, economy, progress, status, etc. round the globe. Human being considered as social animal cause’s significant social culture impact by tourism. According to Teo (1994) impacts are defined as “change in value system, moral, conduct, individual behaviour, relationship, lifestyle, expression, tradition”. Social culture impact of tourism discussed below is categorised broadly as positive and negative impact of tourism, factors responsible and impact management utilising various supportive journals articles. Interaction between host and tourist at particular destination leads to social culture impacts. This could have immediate social impact like change in quality of life, adjustment to tourist industry and long term culture impact like change in standards, social relationship defined as “conducting elements of behaviour and product of that behaviour” (Weidenfeld, 2012). Broadly literatures revels positive impacts like urban relocation by creating jobs, infrastructure, security, foster pride in culture, etc. certain negative impacts like increase in crime, environmental detonation, increase traffic, alcoholism, drugs, prostitution etc. However, the impacts are considered ambiguous broadly varies country to country and hosts perceptions. Various pre studied articles are taken into consideration to have detailed...
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...Informative Presentation Title: “Cultural Shock” by Osas Osayuwa Exact purpose: After listening to my presentation, the audience will become aware of how cultural shock can affect different individuals. INTRODUCTION: * Attention-getter: Do you know that 50 pecents of TCC students are foreigners from different country, for example China, Africa, Korea etc. And also 25 of the reminder of 50 percents are non residents of Texas. * Qualifications: I personally have experience cultural shock when my family and I moved to the United States from Nigeria. * Motivation: According to the Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education stated that there are about 10,000 of people who come to the United every month for schooling from different countries and they all have be affected by cultural shock. * Thesis: Today we are going to look at the different areas how cultural shock has affected most people in education, language and lifestyle/culture. And these three main points will help you to understand the areas. BODY I. Education: A. Making adjustment to a new education environment. 1. Most students who come to the United State or go to other countries for schooling had found it hard to adjust when it come to fitting in. 2. Difficulty in making friends. B. According to Kennedy E. in Educational and child psychologists he’s idea was to work to reduce the impact of school culture shock in the. 1...
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...Core adjustment process of caregivers The adjustment process to illness situation is usually a process of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). That process comprises a sequence of different stages. People suffering from neurological disorders, such as dementia, often commence their adjustment process with an awareness of their illness and loss of function in their usual lives (Ownsworth & Gracey, 2010), followed by the stage of appraisal of what happens to them (Dröes et al., 2010; Finnema et al., 2000; Ownsworth & Gracey, 2010). The coping and adaptation stage is usually the next stage in the adjustment process of patients (Dröes et al., 2010; Finnema et al., 2000; Ownsworth & Gracey, 2010). There are different ways to conceptualize the stages...
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...Chapter 2 Worldwide accounting diversity Chapter Outline I. Considerable differences exist across countries in the accounting treatment of many items. These differences can result in significantly different amounts being reported in the financial statements prepared by companies using different GAAP. II. A variety of factors influence a country’s accounting system. A. Legal system – in code law countries, accounting rules tend to be legislated; common law countries tend to have a non-legislative organization that develops accounting standards. B. Taxation – financial statements serve as the basis for taxation in many countries. In those countries with a close linkage between accounting and taxation, accounting practice tends to be more conservative so as to reduce the amount of income subject to taxation. C. Providers of financing – in those countries in which family members, banks, and the government are the major providers of business finance, there tends to be less demand for public accountability and information disclosure. In countries where shareholders are a major provider of financing, the demand for information made available outside the company becomes greater. D. Inflation – countries with chronic high inflation adopt accounting principles in which traditional historical cost accounting is abandoned in favor of inflation adjusted figures. E. Political and economic ties – through previous colonization, a British style of accounting...
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...Cross- cultural Adaptation in the U.S.: Chinese Students’ Difficulties and Transformations Chinese students due to their special characteristics of Asian culture, face great challenges when living and studying in the US. This article plans to identify their difficulties, causes of difficulties, and strategies to transform. Since those difficulties exist, more efforts are needed to explore potentials, make changes quickly and successfully. Language Ability Language ability plays a critical role in the process of transformation, and language problems could trigger a set of inconvenience. Many Chinese students have pretty high TOEFL scores, but higher scores do not guarantee fluent English in living and studying. So, when they first come to the U.S., many feel totally lost, confused, and incompetent. They could not express themselves freely, sharing feelings; or even lost confidence and thinking ability. The reason for this problem is partly due to their learning habit. Students in Asian countries pay more attention to reading and writing in English language, rather than listening and speaking. In addition, the language leaning styles in Asian countries are teacher- central, and transferring knowledge is considered the duty of teachers. Most students are receiving knowledge from teachers, rather than discovering knowledge on their own. Therefore, students tend to be quiet, shy, and silent in classrooms. They do not like the way of public discussion...
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...1.INTRODUCTION Cursory observation would prove that child labour has increase in Nigeria since the late 1980s.To this end the increase may be related to the changing socio economic structure of the country. It is in this light that this paper seeks to relate the massive increase in the incident of child labour In Nigeria the mid 1980s.Globalisation should be seen as an encompassing process with implications for different sections of socio life (see Anugwom, 2001). Therefore, globalization significantly affected the child labour in Nigeria. Nigeria is reported as having 12million child workers, which is one of the highest in the world (see Siddigi and Patrinos,2001). Moreover the IL0 1996 estimate that 250million children are involved in child labour. This figure shows a problem of major proportion and which is concentrated principally in developing nations of the world. A concern with child labour stem largely out of the stark that realization in spite of the numerous national attention given to the issue, it seems to elude meaningful solution in fact rather than abate, child labour has persisted. Child labour has also attracted international attention and concern. Hence, there have been many declaration on the global arena on how to stem the rising tide of child labour. Among these declarations and conventions are the ILO conventions on the Elimination Of Child Labour, the, ILO Declaration on the Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work, the UNICEF. Declaration on the Right...
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...paper is to discuss education issues regarding this student population . Topics covered include: admission, language and cultural adjustment, learning experience, practicum and internship, thesis and dissertation, reentry, and recommendations for future research . Many counseling psychology education programs in the United States are committed to increasing diversity in their student body by recruiting students from different demographic backgrounds (e .g ., sex, age, geographic location, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, physical disability, etc .) . Some programs are more successful than others in this effort . However, a diverse student body also demands special attention in education programs . It is obvious that students from different backgrounds may have different needs and concerns . Unfortunately, some programs tend to treat everybody the same way with limited assistance for the professional growth of students from diverse backgrounds . International counseling psychology students in the U.S . are among those whose needs and concerns are largely ignored . International students constitute a significant portion of the student population and they certainly contribute to diversity in counseling psychology by bringing in different cultures, backgrounds, philosophies, conceptualizations, counseling skills, and research ideas and skills . However, cultural differences also lead to unique education issues for these...
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...Liberalisation Privatisation Globalisation The organisation of capitalist society is based on economics and naturally precipitates a class structure. The classes achieve their distinction solely on the premise of having or not having economic power. The economic structure of the society in turn depends on what the society produces, for whose consumption, and how it is exchanged. Any change in the modes of production and exchange are reflected directly or indirectly on the social fabric. Both these operations are controlled by the classes that are economically privileged and the interests of the other classes are almost always jeopardised. This logic is true not only in the internal relations of a society but also between societies. Since these relations are determined by an imbalance of power, they exist in a retarded and volatile condition that seeks discharge. Conflict and protest are therefore inevitable in such a structure. It is in these protests from the dispossessed classes that one finds the genesis of all major revolutions and rearrangements of social order. With the advent of capitalism, the lower classes that toiled at the farms or at the furnaces, became 'labour'- not bound to their trades by tradition or command of the feudal lord but they became free contracting agents who could sell their capacity to labour, in the market. This shift did not of course imply any elevation in their conditions. They remained indispensable cogs in the social machinery- only the machinery...
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...values, standards, and goals attaining, highly appreciated within the measures of this culture. This means that the theory leaves the chance for criminals, implying the necessity of reorganization or society in order to approach to the ideal of democracy and equality of rights. Still comparing this concept with the Cultural Transmission Theory we can see several disadvantages of the previous one. First, strain theory was determined by the author to analyze different pattern of adaptation (conformity innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion) to the disjunction between the emphasis on cultural goals and institutional means. Saying that conformism, in particular, implies adjustment to the accepted ways of achieving the goals, whereas conformity in different subcultures may cause adaptation to the previously accepted deviant norms within this community. That means that previous conception does not work in the community where deviant behavior, norms, values are considered as favorable, in this way settling definite rewards or punishment that determine a type of behavior. And all previous indexes make no cense when person gets to the society different sub-cultural features are transmitted across the generations (explains the cause of investigation about student crimes during several years when the citizens changed and the rates of crime remained the same). The labeling theory claims...
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...international investments and mergers and acquisitions. This globalization requires the companies to reflect on new measurements or estimations to stay focused and remain competitive in the global market such as the importance of knowledge transfer and international management development. This means the expatriation and expatriates have become a formula for every international management and companies that are looking forward to achieve their success in the global market (Nikolaeva, 2010). Expatriation is “the process of sending managers to another country to run a subsidiary of a multinational organization. Before departure, the process should include an extensive period of training and preparation to ensure that the managers are familiar with cultural differences, and to reduce the likelihood of culture shock” (Dictionary of Human Resource Management, 2001,...
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...Binus International University International Business International Human Resource Management Mid Exam Revision 1 – Introduction IHRM Definition • Covers all issues related to management of people in an international context. • IHRM covers a wide range of HR issues facing MNCs in different parts of their organizations and include comparative analyses of HRM in different countries. HRM Activities • Human Resource Planning (Ensure best fit between employees and jobs) • Staffing (Includes Employee Recruitment, Selection and Placement) • Performance Management (Ensure goals met in effective and efficient manner) • Training and Development (Bettering performance of employees in organizations) • Compensation and Benefits (Awarding employees monetarily or non for work done) • Industrial Relations (Dealing with employee relations) • 3 Dimensions of IHRM: 1. Broad human resource activities of procurement, allocation and utilization 2. National or country categories involved in international HRM activities o Host Country – Where subsidiary may be located o Home Country – Where HQs may be located o Other Country – Where labour, finance and other inputs are obtained from 3. 3 Categories of employees of an international firm o PCN – Parent Country Nationals (Nationals where HQ is located) o HCN – Host Country Nationals (Nationals where subsidiary/facility is located) o TCN – Third Country Nationals (Nationals where resources are...
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...various facets of the personality development of the child and students. For all-round development of the child, there is a need of emotional, physical, spiritual and moral development that is complemented and supplemented by Co-curricular Activities. Definition of Co-curricular Activities Co-curricular Activities are defined as the activities that enable to supplement and complement the curricular or main syllabi activities. These are the very important part and parcel of educational institutions to develop the students’ personality as well as to strengthen the classroom learning. These activities are organized after the school hours, so known as extra-curricular activities. Co-curricular Activities have wide horizon to cater to the cultural, social, aesthetic development of the child. Examples and Types of Co-curricular Activities Sports Musical activities Debate Model Art Music Drama Debate and discussion Declamation contest Story writing competition Essay writing competition Art craft Recitation competition Wall magazine decoration Writes ups for school magazine Folk songs Folk dance Flower show School decoration Sculpture...
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...MANAGING EXPATRIATE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENT Referring to the case study, there are gaps identified in the Kline & Associate international human resources management practices in terms of expatiate management. Before sending an employee to an international assignment there are certain skills an employee must acquire and it is the duty for the HRM of the firm to prepare the employee for any international assignment. However this was not done by Kline & and Associate before sending Fred Bailey to Tokyo which caused the culture shock and the challenges faced by Fred and his family in Japan. Firms use a variety of HR practices to manage their expatriates (Mendenhall et al., 1987; Brewster and Scullion, 1997). As successful expatriate assignments are indispensable to MNCs for strategy implementation, researchers and practitioners alike are interested in determining how to facilitate the success of expatriates’ assignments (Stroh and Caligiuri, 1998; Dowling and Welch, 2004; Scullion and Collings, 2006). However, MNCs differ on the extent to which these practices are used in managing expatriates (Tung, 1982; Kopp, 1994; Peterson et al., 1996; Scullion and Starkey, 2000) and how effectively they are designed (Mendenhall et al., 1987). According to Adler and Ghadar (1990), expatriate management practices, namely who the firm considers as possible expatriates, how the firm selects and trains them, what criteria the firm uses to assess their performance, and what impact the...
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...undertaken as it affects the Department for Work and Pensions (Jobcentreplus); these factors are to be considered: * Which of the below are of most importance now? * Which are likely to be most important in a few years? * What are the factors influencing any changes? P (olitical)What are the key political drivers of relevance? | * Changes in power in government (e.g conservative, labour or collaboration. * Changes in government policies regarding, benefits, jobs, social services * Changes in legislation; e.g working hours, workplace adjustments, maternity allowance, minimum wage, working age etc | E (conomic)What are the important economic factors? | * Recession (affects amount of budget release which causes constraints in achieving set goals) * Inflation * Increase in cost of living (will affect benefit and customers may live below poverty line) | S (ocial)What are the main societal and cultural aspects? | * Languages ( ensuring that all customers can be reached in a language they understand * Inclusion * Changes in population and demographic impact of different mixes and cultures in a community...
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