...main ideas of each chapter of the Manifesto, and the points of communism's political platform. Read the lesson, then take a quiz to test your new knowledge. We also recommend watching Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto and Balcony Scene in Romeo and Juliet: Summary, Analysis & Quiz The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto is a brief publication that declares the arguments and platform of the communist party. It was was written in 1847 by political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and was commissioned by the Communist League, a political party based in England. Summary The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848, and consists of a preamble and four chapters, which are summarized below: Bourgeois and Proletarians In this chapter, Marx famously states 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles'. The chapter lays out the position that the bourgeois, through competition and private ownership of land, are forever exploiting and oppressing the proletariat (working class). Marx then states that the system always results in class conflict and revolution, and should be replaced by communism -- a society without class distinctions. Proletarians and Communists This chapter explains the relationship between the communist party and other working parties, stating that the communist parties would not organize against them. The chapter also declares the intention of the party to focus on the interests of...
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...ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Y U K O A O YA M A J A M E S T. M U R P H Y SUSAN HANSON KEY CONCEPTS IN key concepts in economic geography The Key Concepts in Human Geography series is intended to provide a set of companion texts for the core fields of the discipline. To date, students and academics have been relatively poorly served with regards to detailed discussions of the key concepts that geographers use to think about and understand the world. Dictionary entries are usually terse and restricted in their depth of explanation. Student textbooks tend to provide broad overviews of particular topics or the philosophy of Human Geography, but rarely provide a detailed overview of particular concepts, their premises, development over time and empirical use. Research monographs most often focus on particular issues and a limited number of concepts at a very advanced level, so do not offer an expansive and accessible overview of the variety of concepts in use within a subdiscipline. The Key Concepts in Human Geography series seeks to fill this gap, providing detailed description and discussion of the concepts that are at the heart of theoretical and empirical research in contemporary Human Geography. Each book consists of an introductory chapter that outlines the major conceptual developments over time along with approximately twenty-five entries on the core concepts that constitute the theoretical toolkit of geographers working within a specific subdiscipline. Each entry provides...
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...TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION This work equips Geography teachers with appropriate techniques of teaching Geography in secondary Schools and other institutions. It deals with methods and approaches used in teaching Geography. Be aware that each area of specialization has its own techniques though some are similar. Classes of Geographers – we have two classes of Geographers (a) Geographers with content - those who have learned Geography content from lower levels to the highest levels (primary to university). Some of them are reputable Geographers in teaching. (b) Geographers with content and methodology – Those that have learned Geography content right from primary to the University/Diploma level in some cases they have been classmates in group (a). They have an element of teaching methods for Geographers. In case two, content is integrated with methodology. NB – A teacher’s teaching methods will motivate or demotivate/discourage students from enrolling in Geography. Nature and Content of Geography Definition of Geography Geo – Greek word meaning the earth, graphia – meaning to write/describe Literally means – descriping of the earth/writing about the earth. Thus, there is no total consensus on the definition of Geography. Geography has diverse content leading to conflicting definitions, concepts and aims. Geography is a science of place/space (spatial characteristics). Geography as a science deals with description and explanation of the spatial distribution of...
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...Dr Mariusz Czepczyński Katedra Geografii Ekonomicznej Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego Economic Geography Department Human Geography Research methodologies in human geography Discursive studies Discursive approaches – a social framework of intelligibility within which all practices are communicated, negotiated or challenged (Michel Foucault, 1926-1984) In social sciences - an institutionalised way of thinking, a social boundary defining what can be said about a specific topic Power relations are immanent to discourses, the discourse is conceived as the ideological superstructure. ‘Polymorphic tactics’ of discourses: specific discourses are not tied to the subject, rather the subject is a social construction of the discourse. Search for objectivity/ legitimating Plato’s and Socrates debates: what is real and how do we know what we infer about the real is true? Empirical evidence based upon observations and experimentation in the physical world is conducive to the verification of scientific judgments, and adherence to the rules of deduction and the process of inductive reasoning implements the determination of the validity and soundness of scientific arguments and conclusions. Whether independent propositions exist as do the objects of objectivism, or as the timeless truths concerning an object once it has become the intended object of a mental act, their reason for being would appear to be essential only to the process of discovery. Taking an objective...
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...Chapter 1 - Geography Matters: Definitions: * Human geography the study of the spatial organization of human activity and of people’s relationships with their environments * Cartography: the body of practical and theoretical knowledge about making distinctive visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps * Map projection: a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface * Ethnocentrism: the attitude that a persona’s own race and culture are superior to those of others * Imperialism: the extension of the power of a nation through direct/indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories * Masculinism: the assumption that the world is and should be shaped mainly by men for men * environmental determinism: a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment * globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental political and cultural change * ecumene: the total habitable area of a country. Sine it depends on the prevailing technology, the available ecumene varies over time. Canada’s ecumene is so much less than its total area. * Geodemographic research: investigation using census data and commercial data (i.e. sales data and property records) about populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations for market research ...
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...GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY STUDENT GUIDELINE NOTES GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY MODULE Paste the notes here… Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated in moral philosophy (e.g. Adam Smith was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow), it developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states — polities, hence political economy. In late nineteenth century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, used by those seeking to place the study of economy upon mathematical and axiomatic bases, rather than the structural relationships of production and consumption (cf. marginalism, Alfred Marshall). History of the term Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states. The phrase économie politique (translated in English as political economy) first appeared in France in 1615 with the well known book by Antoyne de Montchrétien: Traicté de l’oeconomie politique. French physiocrats, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. In 1805, Thomas Malthus became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. The world's first professorship in political economy was established...
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...The urban in fragile, uncertain, neoliberal times: towards new geographies of social justice? R. ALAN WALKS Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Cananda L5L 1C6 (e-mail: alan.walks@utoronto.ca) Canadian cities are at a crossroads. The neoliberalization of governance at multiple scales, inadequate re-investment in urban infrastructure, increasing reliance on continental and international trade, and the restructuring of the space economy have combined to weaken Canada’s cities just as the global economic system is undergoing transformation. Canadian urban geographic scholarship has much to offer under current conditions, and is already making significant contributions in key areas. In particular, research on what might be called the contours and impacts of urban restructuring and the neoliberal city, immigration and cities of difference, and urban environmental justice show much promise and are likely to define the core of Canadian urban geography into the future. Key words: cities, urban geography, Canada, economic restructuring, neoliberalism, social justice L’urbain ` une ´poque fragile, incertaine et a e n´olib´rale: vers de nouvelles g´ographies de la e e e justice sociale? ` Les villes canadiennes sont a la crois´e des chemins. e Alors que l’´conomie mondiale traverse une p´riode e e de transformation, la situation des villes au Canada se pr´carise avec les effets de la restructuration e ` n´olib´rale de la gouvernance a multiples...
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....................................... 1 Organic growth strategy ............................................................................................................... 1 Mergers and Acquisitions ............................................................................................................. 1 Future Targets................................................................................................................................... 2 Competition ...................................................................................................................................... 2 World’s Most Admired Global Companies ........................................................................................ 2 Analysis of Mahindra’s Current Global Scenario ............................................................................... 3 Financial Position .......................................................................................................................... 3 Brand Equity ................................................................................................................................. 4 Leadership .................................................................................................................................... 4 The Resilience to Rise...
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...Columbia College Geography 100 Hodson | Winter 2016 GEOG 100: Introduction to Human Geography Mondays and Thursdays 2:00-3:55 (Section 14) in Room 320, 4:00-5:55 (Section 16) in Room 450 Instructor: Victoria Hodson Email: vhodson@columbiacollege.bc.ca (see Emails, under Course Policies) th Office: Social Sciences Faculty Office, 5 Floor, Room 530 Office Hours: Monday 1-2pm, Tuesday 11am-12pm, Thursday 1-2pm, Friday 11am-12pm Course Description This course explores the basic concepts in human geography that are essential to understanding changes in the relationship between human societies, economic spaces and the environment. This course will look at issues located at the core of human geography: employment and spaces of production, cultural transformation, economic and ethnic disparities, migration, urban and rural landscapes, and environmental degradation among others. Course Objectives Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to: • • • Identify seminal theories and concepts within the field of human geography o Describe their relevance to understandings of space and society in a reflection paper Demonstrate the importance of geography and geographical concepts in everyday life o Discuss course material on a weekly basis with other students in class through facilitated discussion and group activities Required Readings and Class Material Text: Knox, P., Marston, S., and Imort, M. (2015). Human Geography: Places and Regions...
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...with its products. The Brazilian market is very similar to India and Bajaj motorcycles will surely see a demand in the commuter segment space. Brazil, which is hosting the World Cup this year, is slated to host the next Olympic Games in 2016. It has an estimated market of 2 million two-wheelers per annum. “Brazil is not only the largest market in Latin America but also technically different from other markets as it uses ethanol. Initially the company may bring in products from India or utilize the Columbian plant for Brazil. While eventually it plans to build a manufacturing facility in Brazil, Munjal did not give any specific timeline for doing so. “Besides we are also looking for a partner in Brazil,” he added. Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic Analysis of Brazil Culture * Power Distance * Represents how employees with less power view power as being equal or not equal * Brazil ranks average with the majority of Latin American countries * Individualism/Collectivism * Ranked 38 indicating that Brazil is a collective society * Masculinity/Femininity * Ranked very close to 50 * Not predominately masculine or feminine * Uncertainty Avoidance * Brazil’s highest ranking (76) * Indicates that Brazil is not comfortable with risky and unstructured situations * Long- and...
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...CURRICULUM OF GEOGRAPHY For 4 years BS & 2 years MS (Revised 2009) | | HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shahikh Member (Acad) Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri) Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri) Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad CONTENTS 1. Introduction………………………………… 6 2. Aims and Objectives……………………… 10 3. Standardized Format for 4-years BS degree programme ………………………. 12 4. Scheme of Studies for BS …………………. 14 5. Details of Courses for BS …………………. 16 6. Elective Group Papers ……………………. 45 7. Scheme of Studies for MS Programme …. 48 8. Details of Courses for MS …………………. 50 9. Optional Courses Model……………………. 56 10. Recommendations …………………………. 61 11. Annexures A,B,C,D & E …………………… 63 PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise...
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...SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Reputable International branding High-quality products Promotes CSR Products caters for most age groups OPPORTUNITIES Healthy/healthier choice (fat-free, lesser sugars) Peanut-free products HFC-free freezers (ECO friendly) WEAKNESSES High in sugars (fattening) High pricing THREATS Government legislation on products high on fats and sugars. Consumers are more health conscious No strong barrier to entrants (competitors) TOWS ANALYSIS EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES EXTERNAL THREATS INTERNAL STRENGTHS Easier to push out new products Stronger support from society on Social responsibility Introduce healthy/healthier products INTERNAL WEAKNESSES Healthy/healthier choice products Pricing strategies/lower pricing Introduce healthy/healthier products Pricing strategies/lower pricing PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL • High stability and reliability country • Strong government policies in assisting SMEs locally & globally. ECONOMICAL • Healthy GDP growth all these years • Strong government support in retail industry. SOCIAL • Strong spending power from youngsters & adults. • Consumers are more health conscious. • Social responsibility is a must today. TECHNOLOGICAL • Internet is a norm today (social media). COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE BROAD NARROW COST Cost Leadership Cost Focus DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation Leadership Differentiation Focus High-quality product, Strong branding, Consistent promotional...
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...history and their unpredictable activity continues to shake mankind’s understanding of the planet. This topic or scheme of work for my mixed ability year nine class offers a plethora of attributes that both incorporates sound core Geographic knowledge and divers teaching formats that can present a degree of awe and wonder into the minds of young people. Planning and teaching such a topic at a time when the Geography National Curriculum is being reviewed by the new coalition Government, seems to provide somewhat of a blank canvass as to what pedagogical approaches might be the most appropriate to adopt. Whatever the NC will look like, we are led to believe that there will be a re-focus on the ‘core’ knowledge in subjects like Geography. This is not to say a return to didactic teaching where teachers are merely transmitters of information, or indeed to adopt a textbook pedagogy which is reminiscent of the late 1970s and 1980s. The Geography Curriculum Consultation Full Report makes it clear “That a line-by-line, detailed list of geography’s contents is not the best way to draw a positive response from teachers . . . though there is strong support for the national curriculum achieving greater clarity over the core and essential knowledge contents of geography.” (Geographical Association, 2011, p.2 – cited in Debates in Geography). Having observed lessons in my school for several weeks now, I agree with this emphasis on teaching ‘core’ knowledge contents as I feel as if the emphasis...
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...coherent nugget of information—or story—that traces the history of an ordinary object. The premise is based on our classroom discussions about the various ways discourse, power, consumption, and bodies are linked to gender, race, sexuality, class, religion, geography, and so on. My aim is to get you thinking seriously about the material conditions that produce commodities for everyday use (often hidden and obscured), as well as their emotional/cultural/social value (often produced and enforced by media, norms, discipline, and bodily surveillance). For example, when considering an ordinary pair of jeans, it is important to understand how their material history goes beyond simply when and where they were purchased. From production to consumption, a whole range of transnational labor practices (that primarily utilize the skills of young, low-income women of color) and advertising strategies (that primarily utilize the bodies and sexuality of young women) are deployed. Many of these practices violate international labor and environmental standards. At the same time, this ordinary pair of jeans may also contain a personal history that reflects emotional, cultural, or social values (a particular brand, a form of resistance to dress codes and cultural clothing norms, a gift from a beloved older sister, etc.). Your job is to choose an ordinary object (piece of fruit, family heirloom, beauty product, item of clothing…whatever, really) and trace both its material and personal history. There...
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...The Global Leadership Mindset BY EILEEN M. ROGERS The integration of multiple geographies, cultures, nationalities, ages and styles in enterprises around the world is having an enormous impact on business relationships. Leaders today need a new, specialized set of skills if they are to be successful. 18 Chief Learning Officer • June 2010 • www.clomedia.com ueled by social networks and technology, universal collaboration is becoming a daily business reality. Global data and knowledge are now accessed on devices that people can hold in the palms of their hands. Jim Kouzes, renowned leadership expert, recently described this shift by stating that “while the content of leadership has remained the same over the past 20 years, the context has not.” Leaders striving for success today must be able to master three new levels of competence: • Global business acumen: The new financial, industry, functional and technical skills needed to navigate a market characterized by rapid evolution of business models, markets, products, and mergers and acquisitions. • Global mindset: The capacity to engage in a boundaryless and synthesizing cognitive process that identifies opportunity and innovation in complexity. • Global citizenship: A potent combination of geographic, political, economic, governmental, legal, cultural, technological and environmental savvy that informs business strategy formulation and execution. Global Mindset vs. Global Citizenship A global mindset includes the ability...
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