...An investigation of tourists' destination loyalty and preferences Joseph S. Chen Assistant Professor, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Dogan Gursoy PhD Candidate, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Keywords Tourism, Holidays, Korea Abstract Investigates the relationship between tourists' destination loyalty and their preferences as to destination. Destination loyalty is operationally defined as the level of tourists' perceptions of a destination as a recommendable place. On-site surveys of Korean outbound travellers were conducted at the Seoul International Airport, South Korea, in March 1997. Of 285 questionnaires collected from Korean outbound travellers, 265 useful questionnaires are analyzed. Multiple regression analysis reveals that three destination preferences, including different culture experiences, safety, and convenient transportation, have a positive relationship with tourist's loyalty to the destination. Results from a path analysis show that past trip experience affects tourists' destination preference. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed in the conclusion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 13/2 [2001] 79±85 # MCB University Press [ISSN 0959-6119] Introduction Tourist choice...
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...distinguishing characteristics of the members of any given society” (2011). Nakata and Huang (2002, cited by Yaprak) define culture as “the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”, as an individual. Siew et al. argue that “culture is a complex and broad construct that is difficult to accurately measure” (2007). However, scholars have tried to theorize it through several frameworks. In this essay, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the GLOBE study dimensions are compared in order to assess the frameworks’ abilities to accurately measure culture. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions were created as a result of an empirical research of the employees of a global company in order to identify the different work motivations caused by the employees’ nationalities (2001, cited by De Mooji, 2013). The dimensions were constructed at the national level and thus their variables offer insights on nations. They do not correlate at individual or organizational level. However, scholars have misapplied Hofstede’s dimensions to individuals and organizations, which resulted in flawed conclusions at individual level (Venaik and Brewer, 2013). A criticism of Hofstede’s study is that the model is oversimplified and it doesn’t capture sufficient aspects of culture (Schwartz and Bilsky, 1990 cited by Venaik and Brewer, 2010). In addition, Tung (2008, cited by Venaik and Brewer, 2010) argues that the...
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...Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies Ana Maria Soares a,⁎, Minoo Farhangmehr a,1 , Aviv Shoham b,2 a School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal b Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel Received 1 March 2006; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 1 October 2006 Abstract Growth of research addressing the relationship between culture and consumption is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993; 6 (2): 91–127.; Nasif EG., Al-Daeaj H., Ebrahimi...
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... Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies Ana Maria Soares a,⁎, Minoo Farhangmehr a,1 , Aviv Shoham b,2 a School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal b Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel Received 1 March 2006; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 1 October 2006 Abstract Growth of research addressing the relationship between culture and consumption is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993; 6 (2): 91–127.; Nasif EG., Al-Daeaj H., Ebrahimi...
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...Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics Emerald Article: Globalization does lead to change in consumer behavior: An empirical evidence of impact of globalization on changing materialistic values in Indian consumers and its aftereffects Nitin Gupta Article information: To cite this document: Nitin Gupta, (2011),"Globalization does lead to change in consumer behavior: An empirical evidence of impact of globalization on changing materialistic values in Indian consumers and its aftereffects", Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 23 Iss: 3 pp. 251 - 269 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13555851111143204 Downloaded on: 24-03-2012 References: This document contains references to 49 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 1778 times. Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AT AHMEDABA For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Additional help for authors is available for Emerald subscribers. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher...
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...Corporations” and the main points it covered, a specific discussion covering the relation of this article to key term and to manage global operations and international market, the relation of the four other scholarly articles research and their discussion to the relation to the major article and main key term. Keywords: standardization, global operation, culture, marketing mix, advertising Standardization Key Term and Why I am Interested In It The key term I decided to extend my research on for this week is “Standardization”. After reading the required material for the International Business class, I have acquired a better conceptualization for the aspects and dimensions of doing business abroad. Consequently, I have desired to further my understandings on one of the important topics covered in Chapter 8 of the textbook (Satterlee, 2014) under the notion of global operation management process issues. Upon relying on the assorted scholarly journals and articles I am interested to develop explicit and superior information for the key term standardization. Hence, this will be by covering it’s definition, variables, factors, evolution in time and application...
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...assessing international marketing opportunities Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, New York, USA Abstract Purpose – The choice of which country or countries to enter is a critical decision and needs to be made with considerable care and deliberation. Initial market entry decisions have typically focused on country evaluations based on macro-economic data. While appropriate in providing an initial screening of countries, other factors, notably contextual factors, can provide important insights in assessing international market opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of context at four distinct levels. Design/methodology/approach – The literature on the influence of context on consumption and purchase behavior is reviewed to provide a framework to understand contextual factors as a means to refine entry strategy and develop effective segmentation strategies. Findings – A wide range of contextual factors exert influence on consumption choices and contribute to within-country heterogeneity. These are typically examined at the macro-level, but also need to be examined at the meso-level, micro-level and situational level to fully assess market opportunities and establish viable market segments. Practical implications – Examination of contextual factors provides a richer and deeper understanding of which international markets to enter and which segments to target. Within-country cultural diversity, dramatic...
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...A Cross-National and Cross-Cultural Approach to Global Market Segmentation: An Application Using Consumers’ Perceived Service Quality James Agarwal, Naresh K. Malhotra, and Ruth N. Bolton ABSTRACT The spread of global culture is being facilitated by the proliferation of transnational corporations, the rise of global capitalism, widespread aspiration for material possessions, and the homogenization of global consumption. The extent of convergence of cultural values across nations has been debated by international marketing researchers. However, from a practical standpoint, transnational firms require a cross-national, cross-cultural approach to market segmentation that can be used to guide the development of global marketing strategies. In this study, the authors investigate the application of cross-national versus cross-cultural approaches to market segmentation through a rigorous empirical investigation in the context of banking services. Although services constitute the fastest growing sector of the world economy, few studies have examined global market segmentation strategies for them. The authors develop theory-based crossnational hypotheses and test them by estimating a structural model of consumers’ perceived service quality using survey data from two countries: the United States and India. They test cross-cultural hypotheses by estimating the same model on culture-based clusters. They demonstrate that there are distinctive differences between cross-national and crosscultural...
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...IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT: AN INTERNAL MARKETING PERSPECTIVE Principal Author Prof. Dr. Zahid Mahmood Department of Management Sciences BahriaUniversity, Naval Complex, Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan Cell: +92-300-5301240 Office: +92-51-9260002 Ext. 260 zahid@bahria.edu.pk Biographical Note: Dr. Zahid Mahmood is a Professor of Total Quality Management at Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published numerous articles and books. His papers have received world wide acclamation. He holds M.Com from the University of Punjab, Pakistan, MBA from the University of Wollongong NSW and PhD from University of Western Sydney Australia. Corresponding Author & Co-Author Sobia Mahmood PhD Scholar & Research Asistant Department of Management Sciences BahriaUniversity, Naval Complex, Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan Cell: 0321-5342940 Office: +92-51-9260002 Ext. 260 sobia.mahmood1@gmail.com; sobia.mahmood@bahria .edu.pk Biographical Note: Sobia Mahmood is a Research Assistant & Visiting Faculty at Bahria University, Pakistan. At present, she is a PhD scholar at Bahria University, Pakistan. She has published numerous articles on Management. She holds MBA from University of Arid Agriculture, Pakistan, MEd & BEd from Allama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan and MS from SZABIST, Pakistan. Co-Author Muhammad Ayub Siddiqui PhD Scholar & Asistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences BahriaUniversity, Naval Complex...
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...ARTICLE REVIEW Source Yoo B, Donthu N, Lee S. (2000), ‘An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28;195 viewed 2 January 2016, http://jam.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/2/195 Introduction This review critically examines the article ‘An Examination of Selected Marketing Mix Elements and Brand Equity’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. The review will first summarize the article. Secondly, it analyzes the effectiveness of the article structure, investigating how the information is set out and whether the reader can access it efficiently. Thirdly, the review will critique the article, evaluating its authority,...
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...would like to thank my family and friends who have always supported me, even when I may not have been aware of it. I would like to thank my Parents my Mother and father, who always provided me with motivation and for their continued support of me throughout my life, financially and emotionally, and for instilling in me their morals and values. ABSTRACT This report presents a framework for “Market related challenges faced by marketer”, in this report we will discuss the challenges faced my marketers in the modern era. We start by reviewing on the articles, research reports and literature already available regarding the same topic, how does the poor economic condition, unstable political environment and strong culture affect the marketing processes, how does considering these factors...
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...oil is well-nigh luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah does guide whom He will to His Light: Allah does set forth Parables for men: And Allah does know all things.” Surah Al-Nur [24:35] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost we would like to thank Almighty Allah, The Glorious, The Supreme, the King of the Kings, whose help and guidance in both worlds is unparallel. We would like to thank to our sir and parents for their help and guidance through out our life. We really want to thank our teacher Sir. Mushtaq Ahmed for his help and to our parents for their moral support to us. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION: 5 RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE: 5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: 6 CONTRIBUTION: 7 LITERATURE REVIEW/PAST RESEARCH: 7 PROBLEM STATEMENT: 10 THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK: 10 HYPOTHESIS TO BE INVESTIGATED: 12 RESEARCH DESIGN: 12 Methodology: 13 Instrument: 13 Data analysis: 13 REFERENCE: 14 TOPIC: “ROLE OF CORPORATE CULTURE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE” INTRODUCTION: In the modern business world of today, it is imperative that individuals understand each other as members of the same organization. The study of culture attempts to describe some underlying dynamics...
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...I) Theory: 3 Research question 3 II) Literature review: 3 Buyer-supplier relationship 3 Importance of trust 3 Adaptation 3 Continuity 4 Culture and buyer-supplier relationship 4 III) Hypothesis and conceptual framework 5 IV) Methodology 7 Research Design 7 Data Collection 7 Reliability and Validity analysis 8 Model significance and assumptions 9 V) Results 13 Hypothesis validation 15 VI) Limitations and further research: 16 Conclusions and managerial implications 18 Appendix 19 Survey: 19 References: 20 Multicultural buyer/supplier relationship: the impact of importance of trust and ease of adaptation on continuity. Abstract In today’s globalized world, more and more companies are dealing with international partners or tends to integrate international territories in order to expand their business. Those companies have, thus, a strong need to understand the impact of cultural differences on the working relationships between key dyads in the business process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cultural differences on specific factors (Importance of trust, Ease of adaptation and continuity) that determine the efficiency of Buyer-supplier relationship. The theory will be tested with a survey distributed to international buyer and supplier chosen from our contacts and coming from different countries over the world. This study tends to prove that Cultural differences have an important negative impact on the...
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...BNAD 303 – Exam 1 Review Sheet I. Introduction to Marketing (Chapter 1) ▪ Understand what marketing is and the overall marketing process. ▪ Know all the necessary and sufficient condition for an exchange ▪ Study all types of marketing management orientations and know the differences between them (Production, Sales, Market and Societal). II. Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage (Chapter 2) ▪ Understand how business strategy relates to marketing and what is SBU. ▪ Review the different types of marketing strategies (e.g. Ansoff’s strategic Opportunity matrix and BCG matrix) and their components. ▪ Know the elements of a Marketing Plan ▪ Identify what a SWOT analysis is and the components that comprise this overall evaluation process. ▪ Study different ways in which a company can gain competitive advantage. ▪ Understand marketing mix (4P’s) and all it’s components in detail. III. The Marketing Environment (Chapter 4) ▪ Understand how the environment affects marketing related decisions and apply this to firm decision making. How does the environment affect marketing decisions? Understand factors such as social factors, demographic factors, economic factors, technological factors, and political and legal factors. ▪ Review: 1) component lifestyles, 2) demography, 3) age categories/ cohorts (e.g. Tweens, Baby boomers, and Generation Y. ▪ How do purchasing power, inflation, and recessionary pressures affect...
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........................................................................... 1 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 2 Next Steps................................................................................................................................ 3 II. III. IV. A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 4 STUDY OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................... 4 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 6 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 6 Key Findings ........................................................................................................................... 7 B. SELECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN CITIES ............................................................................ 7 C. DEVELOPING AN ATTRACTIONS MATRIX...
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