...Third Genders in Cultural Societies M’Tisha Garnett ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor: Larissa Begley February 3, 2014 In society today should the Hijra and Two Spirit be recognized as gay men in their culture rather than Third Gender? Studies have shown that these Third Gender groups choose not to label themselves as male or female, but prefer a female appearance and male companionship. This way of life has resulted in a high rate of HIV/AIDS in their communities. There are many Third Gender groups in different cultures such as the Fa’afafine in Polynesia, Sworn Virgins from the Balkins and the Hijra’s from South Asia. Hijra who of the Third Gender have since the late 90’s been recognized as a third gender by their county but they are still dealing with acceptance in their society. Although a lot of these Third Gender groups been around for centuries and some hold a spiritual meaning, that is not much of the case today. Third Genders such as Hijra and Two-Spirits are not seen in society as spiritual beings anymore, they are being labeled transsexual, transgender, or gay. Because of their status and lack of money and education they have been forced into prostitution with the same sex, exposing them to HIV and AIDS which is plaguing their community. The hijras are a religious community of men who dress and act like women and whose culture centers on the worship of Bahuchara Mata, one of the many versions of the Mother Goddess worshipped throughout...
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...behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that is most concerned with the face-to-face interactions between members of society. Interactionist see culture as being created and maintained by the ways people interact and how individuals interpret each other’s actions. For example, fashion is a language that we use to interpret who others are and communicate who we are. Clothing fashions in particular represent an extremely intricate language of interpersonal communication, as anyone...
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...Examine Different Sociological Views on Changes in the Experience of Childhood in the Past 50 Years or so? Many sociologists see childhood as socially constructed; as something created and defined by society. Many argue that what people mean by childhood, and the position that children occupy in society, is not fixed but differs between different times, places and cultures. It can be seen that by comparing the western idea of childhood today with childhood in the past and other societies. It can be determined by many sociologists that there have been many changes in society that have affected children over the last 50 years, however there are several different sociological views on whether these changes have been beneficial to children or not. Some sociologist such as Aries say that childhood can be defined as being a social construct. Children had been seen as being like ‘mini adults’ and being an economic charge rather than being treated like children and being unconditionally loved by their parents. The elements of the modern childhood gradually began to emerge from the 13th century onwards. Schools started to specialise purely on the education of the young pupils. There was a growing distinction between adult and children clothing. By the 18th century there was a sign of the growing child-centred of family life, mostly among the middle classes. According to Aries these developments lead to the ‘cult of childhood’. He argues that we have moved from a world that did not see...
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...business man in the modern world. The preaching and life of Christ reflect the path of any successful executive. The story comes about due to a continued revolt in a young man’s mind about the works of Jesus (Bruce Barton, 1925), he feels though Jesus came to save the world, His life and missions relate to the journey of a successful businessman. “Cultural Modernism “as a theme is brought out in this story. Cultural modernism is a philosophical movement aimed at transformation of the traditional society into an industrialized society. Though cultural modernism can be traced back in the nineteenth century in the Western Society; Jesus’ work is, however, no short of the theme. During His era, Jesus organized divided cultures into one distinct one through His executive authority. ” Having gathered together his organization, there remained for Jesus the tremendous task of training it.” In His era, religious beliefs were viewed as a hindrance to cultural modernism. With His arrival, cultural modernism was depicted in the new ways of worshiping, economic activities and communication. “His language was marvelously simple. “Mass society comprises mass culture, production and consumption. “The Man Nobody Knows” weakened the traditional beliefs of the people about God. He amassed a large number of people through preaching and taught them about the proper way of worshiping God. In His gatherings, thousands and thousands of people attended ready to submit to what He was teaching. His teachings...
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...A society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups. Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap. A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively within criminology. More broadly, a society may be illustrated as an economic, social, or industrial infrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals. Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups. A society can be a particular ethnic group, such as the Saxons; a nation state, such as Bhutan; or a broader cultural group, such as a Western society. The word society may also refer to an organized voluntary...
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...their views by reference to dogma and scare texts rather than rational arguments. Giddens notes that the term ‘fundamentalism’ is a relatively new one and he its growth as a product of and reaction to globalisation. However, Cosmopolitanism contrasts with fundamentalism. Cosmopolitanism is tolerant of the views of others and open to new ideas. Moreover, Giddens sees fundamentalism as the enemy of cosmopolitanism religion and spirituality. Religion, however, as argued by Bruce is used as cultural defence. This is where religion serves to unite a community against an external threat. Religion has special significance for its followers because it symbolises the group or societies collective identity. This can be seen in Poland and Iran. In Poland, the external power was Soviet Communism, while Iran it was Western cultural and capitalism. In both cases, therefore the role of religion has to be understood in a transnational context. Both Iran and Poland are examples of religion as cultural defence against perceived external enemy and it local allies...
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...or forces that contributed to the make-up of cultural early civilizations. The first force would be the forces of nature and it is natural environment. The factors of this would be climates and seasonal changes. This is important force factor for early civilization because this force affected the people of the early civilization for clothing and food such as game and wild plants. These people were nomadic which means that they would follow the herds of game for their survival. The geographical features also were a major part of the early civilizations because they need to be able to protect themselves from others that may challenge them and their civilization. For example the people of Ancient Greece were in different city states and would challenge each other for territories for farming and other needed resources from the land. The mountains and seas were a major physical land features that would protect them from one and other. But this also in turn created different cultures and civilizations throughout Ancient Greece. So there were many different views that varied from group to group. An example of this would be social societies, religious views, structures, and civilizations altogether are different. The social society would be the government or rulers, merchants, slaves, and priests. The different social classes such as higher classes being the dictator, priests, or other people of the higher powers in a society where as other social classes would be the middle...
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...revolution. It is characterised by rapid social change, scientific and technological development and secularisation. Beck and Giddens argue that late modernity will accelerate, especially as a result of globalisation. | Post modernity | The view that society has moved into a new era of postmodernity- a globalised, media-saturated society. Culture is fragmented, unstable and ever changing, and individuals create and change their identities through consumption of signs and brands. Some Marxists see PM as the latest phase of capitalism, in which globalisation permit the accumulation of capital. | Individualism | The idea that the individual is more important than the group. In postmodern society, individualism becomes more important becomes more important than it is in traditional society and individuals actions are influenced more by self-interest rather than obligation. Secularisation theorists argue that this leads to decline in religion by undermining its communal basis. | Vicarious religion | Is experiencing religion ‘second hand’ or at a distance. Attending churches for rites of passage but not on a regular basis. A small number of professional clergy practise religion on behalf of a much larger number of people | Cultural amnesia | Loss of collective memory, where religion is no longer being handed down through generations as members of family are more attracted to individualism. | Consumerism | Replacing collective tradition by having the choice to consume into religion...
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...Part 1 This essay will discuss the sociological perspective on religion and compare this with other disciplines. Some people believe that religion is something that is individual to each person, however, religion is also a social institution. Sociologists recognise that religion exists as a set of beliefs that is integrated into society to control behaviours and instil norms based on basic social needs and values. Religion is a cultural universal which means that it is found in all social groups globally. For example, in every culture around the world funeral ceremonies are practiced. Customs will differ between cultures and affiliations, but despite these differences there are still common elements in marking a person’s death. Universals...
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...Chapter 1: What is CSR Organizations can be classified in 3 categories: 1) For profits: Seek gain for their owners 2) Government: Exists to define rules and structures of society within which all organizations must operate 3) Non-profits: Emerge to do social good when the political will of the profit motive is insufficient to address societies needs Stakeholders: Includes all those who are related in some way to a firm “A stakeholder in an organization is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives” could range from clearly defined customers, employees, suppliers, creditors, and regulating authorities, to other more amorphous constituents such as local communities CSR is both critical and controversial; It is critical because the for-profit sector is the largest and most innovative part of any free societies economy. However CSR remains controversial; In spite of the rising importance of CSR today for corporate leaders, academics, and bureaucrats alike, many still draw on the views of the Nobel Prize- winning economist Milton Friedman, who argues against CSR because it distracted leaders from economic goals. Friedman believed that the only “social responsibility of a business is to increase its profits”- that society benefits most when businesses focus on maximizing their financial success. David Packard, a co-founder of Hewlett-Packard however, believes “a group of people get together and exist as...
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...Western Culture Western culture has achieved some benefits in today’s world. History’s most influential civilization, The Middle Ages took shape, leaving behind a cultural legacy that survived in today’s Western civilization. In some ways Western Civilization has benefited from the world through technology, increasing the middle class, and developing moral value by helping the less fortunate. It is important to measure the past by examining the education system, and the financial progress of the less fortunate. Financial stability is important in Western cultures today for happiness but money is not the only stimulus for happiness. Happiness can only be measure by an individual’s prospective and not by the judgment of other. Western culture has made some net achements, and it is important to measure these benefits to determine if Western culture is happier or not. Western culture’s progress has been a net benefit to the world by developing modern technology, increasing the middle class and developing moral values. There have been advancements in technology through radio frequency, internet, and wide area networking through the telephone system. Although western culture has been able to develop these technologies, it has replaced social bonds which have caused a reduction in community social actives. The development of technology has increased the middle class population by providing profitable job for families’ financial stabilization. Some people believe that technology...
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...ought to behave, The analysis of important tests helps us to understand the human condition and why it is that we behave as we do. Indeed, the Humanities is very important in giving us an understanding of today’s world. There are a number of profound analyses of preventive war and the nature of colonial authority. Understanding the role of woman in society and gender issues has a long tradition. The nature of sexuality and the morality surrounding it is the subject of a multitude of profound commentaries. The difference between what is and what ought to be is at the centre of great protest literature, art and music. Second, the Humanities teaches about one’s own culture and many others. Through the Humanities, students can gain a deep understanding of one’s own background and knowledge of other societies. The Humanities asks questions which are cross-cultural in its attempt to find the best response. To issues about ethics, it considers formulations from a variety of sources, including those from aboriginal societies, Islam, Asian, European, African and Latin-American cultures. It often seeks the truth from those who are marginal to society, rather than the utterings of...
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...In order to determine whether or not a society can be considered a civilization, it is essential to have a clear definition of the word itself. Webster's dictionary defines a civilization as an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions. Although that may be the definition in the dictionary, I believe civilization to be the way of life started by people who live in unified cities. However, V. Gordon Childe, a famous archeologist, created ten conditions, which he felt needed to be fulfilled in order to consider a society a civilization. While each of Childe's ten conditions are all of importance, it is essentially incorrect to assume that a society is not a civilization simply because it does not fulfill all of the conditions. The concepts of class stratification is well defined and clearly cut in Childe’s work. It is now essential to define this condition and then apply it to...
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...Religion in a global contextFundamentalism- | Religion and social Change | Religion as source of conflict or consensus | Religiosity: Class | Religiosity: Age | Religiosity: Gender | Religiosity: Ethnicity | Belief Systems: Religion | Belief Systems: Science: | Belief Systems: ideology | Jun12 | Religion is still the most significant ideological influence in the world today. ’To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? (33 marks) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Critically examine sociological views of sects in society today. (33 marks) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the view that women are no longer oppressed by religion. (18 marks) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Jan 12 | The growth of New Age and similar movements is evidence of a spiritual revolution in society today.’ To what extent do sociological arguments and evidence support this view? (33 marks) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Assess the usefulness of functionalist theories in understanding religion today.(33 marks) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the view that most people today choose not to be lifelong members of religious organisations. (18 marks) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Jun ’11: | Assess the view religion is a force for social change...
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...Business and Society Subject Code-3101 Fifth Semester Part : One “Business is a part of Larger Social system”-Explain from the system concept of business. (Page -12) What do you meant by move toward social concern? (Page -4) What is discontinuity? (Page -5) Define business. (Page -19) Give arguments for Social responsibility. (Page -24) Give arguments against Social responsibility. (Page -30) What is social responsibility? (Page -39) What is social response? (Page -46) Discuss the power-responsibility equation. (Page -47) What is the Iron Law of responsibility? (Page -50) Discuss the Changing role of Business Clients. (Page -59) Describe the elements of a Pluralistic social system. (Page -62) What do you mean by Diffusion of Power? (Page -66) Discuss the strength and weakness of a pluralistic society. (Page -69) Discuss the traditional business role. (Page -79) Define the Quality of life. (Page -85) Discuss the alternative ways is which business may respond to the social demands. (Page -85) Discuss in brief the different socially responsive roles played by a manager. (Page -102) Discuss the general effects of technology on society as a whole. (Page -117) What is social system? “Areas of social responsibility are expanding”- Explain. (Page -12, 7) Briefly discuss the role of socially responsive manager as a boundary mediator. (Page -104) What do you mean by social...
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