...com/0953-4814.htm Subcultures and employment modes: translating HR strategy into practice Jennifer Palthe Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA Subcultures and employment modes 287 Received 15 March 2002 Revised 15 September 2002 Accepted 9 December 2002 Ellen Ernst Kossek Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Keywords Human resource development, Employment, Human resource management, Culture Abstract Past research suggests that most culture change efforts proceed with limited attention to the pluralistic nature of contemporary organizations. We argue that the relationship between organization subcultures and the implementation of new HR strategies into HR practice has not been adequately explored because of the lack of a comprehensive framework for de®ning and integrating culture change and the strategic HR literature. We review the organization culture and strategic HR literature and present a heuristic that serves as a step toward exemplifying the role of changing employment modes and organizational subcultures in enabling or constraining the implementation of HR strategy. Adjusting to changing environmental demands has been an ongoing pursuit of organizations for centuries, but the task has become even more perplexing over the last decade. In response to the accelerated pace of change worldwide, organizations are becoming ¯atter and more agile, and are manifesting more diverse forms of organizational cultures. Recent trends in...
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...The classification of Goth as a subculture in society The subject matter of this essay will aim to show that the group known as Goth, is indeed a subculture in society. This essay will demonstrate that this group has its own individual values and norms, separate to that of mainstream society and how it has managed to reinvent itself inside and against mainstream society since it emerged during the 1980's. I have chosen to pick Goths for this essay as they have managed to last as a subculture in many countries worldwide and in my view have successfully distinguished themselves from the dominant culture in society. This essay will try to define what the group is, it will explain what a subculture is and how Goths are a part of that subculture, and it will outline and explain the concept of values with respect to the Goth group while differentiating those values between the gothic subculture and the dominant culture in society. Through norms, dress, language and artifacts it will also show why Goths should indeed be classed as a subculture, separate to that of mainstream society, as they have identified themselves as a subculture through symbols and nineteenth century gothic literature influences as well as contemporary imagery and style through horror films (Hodkinson 2002). The concept of subcultures can be traced back to Frederic Thrashers work on Chicago gangs, when he identified that the gang had its own distinct traditions, morals and their own structure as a group which...
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...A subculture is a culture that exists within the dominant culture of a society. Therefore, members of a subculture should have different norms and values to the rest of society, and could be regarded as deviant because of this. Merton (1938), a functionalist sociologist, was aware that not everyone in society shared the same beliefs and goals, however, his works concentrated on the individual. He suggested that those lower down in a stratified society had restricted goals. He developed ‘strain theory’ and argued that there are five responses to the value consensus, which are conformity; innovation, ritualism, retreatism; rebellion. However, while Merton focuses on deviance as an individual response to anomie, subcultural theory focuses on delinquency as a subcultural response. Albert Cohen (1955) drew upon Merton’s idea of strain. He states that working-class youths share the success goals of mainstream culture, but they lack the means to achieve these goals. They have failed in education, live in deprived areas and have very few job opportunities, making it hard for them to achieve their goals. This leads to a sense of failure and inadequacy, something Cohen calls ‘status frustration’. Their solution to the problem is the development of a delinquent subculture that values toughness, aggression and masculinity. This new subculture reverses the norms and values of society, what is regarded as ‘good’ for the majority becomes ‘bad’ within the subculture, and vice versa. Cohen argues...
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...people in youth cultures? Be sure to explain how these factors operate. Kahn and Kellner (2004) describe youth culture as a trans-disciplinary category which is used by theorists as they try to understand and explain the emergence of the complex forms of hybrid culture and identity that increasingly occur amongst youth throughout the world, but what factors best explain the participation of young people in these subcultures? Also, how do these factors operate? The purpose of this paper is to argue that the participation of young people in youth cultures is best explained by 2 factors; the media and one’s ethnicity. This argument is will made with particular reference to punk and hip hop subcultures as well as brief discussion of Indigenous subculture. The paper will begin with an over view of how subcultures are used to form identities and invent cultural meaning which will be followed by a discussion of the mass media’s influence on youth in today’s society and how and why the media is a major factor in determining youths involvement in different sub cultures. The influence a young person’s ethnicity has on their participation in subcultures will then be addressed with reference to Cohen’s (1955) version of strain theory and how this effects the formation and involvement in subcultures such as indigenous subculture and hip- hop. A conclusion will then be given stating that both ethnicity and the media are the best means of explaining youth participation in subcultures as they are...
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...• 1. Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of subcultural theories in explaining ‘subcultural crime and deviance’ in society today. (21 marks: 9 A01, 12 A02) Subcultures as mentioned in item A consist of a group of people within society who share the same norms and values as one another as opposed to mainstream culture. For example criminals are part of a subculture because they hold different attitudes towards crime as the general public do. These individuals have rejected the norms of mainstream society and become inverted into their own sub culture in rejection of the main one which has failed them. For example the majority of this criminal subculture will feel materially deprived, which they will blame of society not meeting their needs. They will then resort to crime in order to obtain this materialism. There is also many other cultures within this main sub culture, for example drug takers or hippies. These sub cultures offer a sense of ID to the individual and allows them to integrate into their new society which they may not have otherwise been able to do into main society. However, subcultures alone cannot explain the trend in crime and deviance there are many other factors contributing such as the individual. Merton claims someone commits deviant behaviour when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals. Merton explains that a combination of structural factors (societies unequal opportunities) and cultural factors (strong emphasis on...
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...Running head: MARKETING STRATEGIES AND SUBCULTURES Marketing Strategies and Subcultures: Flavored Cigarettes Abstract Most recently, TRIAAD Research Group developed marketing strategies for Exotic Smokes Cigarettes. These strategies were identified to attract 18-to-25-year-old customers to the flavored cigarette market. This young adult market is lucrative however focusing on specific subcultures within the market provides additional opportunities. The African American subculture, the Hispanic subculture and the Asian subculture are emerging multicultural markets with cultural and cross-cultural differences that must be explored by marketers. The United States is more ethnically diverse than ever before. The emerging multicultural markets offer opportunities for marketers to determine what marketing strategies are most effective to market flavored cigarettes within the African American subculture, the Latino subculture and the Asian subculture. After determining the marketing strategies to be used, the environmental factors, cultural differences, and cross-cultural differences must be identified for each subculture. The goal is to understand how consumers’ cultural identities relate to purchasing choices. Subcultures African American Subculture The African American market is not a monolithic group. Marketers must be aware of the diversity within the African American subculture that includes African-Argentinian, African-Cuban, African-Ecuadorian, African-Latino...
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...ociologyA subculture is a cultural subgroup. They are considered 'opposite from the mainstream culture because of their unique trends. Subcultures are judged by what they look like, what they wear, where they live, their ethnic background and religion. Subcultures have distinctive styles of dress, activity and music. They form when the main stream culture fails to meet the needs of a particular group of people. The punk subculture includes a diverse array of ideologies, and forms of expression, including fashion, visual art, dance, literature, and film, which grew out of punk rock. Punk is largely characterized by a concern for individual freedom and anti-establishment views. Punks are young (16+), and known for being rebellious. This started during the 1970s in Britain, where a group of young rebellious teens decided to make a point through music, clothing, and violence (Rebelling against the government). They don't like to dress appropriately because it is a way they express their hatred to the mainstream culture. They wear clothes such as worn out or ragged jeans, black and daggy t-shirts, with offensive words written on them. They have unusual wildly spiked coloured haircuts, and body piercing. Punks believe in excluding themselves from society by being different (odd or rude clothing). This is a sign of rebel, a big bald sign with the words "THIS IS HOW WE EXPRESS OUR ANGER TO YOU". Music plays a big factor in the punk subculture. There are also punk bands which fills teens...
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...aspects of subcultures. Please identify at least two examples of subcultures that we have studied in this course and provide specific quotations from Storey's chapter (including the page number where you found the quotation) that demonstrate how your examples fit his description of subcultures. Extra Credit (+1 pt): Can you think of a subculture we've studied in this course that DOES NOT match Storey's description? How is it different from the kind of subcultures Storey discusses? In Storey’s article “Consumption in everyday life”, he discusses the youth subculture, and he mentions that “youth subcultures are an attempt to solve problems experienced by the parent culture” (Storey, 133), and youth subculture “refuse to conform to the supposed passive commercial tastes of the majority of youth” (Storey, 138). In Epstein’s article, he presents the phenomenon the Korean teenagers begin to pay attention to the “punk” culture, including the bars (which called “drug”), the punk music and so on. In his article, many Korean teenagers are interviewed and present that the reason that they are interested in this “punk” culture is because they want to identify themselves different from their parents’ culture section. They think their parents’ culture is too far away from their current life, and they cannot find the majority of common points through their parents’ culture. Then, they begin to search a new culture that they could identify themselves. However, this new culture is not really...
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...The Birth of Subculture COM/172 The Birth of Subculture According to many psychologists, being accepted by a group peers is essential to achieve emotional well-being. On the other hand, many people find it necessary to express their individuality in order to be happy. So, how does someone maintain his or her place in a group while conveying his or her independence as a person? Many people have found themselves in this exact situation. Although many people strive to be different, there is still a deep desire to be accepted as part of a culture resulting in the birth of subculture. The Want to be Different A person’s desire to express his or her individuality can be a driving force for many life choices. It can be as simple as a pair of shoes or as complex as spirituality. Many people have a basic want to express themselves, to show others who they are, what they believe in, and how they are different. This is what makes them special and unique. Even choosing not to make bold statements is a way of expressing someone’s personality. So what creates this inherent need to be different than everybody else? It could be environmental influences, past experiences, or even genetics that contribute to this need. According to David P. Barash in We need a general theory of individuality, “Generalizations about behavioral individuality are, at this stage in our knowledge, difficult to support.” (2010) The answer may be challenging because there is no control group from...
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...contradiction between the process of moral socialization and some people’s desire or belief in a unified American culture 1. Define culture 2. Moral socialization as a principle process by which culture is transmitted from generation to generation. 3. Little league baseball as an agent of socialization as well as a catalyst for the creation of a youth subculture exclusive to its participants. 4. The consequences of this socialization process through subculture for American society at large – Q. Can there be a unified American culture? Culture: (an) integrated system of meanings that help people make sense of their own actions and the actions of others. Your book defines culture as the values, norms and material goods characteristic of a given group. Norms: principles or rules people are expected to observe. They are rules of conduct that specify appropriate or inappropriate behaviors and actions in a given range of social situations. Values: abstract ideals held by individuals and groups of what is desirable, proper, good and bad. Material Culture: artifacts and physical objects that people create and give meaning to. For example, a flag, baseball caps, religious objects such as a crucifix, basketball sneakers and engagement and wedding rings. These objects have symbolic meaning beyond their original function. Non-Material Culture -- consists of human creations that are more abstract, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rituals, rules and myths...
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...research project is explicitly concerned with the causal connection between youth sub-cultures in the criminal justice system and the effects of over representation. In addition, this encompasses the question topic area of how Becker’s labelling theory (Becker 1993) and Merton’s strain theory (Merton 1968) affects mainstream society’s perceived deviance of the Goth youth sub-culture and how much of this contributes to this youth sub-culture’s actual deviance. Moreover, a specific area of concern is whether the Goth youth sub-cultures of the past and present, is a site of deviance or a site of creative resistance to norms in mainstream society. Researching the contribution that labelling and stigmatisation of the Goth youth sub-culture have on criminogenic effects, is exceedingly important and valuable as it seeks to identify various gaps in previous research, such as the limited knowledge on the extent to which these factors contribute to deviance. Moreover, there is a lack of theoretical concepts that could possibly account for Goth youth sub-culture’s perceived behaviour. 2. Research question, significance and aims of the research i) Does negative labelling and the over-representation and stigmatisation of the Goth youth sub-culture, cause successive results of emerging and higher levels of deviance? Also, do the effects of stigmatisation cause youth to join the Goth sub-cultures in order to overcome their marginalisation in society, and, if so, does this consequently...
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...cultural crime and deviance in society today. There are many different institutions in societies around the world. The main dominate cultures around society will share the same theories of society of what is acceptable when it comes to the norms and values of crime and deviant behaviour. Subcultural groups however differ from the main cultures of society and have a different view of the norms and values of crime and deviance. It could either be a small group in the society who either believe crime either is or isn't acceptable, none the less their view differs from the norms of values of the majority of the society. Subcultural theories can be seen to exist when a dominate cultures has the same theories of crime and the subcultural theories will differ. This may, for instance be that everyone in that society believes that crime is unacceptable and frowned upon. However in lower deprived areas they may believe crime isn't as bad as middle class people deem it to be and that in fact the acts committed which are termed criminal or deviant aren't seen as this. Merton would support the view of subcultural on the same basis that subcultural tend to be differentiated when it’s through a Marxist view point with the differentiation between middle and lower class. Merton saw that individuals in society were socialised by primary socialisation so that in that culture of the society they were brought up with being familiarised with certain things. These would usually be assets, such as the middle...
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...To understand social deviance and delinquency, subcultural theory was used. These exist where cultural diversity is present. It was first applied during the 1950’s “referring to distinctive sets of values that set the delinquent apart from mainstream or dominate culture” (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2001, p.296). This idea of a subculture developed from the study of youths in urban settings. In society many music subcultures include, Goths, Punks and Hip Hop, plus many more. The question which has to be considered is whether subcultures are useful when trying to understand the link between youth, music and identity. Most commonly subcultural theories have been observed by two pieces of research, ‘The Chicago School of Sociology’ and ‘The Centre...
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...Word: Subcultures in Cyberspace Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation A Different Word: Subcultures in Cyberspace The way people organize, govern and create meaning in their lives is associated with social patterns that link to other cultures. This describes the study of sociocultural anthropology. This brief essay will examine: Egao, cyberpunk, queer and ethnic cyber-subcultures and relate them to sociocultural anthropology. This field of study as several concerns from the environment to health issues, however, the main in terms of cyber-subcultures deals with social change. Social change can be described as any event that causes a dramatic change immediately or over time. The presence of the Internet and cyberspace has already caused several changes in society. Facebook (FB), Twitter and other social media sights have made it possible to connect with people from different states and countries in seconds. It also makes it possible to find lost friends and reconnect with distant family members. There are opportunities to play games, exchange video files and stream live footage. The possibilities are seemingly endless. Within this new frontier of freedom along with social media Egao can be found. Egao Egao can be defined as a cyber-subculture in satire with the mainstream (Zhang, 2010). It can be accessed from mobile phones and other electronic devices. There are several forms which include: text, audio, image, or video. This particular sub-culture has become...
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...All people are born to different societies that are unique and have their distinct characteristics. Despite the type of society one lives in, one thing that everyone has in common is that every single person belongs to a subculture, or several subcultures. “Subculture can be defined as the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society, a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society “(Conley, You May Ask Your Self, P87). There exists a particular subculture which I have been deeply involved and been influenced by——Dongfeng Senior High School Subculture. Here is to discover the sociological meaning behind it and further analyze the characteristics of this subculture. Dongfeng Senior High School is located in Daqing, China, a city you may never heard of. First let me introduce Daqing, the city that has been rapidly expanding the last few years. Farming communities were moved to the outer layer of the city and replaced by the construction of tall buildings and malls, brand new schools were built to accommodate the ever-increasing student population, four-lane highways was broadened to eight-lane highways to solve traffic congestion. Number of people in the middle class and above increases, but still there is probably about 70% of the population is in the well-off level. Despite the fast developing...
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