...Integumentary Disorders Anatomy of the skin The skin consists of 3 layers: 1. Epidermis- non vascular outermost layer, continuously dividing cells 2. Dermis- takes the largest portion of the skin and provides strength and structure. It consists of glands (sebaceous, sweat), hair follicle, blood vessels, and nerve endings 3. Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)- the inner most layer. contains major vascular networks, fat, nerves, and lymphatics Function of the skin • Protection- protection of underlying structures from invasion by bacteria, noxious chemicals and foreign matter. • Sensory perception- transmits pain, touch, pressure, temperature, itching, etc • Fluid balance (excretion)- absorption of fluids and evaporation of excess. • Temperature regulation- produced heat released through skin by radiation, conduction, and convection 1|Page • Vitamin synthesis- skin exposed to ultra violet light can convert substances necessary for synthesizing vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). • Aesthetic- affects appearance Factors influencing skin integrity • Immoblity is the major factor leading to pressure sore development . • The pt who is confined to bed & unable to change position is at greatest risk . • Trauma most likely occur – over the prominent areas – weight bearing areas • • Prolonged pressure impairs blood flow to tissue & resulfs in ischemia & inferction The extent of pressure necessary to cause tisue damage...
Words: 3350 - Pages: 14
...HEALTH ASSESS STUDY 1. Subjective vs. Objective data a. Subjective: The health history, symptoms i. What the patient tells you ii. Chief complaint to Review of systems b. Objective: What you detect during the examination, all physical examination findings 2. Attributes of a Symptom c. Onset: when the sign or symptom began d. Location: Where the sign or symptom is located iii. Where exactly is the headache? Can you point to it? Does it radiate? e. Duration: how long the sign or symptom has been going on? iv. Does the headache come and go? Is it nonstop? What time of day is worst? f. Characteristic symptoms: what the symptom feels like, what describes it, and its severity. v. How does the headache feel? Is it throbbing? Sharp? Stabbing? Describe it. Rate it on a scale of 1-10. g. Associated manifestations: what else is going on when the patient experiences the sign or symptom vi. Does anything else happen when you get the headaches? Blurred vision? Nausea? Vomiting? Seizures? h. Relieving factors: anything patient has done to relieve the headache. vii. Have you tried cool compresses? Rest in a dark room? Did it work? i. Treatments: any interventions the patient has previously tried. viii. Has the patient seen a health care provider? Tried any remedies: medications, acupuncture, Did they work? 3. Interviewing technique ...
Words: 1404 - Pages: 6
...Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis Article Review In the article, Olivry et al. (2010) provides various response on treating atopic dermatitis in dogs. Suggestions on specific intervention are provided based on evidence gathered at the time the author was writing an article. Most of the arguments are based on clinical trials that registered significant results. However, some of recommended intervention contained in the articles lacks enough evidence to demonstrate their practicability, but still the author argues that these interventions could be workable. Atopic dermatitis is defined in the articles as a skin disease that is genetically-transferred and associated with environmental factors. However, the author argues that the Pathogenesis is still not known. Clinical procedures for diagnosis are not highlighted although the article indicates that the diagnosis is based on patient displaying symptoms and history of the disease. However, it would be advisable for veterinary to note that there are other dermatoses that may behave just like atopic dermatitis. With the aim of providing different intervention to treat atopic dermatitis, Olivry et al. (2010) provides three scenarios of dogs affected by acute flares. Then rationale that need to be considered for each case is provided. Acute Flares can be treated by combining nonirritating baths and topical glucocorticoids. The article also argues that flare contributing factors need be identified and attempt made to avoid them...
Words: 410 - Pages: 2
...What Is Cutaneous Lymphoma? Cutaneous lymphoma refers to a group of lymphomas that present in the skin at the time of diagnosis. A lymphoma is a cancer of a type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte. Lymphocytes are part of the body’s immune system, and their job is to protect the body against infections. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). In lymphoma, one or more lymphocytes (B-cell or T-cell) mutate and grow in an uncontrolled manner. Lymphomas are classified according to the cell type they originate from, thus there are B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas. Lymphocytes are found within the lymphatic system, which includes the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus. Most systemic lymphomas...
Words: 1544 - Pages: 7
...Venous system – In Scoliodon, the venous blood from the entire body is returned to the heart by the veins.. Veins have thinner walls in comparision to arteries and possess valves to prevent backward flow of blood. Many veins form wide irregular spaces devoid of walls called sinuses which is the characteristicof venous system of elasmobranchs. The venous system of Scoliodon includes – (i)Anterior cardinal system – The anterior cardinal system collects blood from the parts of the body lying anterior to the heart (Fig.9.15).It consists of – (a) Inferior jugular sinus – It is the smaller median ventral sinus which collects blood from the floor of bucco-pharyngeal region, gill pouches and pericardial region before opening into the ductus cuvierius. b) Internal jugular vein or sinus – It is the larger dorso-lateral sinus which collects blood from the dorsal region of head and gill pouches through different sinuses. (i)Posterior cardinal or renal portal...
Words: 789 - Pages: 4
...Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is considered one of many immune system disorders(5). SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects many parts of the body through an autoimmune process(2). A natural immune system creates antibodies to fight antigens which are harmful substances such as viruses and bacteria. Whereas in SLE, the immune system does not differentiate between the natural tissues of the body and the foreign particles(5)(6). Auto-antibodies are produced that mistakenly attack the immune system itself and cause inflammation and damage to various body tissues(6)(7). The disease course is marked by remissions and relapses and may vary from mild to severe. Just like many immune system disorders,...
Words: 566 - Pages: 3
...Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Treatment There are several options for treating the different types of cutaneous T- cell lymphoma. These options include both skin-directed treatments and systemic treatments. Sometimes, these treatments are used in combination with each other. Treatments for mycosis fungoides Treatments for mycosis fungoides include both skin-directed and systemic treatments. Skin-directed treatments for mycosis fungoides For patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides, treatments are aimed directly at the skin rather than the entire body. Skin-directed treatmetns for mycosis fungoides include • Phototherapy with ultraviolet (UV) light • Topical medicines • Radiation therapy Phototherapy with ultraviolet (UV) light Phototherapy uses two types of ultraviolet (UV) light to destroy cancer cells. A patient may be treated using either ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light. Both types of UV light are administered using fluorescent lamps. The light boxes are specially calibrated to maximize the effect of treatment while minimizing the risk of burns. Phototherapy treatments are usually...
Words: 2490 - Pages: 10
...Lumbar Plexus Anatomy within the Psoas Muscle: Implications for the Transpsoas Lateral Approach to the L4-L5 Disc • Introduction: – Many advocate access to the lumbar intervertebral disk space with use of minimally invasive transpsosas lateral retroperitoneal approach. It is reportedly suitable for anterior spinal arthrodesis of disk spaces proximal to L5/S1. Some advantages of this approach include less post op pain and decreased manipulation of the aorta and IVC – Various retractors have been designed to enhance access to disc space – Nonetheless, neurologic complications have been reported to be anywhere from 8% to 30%, ranging from paresthesias to femoral nerve palsy. – Despite introduction of retractors, what’s key is the understanding of the relevant anatomy. Previous studies were based on cadavers dissected in the supine position, and concentrated on where nerve exited the psoas mm rather than within a psoas mm. – Purpose of this article: describe lumbar plexus anatomy, relevant to this approach, with emphasis on the L4/5 disk space • Materials and Methods: – 18 cadavers: dissected in lateral decub position, relevant to the recommended surgical technique – 18-ga spinal needles placed under fluoro in mid-coronal planes of disk spaces of L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-5, because this is where most retractors are placed, and they remained in place until dissection over. – Proceeded with a meticulous dissection to...
Words: 715 - Pages: 3
...There is an estimated 1.5 million Americans that have and live with Lupus and more than 16,000 new cases are reported across the country each year (LUPUS Foundation of America; 2011). Lupus is an autoimmune disease that is chronic and can cause damage to any part of the body. The body’s immune system produces proteins referred to as antibodies. These antibodies help to provide protection for the body from invaders. Our immune system cannot tell the difference between these foreign invaders and our body’s healthy tissues; therefore autoantibodies attack and ultimately destroy healthy tissues, which is known as autoimmune or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (LUPUS Foundation of America; 2011). Inflammation, pain, and damage to other various parts of the body are due to these autoantibodies. The causes of SLE are genes, environment, and genetic factors. Even though researchers and scientists are unsure of just how genetic factors may alter or affect the immune system; researchers estimate that 20 - 100 different genetic factors may make a person susceptible to SLE (The New York Times; 2011). Environmental triggers can set off a flare of this disease. Environmental triggers can be ultraviolet rays from either the sun and/or fluorescent light bulbs, sulfa drugs that causes more sensitivity to the sun, penicillin and other antibiotic drugs, an infection, a cold and/or a viral illness, exhaustion, an injury, emotional stress and...
Words: 982 - Pages: 4
... Animals mainly herbivores act as reservoirs for the disease causing organism, Bacillus anthracis. Infected animals shed the bacilli in terminal hemorrhages or spilt blood during death. When exposed to air, the vegetative forms of the bacterium sporulate and the resulting spores of B. anthracis, are very resistant to adverse environmental conditions and disinfections. They may remain viable in contaminated soil for many years after the source infection has terminated. Dried or processed skins and hides of infected animals may also harbor the spores for many years and in most cases act as fomites by which the disease is spread worldwide. There are up to three types of anthrax, classified mainly according to the modes of transmissions. Cutaneous anthrax infection occurs through the skin and is caused by direct contact with contaminated soil, tissues and products of animals dying of the disease. Bite of flies that had fed on infected animals may also transmit the disease causing organism. Inhalation or respiratory anthrax is caused by inhalation of spores during industrial processing of products such as hides, wool, hair and bones where aerosols of B. antracis spores may be produced. Intestinal and oropharyngeal anthrax is caused by ingestion of contaminated tissues. Vultures and other flesh eating birds have been reported to spread the...
Words: 662 - Pages: 3
...ll animals breathe, that is to say they take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. This gaseous exchange is called respiration. Respiration can be defined as process by which living beings obtain oxygen to oxidize their reserve digested food in order to release energy. The organs which help in intake or supply of oxygen to the tissues and remove excess Co2 form respiratory system. Breathing in frogs are of three types: 1. Cutaneous respiration (Respiration through skin) 2. Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity 3. Pulmonary respiration (Respiration through lungs) 1) Cutaneous respiration: It is an important mode of respiration in frog which occurs all the time whether the frog is on land or in water. It is the only mode of respiration when the frog in dormancy period, i.e during hibernation and aestivation. The skin of frog has good supply of blood and this is provided by cutaneous artery. Moreover the skin is very thin and do not possesses any structure that may prevent the diffusion of the dissolved oxygen from water into blood. To carry on cutaneous respiration frog keeps its skin moist by taking occasional plunges into nearby water. The skin is also kept moist by mucus secreted by mucous glands of skin. Mechanism: Oxygen first dissolves in the film of water over the skin and then passes through the epidermal cells and capillary walls into the blood. On the other hand carbon dioxide passes out from blood into the water. 2) Respiration through lining...
Words: 1318 - Pages: 6
...Fish are very beneficial to humans, they are now known to serve many more purposes for humans. Fish skin is found to contain wound healing properties and several beneficial antimicrobials. This is due to their highly evolved immune systems which are starting to become discovered. The nile tilapia, catfish and snakehead murrels are known to possess both the properties stated. Fish skin in general contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids along with several other elements which could be used as a skin graft in order to decrease inflammation and time needed to heal a wound. There is new research on sharks and how they evolved to have an immunity against cancer causing genes. Moreover, this research could be used to better the human race and...
Words: 944 - Pages: 4
...15-44. There is not yet a cure for the disease. In this essay I will further discuss the diagnosis of lupus and its four branches. I will also be discussing the many symptoms of lupus and the treatments that are used to contain the disease. Now let’s look into how the disease is diagnosed. To start of with, lupus erythematosus is once again defined as a chronic autoimmune disease that can damage any part of your body. What this means is your body immune system cannot tell the difference between your bodies healthy tissues and the foreign invaders. So your body will then create autoantibodies that will attack and destroy your bodies healthy tissues. The autoaintibodies that is created will then cause inflammation, and pain. There are four branches of lupus erythematosus. (1) The first branch is systemic lupus erythematosus which is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that attacks nearly every organ in your body (skin, joints, brain, lungs, kidneys, blood, and central nervous system).(2) The second branch is called cutaneous lupus but is also known as discoid lupus which only affects the skin of the human body. (3) The next branch is the drug-induced branch which can be caused by prescription medication and will most likely disappear once you have stopped taking the medication that caused it. (4) Last but not least, the fourth branch is known as neonatal lupus which means a...
Words: 806 - Pages: 4
...The chronic illness focused on in this psychosocial assessment is Lupus. Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease in which the patient’s own immune system causes dysfunction in the body’s tissues and organs. Lupus can cause inflammation affecting one or more different areas of the body such as the joints, kidneys, skin, brain, lungs heart and blood cells. Some individuals are born predisposed to the development of lupus which can be triggered by infections, certain pharmaceuticals and in some cases sunlight. Risk factors for lupus include gender, ninety percent or more people with lupus are female; race: lupus occurs more within African American, Latino, Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander populations than in the white population;...
Words: 796 - Pages: 4
...Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding email: faieza@eng.upm.edu.my Abstract: This paper discusses the application of haptic feedback in Virtual Reality to enhance user performance in manufacturing industry. Haptic interfaces have the potential to enhance communication and interaction via the computer enabling affective expressive interpersonal communication and enriching interaction by haptic feedback. The aim of this study was to investigate and develop a better understanding of using haptic feedback in manufacturing. Keywords: Virtual Reality, haptic, manufacturing INTRODUCTION Virtual reality (VR) is a human-computer interface in which a computer system generates a three dimensional, sensory, immersing environment that responds in an interactive way to the behaviour of the user. VR technology can be very helpful in visualizing complicated 3-D models of parts and assemblies. VR is useful to visualize how parts fit together and to understand their spatial inter-relationships. VR technology can also be applied to simulate situations where companies need to test health and safety measures, or where there is a hazardous environment and they need to avoid exposing employees to unnecessary risk. The VR technology has become more real and...
Words: 2203 - Pages: 9
