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Damages Bullying Had on School Aged Children

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The Damages Bullying Has on School Aged Children
Brandi
GEN 499: General Education Capstone
Instructor: Irene Robles-Huerta
December 2, 2015

The Damages Bullying Has on School Aged Children
Bullying is a widely known and seen epidemic that negatively impacts its victims, and even the person doing the bullying. Bullying is the act that causes harassment, embarrassment, humiliation, intimidation, and physical or emotional trauma, and is present no matter the age, race, gender, religion, or culture. Although society has seen the ever growing epidemic of bullying in school aged children, the argument of the damaging and everlasting psychological effects that bullying has on the victims are not always talked about or analyzed to show how the victimization impacts the child for much longer than just their childhood. This paper will analyze the long term damaging effects that bullying had on its school aged victims, while looking at the implications for therapists treating the victims, the therapeutic aspects related to bullying, and how the use of therapy can lessen the long term effects that bullying will have on the bullies and their victims. Although, there may not be a complete solution to bullying itself, there is a solution that will limit some of the damaging done to a person from victimization of bullying, by implementing anti-bullying programs in the school systems, and using therapists for all children involved to help the children process their thoughts, feeling, and emotions that stem from bullying.
There are many different forms of bullying that school aged children are faced with. There is face-to-face bullying in school and out of school, and then there is what is known as cyberbullying, bullying that is sent through technology devices such as computers, cell phones, or any other form of technology that has access to the internet and social media sites. “Although the Internet has transformed the way our world operates, it has also served as a venue for cyberbullying, a serious form of misbehavior among youth” (Kowalski, Guimetti, Schroeder & Lattanner, 2014). Cyberbullying makes bullying much easier to be done to the victims, and much harder to be monitored or caught due to not always knowing the location of the person that is causing the victimization. “Advances in social media, email, instant messaging, and cell phones, however, have moved bullying from a schoolyard fear to a constant threat” (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, & Ebrary, 2012). As stated before, there is no one school aged child that is immune to bullying or the effects of bullying. “One out of every four students (22%) report being bullied during the school year (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2015) The victimization of bullying may not effect one personally, but effect a loved one or friend, the indirect effects can be damaging just as the direct victimization of bullying. “Bullying among children has become a serious issue in schools today. Bullying is a universal phenomenon that is affecting an extraordinary number of school-aged children” (Powell & Ladd, 2010).
Dan Olweus, a researcher that specializes in research pertaining to bullying, provided his findings and views on two different types of bullying. The first of the different types of bullying is direct bullying, bullying that consists physical attacks on a victim that are relatively open. The second type of bullying is indirect bullying and can be defined as behaviors “include social isolation and intentional exclusion from groups. Indirect bullying has been also labeled relational aggression” (Powell& Ladd, 2010) this seen more in females rather than males. Dan Olweus explained that “the term bullying should only be used to describe relationships in which there is an imbalance of power, not merely for two students who happen to be fighting” (Olweus, 1993). Then certain characteristics must also be present to properly label bullying, those being “harmful intent, imbalance of power or strength, and repetition of negative actions” (Olweus, 1993).
Bullying causes psychological damages in not only the victim, but also the one that does the bullying. When looking at the school-aged children and how they are mentally and socially damaged by bullying, we see that is the trauma that they have been exposed to can change who the child is and how they view the world around them. In the article Bullying Among Students and its Consequences on Health, three studies were evaluated to look at the long term effects that bullying had on school-aged children, by looking at the characteristics and implications of this type of aggression. “Whether the attacker(s) or the attacked, all protagonists in a bullying episode suffer the consequences of this behavior” (Houbre, Tarquino, Thuillier, & Hergott, 2006). In the first study the examiners found that those being attacked and the attackers themselves shown to have the lowest self-concepts in every area studied. In the second study the results shown that the groups containing the bullies and the victims reported that they had more psychosomatic problems, and shown to have a positive link between behavioral problems and the onset of psychosomatic disorders (Houbre, Tarquino, Thuillier, & Hergott, 2006), the third study was an exploratory study seen the traumatic impact that bullying had on those that had addictive behaviors. “behavior. Children who had vivid memories of being the victim of an aggressive act manifested a high level of post-traumatic stress” (Houbre, Tarquino, Thuillier, & Hergott, 2006). These studies and research have shown that children that are victims of bullying show to have the feelings of being socially incompetent, lack of self-worth, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and depression. School aged children that suffered severe victimization from bullying shown to be in poor physical health, and suffered from sleep disorders, bed-wetting, headaches, stomachaches, and feeling of worthlessness.
This article stated, “Being victimized also generates a great deal of distress in a child. Anxiety, depression, loneliness, isolation, fear of going to school - all the necessary elements are present for provoking emotional and behavioral disorders in the bullied child” (Houbre, Tarquino, Thuillier, & Hergott, 2006). The Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was a questionnaire that was administered, which studies the results of school bullying, another questionnaire was given that were the Peer Victimization Scale and the Bullying Behavior Scale. The results show that the damages are not just present on the victim, but also the bully and that the effects of bullying are psychologically damaging and can be everlasting, if the child does not seek the professional help of mental health providers.
The effects that bullying has on its victims can long term and short term. Bullying can cause its victims to feel depressed, embarrassed, insecure, ashamed. The school aged victims of bullying can have low self-esteem and school phobia, due to the trauma they have experienced from the victimization of bullying. When looking specifically at school-aged children and bullying, the victims worry about going to school, worry about being attacked while at school. Just the thoughts of being attacked at school causes psychosomatic symptoms that greatly affect the child, those being stress, anxiety which then causes headaches and stomachaches. There are long term effects on the child victims that include future violence-meaning those children that are victims then become aggressors due to the trauma they have experienced, and severe depression and anxiety disorders that can continue throughout their life. The victimization of bullying can then result in the long term effect of the child becoming an adult that suffers from severe social phobias and loneliness. At times the trauma that the child faced cause suicidal ideations or thoughts. Sadly, many times the victim ends their life by suicide as the trauma has been too damaging for the person to take. There are also harmful effects bullying has on the bully themselves.
Bullicide, the act of suicide due to the trauma of bullying is another area that needs addressed. The media covers many stories of children taking their lives cause they couldn’t take the pain and trauma from bullying. A research study shows that bullying can result in suicidal behaviors, stating that victimized adolescents who are habituated to the physical and psychological pain associated with suicidal behavior may then develop suicidal desire and capability” (Litwiller & Brausch, 2013). Also in the well-known case of Phoebe Prince case, where Phebe herself was a victim of bullying and cyberbullying, she then took her life. Her real life story was made through the movie “Mean Girls”, showing exactly how damaging bullying can be to the point where a child takes their own life. Other than suicide there are other long term and short term damaging effects that a victim of bullying faces after the trauma.
The effects that bullying has on the bully can also have long term and short term damaging effects that can last their life time. “Students who experience bullying are at increased risk for depression, anxiety, sleep difficulties, and poor school adjustment (Center for Disease Control, 2012). Bullies may be seen as popular to other children, but these children (the bullies) lack close long-term relationships with their families and friends, then causing the bully to also have feelings of loneliness, aggression, anger, and rejection, all which can lead to criminal behaviors later on throughout their life. School-aged bullies learn that by bullying thy get what they want whether it be attention or what the other person has. This opening the door way for the bully for continued bullying as a means to get what they want wither physical or emotional. “Students who bully others are at increased risk for substance use, academic problems, and violence later in adolescence and adulthood” (Center for Disease Control, 2012).
Thankfully, there is a way to break the cycle of bullying so that the bully is not forever doomed of this negative behavior that they possess. The key to breaking the cycle in bullying for the bully, is my intervening at a young age (such as school-aged children). “Interventions usually include identifying bullying behaviors and teaching bullies new ways to interact with others or cope with negative feelings” (Scaglione & Scaglione, 2006).
There are two theories that are aligned with bullying, those being social learning theory and attachment theory. When looking at social learning theories, Banduras’ social learning theory will be what is examined. This theory looks at the environment of family, peer groups, and school and the strong influence on the development and maintenance of the behavior. This theory is very important for therapist and other mental health professionals to be aware of due to the focus on the child’s environment. If a child learn that negative behaviors give them the outcome they are looking for, then the children are reaping rewards for their negative behavior, thus being the reason that a therapist needs to intervene. At this point a therapist can evaluate and assess the situation at hand and use behavioral modification along with environmental changes to help the child stop bullying or feeling the need to bully others. “The intervention and prevention of bullying has become a more serious public concern recently because of research that indicates reinforcement of aggression in childhood can lead to adult violence” (Mihalic & Elliott, 1997).
The attachment theory has to do with the internal representations or models of attachment relationships- that start in infancy and follow throughout a child’s life. These attachments make up a person’s attitude, personality, and the behaviors they exhibit in relationships throughout their entire life. “According to attachment theory, aggression can develop in three ways: children may act aggressively as a reaction to the negative relationship with the caregiver, aggression may serve as a way of getting attention from a neglectful caregiver, and third, children who develop an anxious or insecure attachment often find it difficult to develop positive relationships with others and could use aggression as a defense mechanism against a perceived threat (Powell & Lad, 2010). Then applying these two theories to understand bullying more in depth it has given a great deal of insight on a person environment, and family life, and neglectful upbringings can all contribute to why a person becomes a bully. Thus, being the reason a therapist and/or other mental health professionals needs to be part of the process to not only stop bullying but also to help the bully and the victims from the trauma that they have faced.
When looking at the therapy and the mental health aspects that are aligned with bullying, there are many areas that need to be addressed and explained. The “theories of bullying rely on environment and family interactions; it seems logical that family therapy would have a positive effect on bullying behaviors in children” (Powell & Ladd, 2010). The most important key when dealing with bullying is implementation of family therapy as it has been found to be more effective for the victim and bullies along with their families. This type of therapy has been effective in the areas of one’s perceptions, social functioning, and overall mental health, also causing a decrease with bullying behaviors. Solution focused therapy in bullying cases also works well for the victim and the bullies themselves, as it frequently used by school therapist to stop bullying and its effects. The school based therapist makes a neutral ground where neither student is the labeled or the bully or the victim and they work through the difficult the trauma and the problems causing the bullying. There are many things that help try to stop bullying. “Anyone striving to reduce bullying in the schools should take the wide range of factors underlying its occurrence into account, so that an effective investigation can be conducted and conclusive results can be obtained” (Houbre, Tarquino, Thuillier, & Hergott, 2006). Although there is no concrete solution to the problem of bullying there are many different types of therapy’s that can be helpful as previously stated in this paper in regards to correcting behaviors, dealing with and processing the trauma, and understand the emotions of both the victim and the aggressor.
Some feel that bullying is not such a big problem and that it is overly talked about through the media, and lastly that bullying is just an action of being mean to another person-which it then being just a part of common life. Through the research that has been reported, the data that has been collected, and the studies that have been previously done, one can now see that bullying is a huge epidemic that causes short and even long term damages to the victim, but can also cause damaging effects to the one doing the bullying. The old saying “sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me” is completely wrong. The damaging effects of bullying show to be anxiety, depression, social phobia, Post-traumatic stress disorder, and other psychosomatic disorders can stem from bullying.
The argument that bullying isn’t as bad a society proclaims can be snuffed out after the information that has been given. The solution to the problem “bullying” is not an open and shut case, as there is no concrete way to stop it, there is however a great deal of resources that can be used to help try to stop bullying and how to help a child deal with the after effects of bullying whether it be a form of therapy or programs that are set ring place through schools or communities. Now to look at different programs and how they can help.
Now to look at what bullying programs and resources can be implemented to help stop the bullying in school aged children. One specific program to help stop bullying is the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. There have been 35 years of research in the area of bullying that was done by the founders of this program. This program is designed for school aged children ages 5-15 years of age, and is also effective in high school students. All students participate in this program, and if one child is labeled the bully, that child then has individual interventions ( www.violencepreventionworks.org). This program goal is much like other bullying prevention programs, as it is designed to reduce bullying problems, prevents new bullying problems, and works to have better peer relationships at school. There are statistics that show the success of using the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. A proven statistics related to the effectiveness of the program shows, “Fifty percent or more reductions in student reports of being bullied and bullying others. Peer and teacher ratings of bullying problems have yielded similar results” (www.violenceprevention.org). There were also significantly less reports made of bullying by the students after implementing this program. This is just one type of bullying prevention program that can be used throughout this country and all around the world.
This program has many strengths shown to be present, it there are however some weakness associated with bullying prevention programs. Not all educators are motivated to act in the best interest of the children while implementing the bullying prevention program. The resources and training for such bullying prevention programs can be costly, and finding the funding for these programs may be difficult for some schools that lack in excess funding area. Even though there are a few weaknesses with bullying prevention programs, the strengths outweigh the weaknesses when looking at how effective such programs are at lower the rate of bullying in school aged children.
All evidence used for this essay was valid and came from scholarly and reliable sources. Many research studies, evaluations, and statistical data were used to show many different areas that are effect by bullying, whether it be the victimization of bullying or the damage done to the bully themselves. There were no areas of bias throughout the collection of materials for this essay.
Throughout this paper what bullying is was defined and analyzed. Those that are effected by bullying was shown to be anyone of any race, religion, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, and gender. The different types of bullying were analyzed and shown that there is direct, indirect, face-to-face, and cyberbullying. When looking at bullying as a whole three particular studies were examined to see the results and the psychological damages that bullying can cause on a child. The information gathered shown that bullying is widely seen epidemic that effects school-aged children and that therapy and is very helpful for both the bully and the victim, in the understanding, changing, and stopping of bullying. Two particular theories were examined, those being the attachment theory and social learning theory that pertain to bullying. Although, there may not be a complete solution to bullying itself, there is a solution that will limit some of the damaging done to a person from victimization of bullying, by implementing anti-bullying programs in the school systems, and using therapists for all children involved to help the children process their thoughts, feeling, and emotions that stem from bullying.

References:
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Center for Disease Control, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2012). Understanding bullying. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullyingfactsheet2012-a.pdf.
Houbre, B., Tarquinio, C., Thuillier, I., & Hergott, E. (2006). Bullying among students and its consequences on health. European Journal of Psychology of Education, (2). 183.
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S., Agatston, P. W., & Ebrary. (2012). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. doi:10.1037/a0035618

Liu, J., & Graves, N. (2011). Childhood Bullying: A Review of Constructs, Concepts, and
Nursing Implications. Public Health Nursing, 28(6), 556-568. doi:10.1111/j.1525-
1446.2011.00972.x
Mihalic, S. W., & Elliott, D. (1997). A social learning theory model of marital violence.
Journal of Family Violence, 12, 21–47.
Powell, M., & Ladd, L. (2010). Bullying: a review of the literature and implications for family therapists. American Journal Of Family Therapy, 38(3), 189-206 18p. doi:10.1080/01926180902961662 Ramirez, O. (2013). Survivors of School Bullying: A Collective Case Study. Children &Schools,
35(2), 93-99 7p
Scaglione, J., & Scaglione, A. R. (2006). Bully-proofing children: A practical, hands-on guide to stop bullying. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education.
Trip, S., Bora, C., Sipos-Gug, S., Tocai, I., Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., & Strohmeier, D.
(2015). Bullying prevention in schools by targeting cognitions, emotions, and behavior: Evaluating the effectiveness of the REBE-ViSC program. Journal Of
Counseling Psychology, 62(4), 732-740. doi:10.1037/cou0000084
US Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics (2015) . Student Reports of Bullying and Cyberbullying: Results from the 2013 School Crime Supplement to the
National Victimization Survey. Retrieved from: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2015056.

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...You say you want the hate to end. You want the lies to stop, the disrespect, and the bullying. You cringe at the harsh words said back and forth online. The alternate world of the Internet has corrupted honest people’s minds and given them an easy, accessible way to manipulate others. This other world within our computers has not only provided an easy way to bully others but has negatively impacted many users’ lives. The immense popularity of social media has affected many aspects of the Internet: productivity levels, privacy, cyber bullying, and communication. So, parents, do something. If you want to see this generation and future generations of kids be saved from the bitter ways of the Internet, don’t just sit around and wait for a change. Be the change. Yes, the cheesy phrases of “protecting the corrupted” and “be the change” have been thrown into context, but that shouldn’t take away from underlying meaning. Although there are rewarding and beneficial aspects that are uncovered by social media, we must protect the future generations from being brainwashed by the ways of the Internet. The cruel, bitter faults from exposing personal information to the cyber world. Because the ways of life are changing and the unawareness of the negative impacts of social media has caused upsetting outcomes. So, I ask, to simply think and be aware of how social media can corrupt your children’s minds and disturb the peace there once was. Social media has become an easy and accessible...

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...Research report: 21 Disabled people’s experiences of targeted violence and hostility Chih Hoong Sin, Annie Hedges, Chloe Cook, Nina Mguni and Natasha Comber Office for Public Management Disabled people’s experiences of targeted violence and hostility Chih Hoong Sin, Annie Hedges, Chloe Cook, Nina Mguni and Natasha Comber Office for Public Management © Equality and Human Rights Commission 2009 First published Spring 2009 ISBN 978 1 84206 123 7 Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series The Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series publishes research carried out for the Commission by commissioned researchers. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Commission. The Commission is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate. Please contact the Research Team for further information about other Commission research reports, or visit our website: Research Team Equality and Human Rights Commission Arndale House The Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3AQ Email: research@equalityhumanrights.com Telephone: 0161 829 8500 Website: www.equalityhumanrights.com You can download a copy of this report as a PDF from our website: www.equalityhumanrights.com/researchreports If you require this publication in an alternative format, please contact the Communications Team to discuss your needs at: communications@equalityhumanrights.com Contents List of abbreviations Acknowledgements...

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