...Chapter 4: The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) Historical Background After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17thof February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos. The once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church. A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following: 1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law. 2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain. 3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. To Filipinize the parishes. 5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of grievances. B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They were Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del...
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...The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their religion , language, customs, arts and sciences. ➢ bahay na bato ( bahay na mestiza) . ➢ Reduccion - resettlement of the inhabitants in Spanish –style poblaciones –or at least- bajo de las campanas. SOCIAL CLASSES ▪ Españoles – with both Spanish parents ▪ Españoles peninsulares – born in the Spanish peninsula ▪ Españoles insulares or Filipinos – born in the colony ▪ Mestizos de sangley – Chinese mestizos ▪ Mestizos de español – Spanish mestizos ▪ Indios or indios naturales – natives without Spanish or chinese ancestry. Religious orders that arrived in the Philippines: Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits. • Fray Domingo de Salazar (Order of Preacher) – first Bishop of Manila. • Fray Ignacio de Santibañez ( Franciscan) – first Archbishop of Manila. Tomas Pinpin – first Filipino printer Wrote the first published Tagalog book titled : Librong Pag-aralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castilla ( Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish) for the benefit of unlettered Filipinos in the Spanish language. ➢ In 1582 , Archbishop Domingo Salazar ordered that every town was to have one school for boys and one for girls. ➢ Subjects taught: catechism, reading and writing in dialect, music, the rudiments of aritchmetic , and trades and industries. ➢ College of Manila > College of San Ignacio > University of San Ignacio...
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...Buod ng noli me tangere (JOSE RIZAL) Si Crisostomo Ibarra ay isang binatang Pilipino na pinag-aral ng kanyang ama sa Europa. Pagkatapos ng pitong taong pamamalagi roon ay nagbalik ito sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa kanyang pagdating ay naghandog si Kapitan Tiyago ng isang salo-salo kung saan ito ay dinaluhan nina Padre Damaso, Padre Sibyla, Tinyente Guevarra, Donya Victorina at ilang matataas na tao, sa lipunan Kastila. Sa hapunang iyon ay hiniya ni Padre Damaso na siyang dating kura ng San Diego, ang binata ngunit ito'y hindi na lamang niya pinansin at magalang na nagpaalam at nagdahilang may mahalagang lalakarin. Si Ibarra ay kasintahan ni Maria Clara. Siya kilala bilang anak-anakan ni Kapitan Tiyago, isang mayamang taga-Binundok. Ang binata ay dumalaw sa dalaga kinabukasan at sa kanilang pag-uulayaw ay di nakaligtaang gunitain ang kanilang pagmamahalan simula pa sa kanilang pagkabata. Di nakaligtaang basahing muli ni Maria Clara ang mga liham ng binata sa kanya bago pa man ito mag-aral sa Europa. Bago tumungo si Ibarra sa San Diego ay ipinagtapat sa kanya ni Tinyente Guevarra ng Guardia Sibil ang tungkol sa pagkamatay nga kanyang amang si Don Rafael, ang mayamang asendero sa bayang yaon. Ayon sa Tinyente, si Don Rafael ay pinaratangan ni Padre Damaso, na Erehe at Pilibustero, gawa ng di nito pagsisimba at pangungumpisal. Nadagdagan pa ng isang pangyayari ang paratang na ito. Minsan ay may isang maniningil ng buwis na nakaaway ng isang batang mag-aaral, nakita ito ni Don Rafael...
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...GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE Literature can generally be divided into two types: prose and poetry. Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone. I. Prose There are many types of prose. These include novels, biographies, short stories, contemporary dramas, legends, fables, essays, anecdotes, news and speeches. 1. Novel. This is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true-to-life stories and spans a long period of time. There are many characters involved. 2. Short Story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot, and one single impression. 3. Plays. This is presented in a stage. It is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. 4. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. 5. Fables. These are fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. 6. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. 7. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. 8. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography...
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