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Data Collection Paper

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Data Collection Paper
University of Phoenix
RES/ 341 Research and Evaluation I

Data Collection Paper
Cuando se requiere colecta data en cualquier momento de nuestras vidas siempre es con el fin de averiguar algo. La colección de esta data nos da información precisa que nos ayuda a llegar a conclusiones precisas con respecto a lo que estamos investigando. Y sin lugar a dudas, los problemas que se investigan con el uso de métodos apropiados mejoran en gran manera el valor de la investigación. De hecho, una investigación es el proceso de búsqueda de soluciones a un problema después de un minucioso estudio y análisis de los factores situacionales (Sekaran, 2003). Y una investigación de cualquier índole requiere una colección de datos.
Por ejemplo, un gerente de alguna empresa de producción en la que haya mermado la vena del producto que se produce necesitaría datos precisos que le dejen tomar una buena decisión para lograr hacer los cambios pertinentes con el fin de mejorar las ventas. Con esto en mente debemos destacarlos cuatro niveles existentes de datos. El nominal es uno de ellos. Este se clasifica en categorías y no pueden ser dispuestos en un orden particular. Por ejemplo, cuando hablamos de los distintos colores de cabello o de enero, como masculino y femenino.
Otro es el nivel ordinal el cual incluye los datos dispuestos en cierto orden, pero las diferencias entre los valores de los datos no se puede determinar o no tienen sentido. Entiéndase que se establecen categorías con dos o más niveles que implican un orden inherente entre sí. Esta escala es siempre cuantitativa ya que permite ordenar los grupos ya sea por sus características, atributos, de lo más alto a lo más bajo, etcétera. Por ejemplo, en un concurso de belleza todas son modelos, pero aun así siempre hay una primera finalista, una segunda y una tercera aunque no se destaca una diferencia precisa y exacta entre la una y la otra. Y lo mismo sucede cuando dividimos por clase social, que va desde el nivel más alto al más bajo.
Sin embargo el nivel de intervalo, el cual posee características del nivel ordinal y nominal, establece la distancia entre una medida y otra. Y carece de un punto cero absoluto. Al igual que en un termómetro cuando registra cero grados indica en nivel de congelación de un liquido, y cuando registra cien grados indica nivel de ebullición. Si obtiene una puntuación de cero no significa que carezca de conocimientos, por ende el punto cero es arbitrario ya que sigue existiendo en característica de medida.
Por otro lado, el nivel de ratio es un nivel de intervalo con un inherente a punto cero de partida. El mismo aplica tanto a variables continuas como discretas. En el punto cero de este no existen el atributo o la característica que se mide. Por eso variables como la edad y el número de hijos son buenos ejemplos para este tipo de nivel.
Así que por lo que vemos los datos pueden ser recogidos en una variedad de formas. La recopilación de datos incluye entrevistas cara a cara, entrevistas por vía telefónica, por computadora, a través de los medios de comunicación electrónicos, cuestionarios que se administran personalmente o enviadas por correo, por medio de la propia observación de los individuos y los acontecimientos, etcétera.
Según Serakan, 2003 los métodos de recolección de datos pueden ser divididos en tres grupos: la entrevista, los cuestionarios y los otros métodos de recopilación de datos. La entrevista consiste en encuestar para tener información sobre equis cuestión de interés. Los cuestionarios son escritos reformulados con una serie de preguntas a las que los encuestados dan sus respuestas, generalmente dentro de las alternativas y no claramente definidos. Este método permite recoger datos sin hacer preguntas a los encuestados. Las mismas pueden ser grabadas o observadas. Por ejemplo se podría observar cuanto interés y la capacidad de concentración con varios estímulos que muestran los niños.
Todo esto sin nunca olvidar abordar las cuestiones éticas al momento de recopilar datos. El no recopilar datos por razones egoístas y el respetar la privacidad de los datos recopilados son algunos de los puntos a tomar en cuenta. El nunca tergiversar a su gusto la naturaleza del estudio es otro aspecto importante; al igual que el tener sensibilidad con el encuestado, sin nunca violar la autoestima y el respeto que se merecen.
Es importante también ser consientes que nadie debe ser forzado a contestar una encuesta y siempre debe informársele al individuo sobre el objetivo de la misma, para que quede claro con el fin que se está haciendo. Y nunca el sujeto debe ser expuesto a situaciones que provoquen algún daño físico o mental. Por otro lado, el encuestado debe asumir como comportamiento ético el cooperar una vez que haya ejercido la decisión de participar de la encuesta. Además, tiene la obligación de ser sincero y honesto con sus respuestas.

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