...the years and spring is starting earlier. Satellites were used over a 25 years period to identify changing patterns in vegetation. They were looking for changes in leaf cover, color and growth. The study was led by Professor of geography Peter Atkinson who says that there is much speculation about whether climate change is related to the seasonal changes. He believes this study is a significant piece of the puzzle. They believe that the climate change does have an effect of the change in vegetation growth cycles types of vegetation. The studies looked at several types of vegetation such as mosaic vegetation, broad-leaved deciduous forests, and mixed leaved forests. They analyzed groups of vegetation in which the size has not been affected by human intervention. The biggest change was shown in the broad-leaved deciduous forest and the needle-leaved deciduous forest. This showed that autumn is happening significantly later in the year. The evidence was more pronounced for a later autumn than the evidence for the earlier spring. Professor Atkinson also says that there have been similar studies done in the past but that have not been as rigorous or accurate as this one. The research shows that even when they are controlling for land coverage changes across the globe, the climate change is significantly changing the vegetation growth...
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...JoTT CommuniCation 3(7): 1899–1908 Some aspects of the ecology of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, southern India and their conservation implications Nagarajan Baskaran 1, S. Venkatesan 2, J. Mani 3, Sanjay K. Srivastava 4 & Ajay A. Desai 5 Bombay Natural History Society, Bear Bungalow, Kargudi, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu 643211, India Present Address: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India 4 Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Panagal Building, No. 1 Geenis Road, Saidapet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600015, India 5 Present Address: BC 84 Camp, Belgaum, Karnataka 590001, India Email: 1 baskar@ces.iisc.ernet.in (corresponding author), 4 sks2700@yahoo.co.in, 5 ajayadesai.1@gmail.com 1,2,3,5 1 Date of publication (online): 26 July 2011 Date of publication (print): 26 July 2011 ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Editor: Renee Borges Manuscript details: Ms # o2593 Received 01 October 2010 Final received 29 January 2011 Finally accepted 09 July 2011 Citation: Baskaran, N., S. Venkatesan, J. Mani, S.K. Srivastava & A.A. Desai (2011). Some aspects of the ecology of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) in the tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, southern India and their conservation implications. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(7): 1899–1908. Copyright: © Nagarajan Baskaran, S. Venkatesan,...
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...Temperate Deciduous Woodland Biome Deciduous tree: a tree that sheds its leaves in the autumn months, when water supply is limited. By losing its leaves, trees will prevent water loss through transpiration. Also they will have more energy to grow upwards, to reach the limited amounts of sunlight in the winter, instead of through photosynthesis. The leaves of deciduous trees are broad and thin so that there is a larger surface area for maximum photosynthesis in the summer when there are long days of sunlight.. Temperate deciduous woodland areas are located in the climatic climax of countries with temperate climates, for example the UK. In the UK the climate in the summer is between 15°C and 20°C, whereas in the winter temperatures rarely fall below 0°C. There is around 1000 to 1500mm of rainfall each year. An example of temperate deciduous woodland is Salcey Forest, UK. The climate of a temperate biome is between 15°C and 25°C in the summer but between 0°C and 5°C in the winter. There is rainfall all year round, with between 500 and 1500mm a year. This climate allows deciduous woodlands to develop as they shed their leaves in the winter when temperatures are lower, so they conserve their energy, allowing them to grow upwards rather than photosynthesise. Dynamic equilibrium: is when the diversity of species/vegetation is balanced with the abiotic factors of the environment, eg. climate and soil. An ecosystem is in dynamic equilibrium with its environment when it is in natural...
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...most remarkable features of the deciduous forest, especially in North America. What gives this magnificent deciduous forest its name is there colorful show, tons of leaves once were held by branches, are suddenly set free, to dance in the wind, and are destined to land on a surface. “To fall off” means deciduousness. Deciduous comes from the Latin word decido. This only happens with deciduous trees. Deciduous forests bare tree leaves on winter and grow their green leaves back on spring and summer. They’re very many animals which live in the deciduous forest. Small and large animals alike use the forest for shelter and food. For four to seven months in winter the food is scarce. The animals either migrate, hibernate, or find other ways to endure winter. Sixty to seventy percent of the birds in the deciduous forest migrate to the tropics for winter. The primary consumers in this system includes insects, birds, rodents, and deer. The secondary consumers include foxes and owls, who eat the rodents, birds skunks, and opossums who eat the insects. The tertiary consumers the cougar, preys on deer and smaller animals and the bear are omnivores and eat anything organic they can get such as grass, berries, mushrooms, small animals, and carrion [dead animals]. A deciduous forest typically has three to four, and sometimes five layers of plant growth. This is a forest of some angiosperms such as fruit trees and berry bushes. Most deciduous forests have mild summer averaging...
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...This is a review of the Aspen Tree Interiors Hanging Fanback Porch Swing. This is a roomy porch swing that you can lounge on while reading a book or enjoying a cool summer breeze and a glass of wine. It's a comfortable porch swing that's sturdy and comes in a variety of colors to fit in with any type of décor you have on your patio, porch, or in the backyard. Personally, we're a fan of bright, bold colors, but you can choose the one that suits you best. Pros of the Hanging Fanback Porch Swing Amish-made Made in the USA Knot-free yellow pine Can hold several adults Durable construction Hanging hardware included Cons of the Swinging Day Bed Curbside delivery only First Impressions We've reviewed quite a few porch swings, but this is one of our favorites. The back of the swing is an unusual shape, so you could easily leave the back unadorned with pillows to highlight that design element. It's a wide 6-foot day bed that can take a thick cushion. This will turn it into a relaxing bed instead of just a swing to sit on while enjoying the outdoors. You could even use this as a place for your toddler to nap while you soak in the peace and quiet of nature. With the wide expanse of seating available in this porch swing, you'll be able to fully snuggle with your loved one. When looking at this swing, it just begs for a fuzzy blanket, a glass of wine, and the one you love. We recommend this swing for all of those reasons, but also because it's constructed with care from Amish artisans...
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...Aspens BY EDWARD THOMAS All day and night, save winter, every weather , Above the inn, the smithy, and the shop, The aspens at the cross-roads talk together Of rain, until their last leaves fall from the top. Out of the blacksmith's cavern comes the ringing Of hammer, shoe, and anvil; out of the inn The clink, the hum, the roar, the random singing— The sounds that for these fifty years have been. The whisper of the aspens is not drowned, And over lightless pane and footless road, Empty as sky, with every other sound Not ceasing, calls their ghosts from their abode, A silent smithy, a silent inn, nor fails In the bare moonlight or the thick-furred gloom, In tempest or the night of nightingales, To turn the cross-roads to a ghostly room. And it would be the same were no house near. Over all sorts of weather, men, and times, Aspens must shake their leaves and men may hear But need not listen, more than to my rhymes. Whatever wind blows, while they and I have leaves We cannot other than an aspen be That ceaselessly, unreasonably grieves, Or so men think who like a different tree. Stairway to the Stars BY RON PADGETT "And then there were three whereas before there had been four or two And then there were four or two." Thus spake the King. No one dared ask what it meant. He seemed satisfied by the beauty of the logic that had arrived, the royal hall now lightly radiant as he arose from his throne and the world fell away...
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...Biomes Tropical rainforest: * What: Hot and wet areas with broadleaved evergreen forest * Where: Within 5°N and S of the equator * Climate, limiting factors: High rainfall(2000-5000 mm yr-1), high temperatures( 26-28°) and high insolation, P>E rain washes nutrients out of the soil, so nutrients may limit plant growth * Structure: amazingly high levels of biodiversity: plants compete for light thus growing tall to absorb it, so there is a multi-storey profile to the forests called stratification. Many niches and habitat for animals and large mammals can get enough food * Net productivity: produce 40% of NPP of terrestrial ecosystems. Fast rates of decomposition, respiration and photosynthesis. Biomass gain very high, rapid recycling of nutrients * Human activity: more than 50% of world’s human population live in the tropics/subtropics forests exploited e.g. nutrients quickly exhausted by agriculture, commercial logging of timber * Issues: logging, conversion to grazing and to plantations forests exploited for economic development * Examples: Amazon rainforest, Borneo rainforest Desert: * What: dry areas usually hot in the day and cold at night as skies are clear and there is little vegetation to insulate the ground. Tropical, temperate, cold deserts * Where: cover 20-30% of the Earth’s land surface, about 30°N and S of the equator where dry air descends. Most are in the middle of continents * Climate, limiting factors: water...
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...My friends and I decided to go to the beach yesterday. On our way we drove down Woodward Avenue, a street that happens to be lined with beautiful old tulip trees. “Those are tulip trees; they are the largest deciduous trees in North America.” I told my friends. Of course I received the inevitable question from the back seat, “How do you know that?” I had to think about that for a minute, and then I knew; when I was in first grade we started learning about plants, and we learned the difference between coniferous and deciduous trees. I can remember sitting in my father’s car telling him about what I had learned about about , and he told me about the Tulip Trees that lined Woodward Ave. My friends are always amazed that I can hold onto information for such a long time. Of course my ability doesn’t impress me. What I find astonishing is the way that learning grows from itself, like a plant whose cutting you can put into water so that it will root. Knowing one thing, the difference between deciduous and evergreen trees, led to my learning about something close to home, which led me to learn about when the tulip trees were planted, by whom, and what zoning rules were causing some of them to be preserved while others were cut down. Knowledge is just like that - you get a little bit of it and it grows. When I think about going to llc agreement college, about leaving the facts and sights that I’ve known and explored for years I am filled not with fear but with a rising tide of excitement...
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...taiga but mostly evergreen trees are the only ones that have adapted to really thrive in this environment. There are some animals that have adapted to live in the cold and snowy environment. A predator called the ermine has a thick coat of dark fur that turns white in the winter. The snowshoe rabbit also has a fur that turns white in the winter. The wolverine is able to mate during ideal conditions by delayed implantation in which they suspend dormant fertilized eggs until the conditions are ideal for bearing their young. Rainforests are the most diverse having more than 15 million species living in the biome. The rainforest biome is sometimes separated into two different biomes. They are referred to as tropical and temperate. The tropical rainforests are located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. More than half are in Latin America and about a third are in Brazil. The rest are in Southeast Asia and West Africa. Temperate rainforests are located along the Pacific Coast of North America stretching from Oregon to Alaska and in South America along the coast of Chile. They are other small areas found along the coasts of Australia, United Kingdom,...
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...of the area, whereas for others they are regarded as a product of human interference. Discuss the statement in the context of the tropical biome you have studied. [40] A tropical rainforest is an ecosystem type that occurs roughly within the latitudes 28 degrees north or south of the equator (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). This ecosystem experiences high average temperatures and a significant amount of rainfall. In particular, I will be focusing on Borneo Rainforest, which is the oldest rainforest in the world. The island is divided among three countries (figure 1): Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory. In the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. Climate is the average weather the region receives over a 30 year period. Climate can be on a global scale or a local scale, for instance where it is mountainous more rainfall is generated therefore that region sees a different climate to perhaps a neighbouring region. Aspect and altitude also affects climate, which will be explored in greater detail. The purpose of this essay is to explore whether the natural, climatic factors have influenced the characteristics of the rainforest, or whether humans have had an influence on it. I will be focusing in the current day characteristics to start off with, and after establishing these I will then describe the climatic...
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...Madagascar Rainforest Madagascar, located approximately 400 kilometers east of Africa is the world's fourth largest island. Because of its isolation it is occupied by some of the most unusual and rare species of plants and animals on earth. Madagascar was at one time formerly an independent kingdom; became a French colony in 1896 and regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule(Science 1990). The main historical problem with international trade has been the correlated destruction of the environment. This is especially true when it comes to the issue of deforestation. In Madagascar, (Economic Geography, 1993) people have been cutting down the forests for decades. Throughout the past century, much of the rainforests of Madagascar have disappeared. People have begun moving out of the cities, industries have started to expand, and the use of land for farming (particularly coffee) has dramatically increased. All of these phenomenons have led to the destruction of the forest of Madagascar. Many plants and animal species have been severely endangered due to the deforestation (New Scientist 1990). With a current population near 14 million and growing at roughly 3% yearly combined with a per capita income of $230 per year, the major threats to the remaining forest are driven by subsistence needs and cutting for fuel. This has become a major issue, not only because of the value...
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...INTRODUCTION Before the dawn of recorded history, caregivers, parents, and health care providers have had to treat the pain and discomfort that accompanies the arrival of an infant's first tooth. Once viewed as a disease state, teething is now considered a normal part of the human growth cycle. Obviously, caregivers will want to minimize the discomfort that is associated with the process. The purpose of this review is to discuss normal tooth development in the growing child, the signs and symptoms that accompany teething, and what treatment options are available to provide relief. NORMAL TOOTH DEVELOPMENT To most caregivers, teething is the period of time preceding the eruption of an infant tooth. In actuality, teething begins prior to birth. Primary tooth formation is an ongoing process that begins in utero and proceeds through early childhood, when the root formation of the particular tooth is completed, which may be 2 to 3 years after its initial eruption from the gum.1 The pulp and dentin develop from the mesoderm while the enamel arises from the ectoderm approximately 28 days after conception. Primary (i.e., baby teeth) develop below the gumline during the first trimester, approximately during the sixth week of pregnancy; permanent teeth (i.e., adult teeth) develop at 3 or 4 months of age, which is when the primary teeth become calcified (i.e., covered with a hard enamel). A substantial amount of calcification occurs between 3 and 12 months of age. This process starts...
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...How to Pull a Tooth This occasion marks a memorable moment that many people take with them for the rest of their life. This is the beginning of the growth of permanent teeth, which will then grow into a beautiful smile that will last a life time. When pulling a tooth it is important to always have an adult around to help. Now it’s time to start working on pulling that front tooth. All we need is our pointer finger, an apple, wet paper towel, glass of water and an ice cube. Let’s start wiggling that tooth! Let’s start working out the tooth to help it come out a little easier. First, we need our pointer finger for this first step. Let’s begin to press back on the tooth with our pointer finger for fifteen seconds. We have to remember not to press to hard, just hard enough that we can feel a tingling at the bottom of our tooth around the gum. Now let’s repeat the process, but this time pressing the tooth forward. We need to repeat this process several times for the next several hours or until the tooth can easily be moved by the tongue. At this point it seems like a good stopping point for a snack, right? For this step we need the apple, not so much for a snack but to help with the pulling of the tooth. The apple is going to help put a little extra pressure on the tooth just enough to pop it out. Make sure the first bite is a big one. We’re going to count to three and on the count of three take one big bite into that red, juicy apple. Ready? One…two…THREE! ...
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...Internet Assignment 1 New Zealand Forest Resources New Zealand is a widely diverse ecoregion which is made up of 7 contiguous ecoregions. These regions are spread over 170,000 sq. km (or, 65,500 sq. miles). With only 5 major temperate rainforests in the world, the temperate forests of the South Island of New Zealand are some of the largest areas of native vegetation in the country. The New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) belongs to the ancient conifer family, Araucariaceae, one of the largest and longest-living trees in the world. The most southern-growing species, New Zealand kauri, is restricted to the sub-tropical forests in areas north of latitude 38°. The Afforestation Grant Scheme (AGS) helps growers establish new forest plantations. Producing 100% of its products from plantation forests; the New Zealand plantation forests and wood products industry is based on wholly renewable resources, the industry is predominantly based on sustainable plantations of Monterey pine or New Zealand pine, and Pinus radiata, commonly known as radiata pine. Douglas-fir and various eucalyptus and cypress trees are also grown for timber. FOA members manage around two-thirds of the plantation forests of New Zealand’s 1.79 m ha plantation forestry estate. Over 94% of the plantation forests are privately owned and over 90% of New Zealand’s planted forests are pinus radiata. Forestry in New Zealand is geared to both domestic and export demand. About 44% of the harvested logs and various percentages...
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...Situation analysis Kenya’s forests are rapidly declining due to pressure from increased population and other land uses. With B of the country being arid and semi-arid, there is a lot of strain on the rest of the land since the economy is natural resource based. The productive area which forms about 20% of the country’s area falls in the medium and high potential agro-ecological zones and is under agriculture, forest and nature reserves. According to FAO Forest Resource Assessment 1990, Kenya is classified among the countries with low forest cover of less than 2% of the total land area. The dwindling forest cover has a severe effect on the climate, wildlife, streams, human population especially forest dwellers. Introduction. Deforestation is clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area, but swaths the size of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Reasons for cutting down the trees Forests are cut down for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families.The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process...
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