A biome is a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms. In Miller and Levine Biology, 10 biomes are discussed. They are the Tropical Rain Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, Tropical Grassland, the Desert, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Woodland, Temperate Forest, Northwestern Coniferous Forest, Boreal Forest, and the Tundra. They all have a vast amount of differences between all of the biomes, and they will be discussed. Although not discussed in the book, the taiga is the biggest biome. The average temperature of the taiga is 32 degrees fahrenheit with about 12 to 33 inches of precipitation per year. There is little diversity in plant life. A few broad leaf tree species live in the taiga but mostly evergreen trees are the only ones that have adapted to really thrive in this environment. There are some animals that have adapted to live in the cold and snowy environment. A predator called the ermine has a thick coat of dark fur that turns white in the winter. The snowshoe rabbit also has a fur that turns white in the winter. The wolverine is able to mate during ideal conditions by delayed implantation in which they suspend dormant fertilized eggs until the conditions are ideal for bearing their young. Rainforests are the most diverse having more than 15 million species living in the biome. The rainforest biome is sometimes separated into two different biomes. They are referred to as tropical and temperate. The tropical rainforests are located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. More than half are in Latin America and about a third are in Brazil. The rest are in Southeast Asia and West Africa. Temperate rainforests are located along the Pacific Coast of North America stretching from Oregon to Alaska and in South America along the coast of Chile. They are other small areas found along the coasts of Australia, United Kingdom, Norway, Japan and New Zealand. The tropical rainforest is composed of layers. The tallest trees form the emergent layer that reach above the rest of the trees around them. The canopy is the layer of trees that catch most of the sunlight and many animals and some small plants live in this layer. The next layer is the understory that is made up of the smaller trees and bushes that have adapted to require little light to survive. The rainforest is so dense that virtually no sunlight reaches the forest floor. Plants that live here have adapted to either grow very tall or grow without sunlight. Fungi thrive in the warm, moist and dark forest floor. The animals that live here must be tough because of the dangerous environment full of predators, poisonous snakes, and other dangers. The tropical rainforest is home to many exotic animals such as the flying dragon. This lizard has built in flaps of skin that it uses to glide to safety from a predator or just to move from tree to tree. The Indian cobra is a venomous snake that has developed markings on its hood resembling eyes and can spit its venom into the eyes of an opponent. The chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla also live in the tropical rainforest. The temperate rainforest is less diverse being dominated by only four coniferous trees; the Douglas fir, the Sitka spruce, the western red cedar, and the western hemlock. The Douglas fir stands up to 300 feet tall. The Sitka spruce and the western red cedar can both live to be over 1000 years old. The forest floor is thick with vegetation unlike the tropical rainforest. Raccoons, bears, cougars and deer are some of the animals living in this biome. The elk were once endangered but are now repopulating the forests. Areas that receive less rain than forests are grasslands. The grasslands biome covers about one quarter of the land on earth. Grasslands are found on every continent. This biome can also be divided into separate biomes. Tropical grasslands are those found closest to the equator and are hot all year round. Temperate grasslands are those grasslands that are farther from the equator and have cold harsh winters along with hot summers. There are about 11,000 different species of grass that grow throughout the grasslands. Grasslands are caused by the amount of precipitation that falls. Average precipitation is ten to thirty inches per year. That is little more than in the desert. This is enough to support grass but not enough to support trees. Therefore, they usually exist between forests and deserts. Grasslands can also be divided into tall, medium, and short grasslands. The height of the grass is usually the product of the amount of water available. Grasses have adapted to live under harsh conditions. During a drought the plants become dormant. New shoots emerge when rain falls. Also, grasses grow from the ground up as opposed to branching out and can be eaten or cut and still continue to grow. Because of their rich soil, grasslands make great farmlands. Large animals that live in this biome usually stay in herds because of the wide open spaces. The bison lived off the grasslands of North America until they were brought close to extinction by European settlers. Now the population has been built up in reserves but they no longer live in the wild. The African elephant takes advantage of the rolling plains of grass and eats over 400 pounds of plants every day. Lions live in groups of about twenty and work together to drive and kill prey. The prairie dog is a pest of the grassland and destroys many cattle ranges in North America. The black-footed ferret feeds mainly on prairie dogs but since farmers have started poisoning the prairie dogs, the ferrets have become endangered. Hyenas are also considered pests because they kill livestock. Grasslands that receive less rain become deserts. The desert biome can actually be separated into hot deserts and cold deserts. They both get less than ten inches of precipitation per year but in different forms. The main form of precipitation in hot deserts is rain and snow is the main form in cold deserts. Deserts also have a wide temperature range. This is caused by the lack of humidity in the dry desert that acts as a blanket in other more humid biomes to absorb and retain heat. The desert biome covers northern Africa and some of southern Africa, most of Australia, western North America, western Asia, and the west coast of South America. Desert plants have adapted to the hot and dry conditions. The aloe plant has a sort of waterproof coating that keeps it from losing water. The saguaro cactus has very long roots that extend far from its trunk to collect as much water as possible. Other species of cacti expand to retain more water. The animals of the desert have been forced to adjust to desert life. Some are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat of the day and are able to live off of very little water. There are toads that spend more time under the ground than above. The sand rat stores fat when there is plenty to eat and then lives off of that fat when food is scarce. The addax is a cow-like animal that gets its only water from the plants that it eats. The sidewinder snake moves differently than other snakes to minimize contact with the hot desert sand. Another biome that gets about the same amount of precipitation as the desert is the arctic tundra. The tundra biome is found around the North Pole. Less than ten inches of precipitation falls every year. Most of the ground never thaws out. The average temperature is around fifteen degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature only gets above freezing for about 55 days per year. There are some organisms that grow in the tundra. Lichens are composed of fungus and algae and grow on rocks. Lichens serve as one of the few sources of food for animals in the tundra. Grass and other plants grow during the short summer. Plants have adapted to live in this harsh environment by growing close to the ground and in clumps to protect themselves from the cold. Others have dark colored leaves to absorb warmth of the sun. The deciduous forest biome is located in Europe, Japan, China, parts of Russia and almost the whole eastern half of the United States reaching up into Canada. The term “deciduous” refers to the leaves that fall off the trees every year. The seasons in this biome are very definite. There is no rainy or dry season in the deciduous forests like are found in other biomes. The 30 to 60 inches of precipitation falls all year round. The broadleaf trees in this biome have adapted to the winter months by shedding their leaves. These broad leaves are very efficient at absorbing sunlight during spring and summer. During the colder months of the year these broad leaves expose the trees to the cold and dry elements of the season. The trees shed their leaves because of the lesser amount of sunlight for photosynthesis and the small amounts of water available. They do this by sealing the leaf off from the rest of the tree so it dries up and falls off. Because of the high amount of precipitation in this biome, many amphibians, fish, water birds, and insects make their home in the deciduous forest. Some animals have adapted to this biome by migrating or by hibernating during the winter months. The black bear is one who hibernates. The yellow bellied sapsucker migrates to Central America during the winter. Other animals like the squirrel and chipmunk have learned to store up food while there is plenty. The white-tailed deer is one of the most famous animals of this biome probably because of its increasing population. eIt is not surprising that there is so much difference in opinion between scientists about biomes but it is surprising that there has not been a decision made that every scientist should use a certain number or name of biomes. The taiga, rainforest, grassland, desert, tundra, and deciduous forest biomes seemed to be the most logical and most agreed upon division of the biosphere. There is so much more detail that can be gone into about this each of these biomes of this earth that it is impossible for the human mind to comprehend.A biome is a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and organisms. In Miller and Levine Biology, 10 biomes are discussed. They are the Tropical Rain Forest, Tropical Dry Forest, Tropical Grassland, the Desert, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Woodland, Temperate Forest, Northwestern Coniferous Forest, Boreal Forest, and the Tundra. They all have a vast amount of differences between all of the biomes, and they will be discussed. Although not discussed in the book, the taiga is the biggest biome. The average temperature of the taiga is 32 degrees fahrenheit with about 12 to 33 inches of precipitation per year. There is little diversity in plant life. A few broad leaf tree species live in the taiga but mostly evergreen trees are the only ones that have adapted to really thrive in this environment. There are some animals that have adapted to live in the cold and snowy environment. A predator called the ermine has a thick coat of dark fur that turns white in the winter. The snowshoe rabbit also has a fur that turns white in the winter. The wolverine is able to mate during ideal conditions by delayed implantation in which they suspend dormant fertilized eggs until the conditions are ideal for bearing their young. Rainforests are the most diverse having more than 15 million species living in the biome. The rainforest biome is sometimes separated into two different biomes. They are referred to as tropical and temperate. The tropical rainforests are located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. More than half are in Latin America and about a third are in Brazil. The rest are in Southeast Asia and West Africa. Temperate rainforests are located along the Pacific Coast of North America stretching from Oregon to Alaska and in South America along the coast of Chile. They are other small areas found along the coasts of Australia, United Kingdom, Norway, Japan and New Zealand. The tropical rainforest is composed of layers. The tallest trees form the emergent layer that reach above the rest of the trees around them. The canopy is the layer of trees that catch most of the sunlight and many animals and some small plants live in this layer. The next layer is the understory that is made up of the smaller trees and bushes that have adapted to require little light to survive. The rainforest is so dense that virtually no sunlight reaches the forest floor. Plants that live here have adapted to either grow very tall or grow without sunlight. Fungi thrive in the warm, moist and dark forest floor. The animals that live here must be tough because of the dangerous environment full of predators, poisonous snakes, and other dangers. The tropical rainforest is home to many exotic animals such as the flying dragon. This lizard has built in flaps of skin that it uses to glide to safety from a predator or just to move from tree to tree. The Indian cobra is a venomous snake that has developed markings on its hood resembling eyes and can spit its venom into the eyes of an opponent. The chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla also live in the tropical rainforest. The temperate rainforest is less diverse being dominated by only four coniferous trees; the Douglas fir, the Sitka spruce, the western red cedar, and the western hemlock. The Douglas fir stands up to 300 feet tall. The Sitka spruce and the western red cedar can both live to be over 1000 years old. The forest floor is thick with vegetation unlike the tropical rainforest. Raccoons, bears, cougars and deer are some of the animals living in this biome. The elk were once endangered but are now repopulating the forests. Areas that receive less rain than forests are grasslands. The grasslands biome covers about one quarter of the land on earth. Grasslands are found on every continent. This biome can also be divided into separate biomes. Tropical grasslands are those found closest to the equator and are hot all year round. Temperate grasslands are those grasslands that are farther from the equator and have cold harsh winters along with hot summers. There are about 11,000 different species of grass that grow throughout the grasslands. Grasslands are caused by the amount of precipitation that falls. Average precipitation is ten to thirty inches per year. That is little more than in the desert. This is enough to support grass but not enough to support trees. Therefore, they usually exist between forests and deserts. Grasslands can also be divided into tall, medium, and short grasslands. The height of the grass is usually the product of the amount of water available. Grasses have adapted to live under harsh conditions. During a drought the plants become dormant. New shoots emerge when rain falls. Also, grasses grow from the ground up as opposed to branching out and can be eaten or cut and still continue to grow. Because of their rich soil, grasslands make great farmlands. Large animals that live in this biome usually stay in herds because of the wide open spaces. The bison lived off the grasslands of North America until they were brought close to extinction by European settlers. Now the population has been built up in reserves but they no longer live in the wild. The African elephant takes advantage of the rolling plains of grass and eats over 400 pounds of plants every day. Lions live in groups of about twenty and work together to drive and kill prey. The prairie dog is a pest of the grassland and destroys many cattle ranges in North America. The black-footed ferret feeds mainly on prairie dogs but since farmers have started poisoning the prairie dogs, the ferrets have become endangered. Hyenas are also considered pests because they kill livestock. Grasslands that receive less rain become deserts. The desert biome can actually be separated into hot deserts and cold deserts. They both get less than ten inches of precipitation per year but in different forms. The main form of precipitation in hot deserts is rain and snow is the main form in cold deserts. Deserts also have a wide temperature range. This is caused by the lack of humidity in the dry desert that acts as a blanket in other more humid biomes to absorb and retain heat. The desert biome covers northern Africa and some of southern Africa, most of Australia, western North America, western Asia, and the west coast of South America. Desert plants have adapted to the hot and dry conditions. The aloe plant has a sort of waterproof coating that keeps it from losing water. The saguaro cactus has very long roots that extend far from its trunk to collect as much water as possible. Other species of cacti expand to retain more water. The animals of the desert have been forced to adjust to desert life. Some are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat of the day and are able to live off of very little water. There are toads that spend more time under the ground than above. The sand rat stores fat when there is plenty to eat and then lives off of that fat when food is scarce. The addax is a cow-like animal that gets its only water from the plants that it eats. The sidewinder snake moves differently than other snakes to minimize contact with the hot desert sand. Another biome that gets about the same amount of precipitation as the desert is the arctic tundra. The tundra biome is found around the North Pole. Less than ten inches of precipitation falls every year. Most of the ground never thaws out. The average temperature is around fifteen degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature only gets above freezing for about 55 days per year. There are some organisms that grow in the tundra. Lichens are composed of fungus and algae and grow on rocks. Lichens serve as one of the few sources of food for animals in the tundra. Grass and other plants grow during the short summer. Plants have adapted to live in this harsh environment by growing close to the ground and in clumps to protect themselves from the cold. Others have dark colored leaves to absorb warmth of the sun. The deciduous forest biome is located in Europe, Japan, China, parts of Russia and almost the whole eastern half of the United States reaching up into Canada. The term “deciduous” refers to the leaves that fall off the trees every year. The seasons in this biome are very definite. There is no rainy or dry season in the deciduous forests like are found in other biomes. The 30 to 60 inches of precipitation falls all year round. The broadleaf trees in this biome have adapted to the winter months by shedding their leaves. These broad leaves are very efficient at absorbing sunlight during spring and summer. During the colder months of the year these broad leaves expose the trees to the cold and dry elements of the season. The trees shed their leaves because of the lesser amount of sunlight for photosynthesis and the small amounts of water available. They do this by sealing the leaf off from the rest of the tree so it dries up and falls off. Because of the high amount of precipitation in this biome, many amphibians, fish, water birds, and insects make their home in the deciduous forest. Some animals have adapted to this biome by migrating or by hibernating during the winter months. The black bear is one who hibernates. The yellow bellied sapsucker migrates to Central America during the winter. Other animals like the squirrel and chipmunk have learned to store up food while there is plenty. The white-tailed deer is one of the most famous animals of this biome probably because of its increasing population. eIt is not surprising that there is so much difference in opinion between scientists about biomes but it is surprising that there has not been a decision made that every scientist should use a certain number or name of biomes. The taiga, rainforest, grassland, desert, tundra, and deciduous forest biomes seemed to be the most logical and most agreed upon division of the biosphere. There is so much more detail that can be gone into about this each of these biomes of this earth that it is impossible for the human mind to comprehend.