...processes yield a better geometry and surface-finish than some others. Metal forming processes can be classified under two major groups. Bulk deformation processes and sheet metalworking processes. Bulk deformation is characteristic in that the work formed has a low surface area to volume ratio. In sheet metalworking the metal being processed will have a high surface area to volume ratio. Among the bulk Deformation, there are rolling, forging, extrusion and drawing method. Rolling is a metal forming process that deforms the work by the use of rolls. Rolling processes include flat rolling, shape rolling, ring rolling, thread rolling, gear rolling, and the production of seamless tube and pipe by rotary tube piercing or roll piercing. Forging is characteristic in the use of dies to compress and shape a work piece. The die may be flat or may contain an impression of a certain geometry. Extrusion involves forming by forcing metal through a die opening, producing work of variable length and constant cross section. Drawing is similar to extrusion in that a length of metal is made to flow through a...
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...– T. Altan, P. Sartkulvanich, N. Kardes The Center for Precision Forming (CPF), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Abstract The demand for application for lightweight materials such as Ultra/Advanced High Strength Steels (U/AHSS), aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and boron steels in automotive industry is increasing to reduce vehicle weight and increase crash performance. The use of these relatively new materials requires advanced and reliable techniques to a) obtain data on material properties and flow stress, b) predicting springback and fracture in bending and flanging, c) selecting lubricants and die materials/coatings for stamping and forging and d) designing tools for blanking and shearing. In addition, designing the process and tooling for a) hot stamping of boron steels, b) warm forming of Al and Mg alloys, and c) optimizing the use of servo-drive presses require advanced Finite Element based simulation methods. CPF is conducting R&D in most of these topics and also in many hot and cold forging related topics. This paper gives an overview of this research and discusses how the research results are applied in cooperation with industry. Keywords: Metal Forming, Sheet metal, Forging, FEM 1 INTRODUCTION The Center for Precision Forming (CPF) has been established with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and a number of companies (www.cpforming.org). CPF is an outgrowth of the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM – www...
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...Raymond Carver planted a seed into the mind of his audience that imagination prevents stereotypical blindness. This message is important because Carver touched on a current problem that we face in our daily lives known as prejudice. This problem is caused by stereotype disease and the cure for it is imagination because people will be more sensitive to how others feel. In “Cathedral”, Carver showed how Bub, as a sighted person, was struggling with stereotypical blindness and Robert, as a blind person, was able to see with his heart and mind. The elements used to convey this message were characterization, plot, symbolism, and metaphor. The first element that Carver used was characterization. The three characters of “Cathedral” are Robert, Bub and his wife. Carver used dialogue in the story to show each character’s personality traits. Robert is a blind man who doesn't allow his disability to affect his quality of life. He can do all the things that a non-handicapped person can do such as eating, and smoking, as well as watching television. Additionally, Robert is able to have meaningful relationships with people by connecting with them on an emotional level. For example, he was in love with his deceased wife and he has a strong friendship with Bub's wife. The tone that Carver displayed for Robert was genuine affection. Speaking to Bub one night, Robert stated, “I’ll stay up until you’re ready to turn in. We haven’t had a chance to talk. Know what I mean? I feel like me and her...
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...PHOTOGRAPHY. The word photography comes from two ancient Greek words: photo, for "light," and graph, for "drawing." "Drawing with light" is a way of describing photography. When a photograph is made, light or some other form of radiant energy, such as X rays, is used to record a picture of an object or scene on a light-sensitive surface. Early photographs were called sun pictures, because sunlight itself was used to create the image. Mankind has been a maker of images at least since the cave paintings of some 20,000 years ago. With the invention of photography, a realistic image that would have taken a skilled artist hours or even days to draw could be recorded in exact detail within a fraction of a second. Today, photography has become a powerful means of communication and a mode of visual expression that touches human life in many ways. For example, photography has become popular as a means of crystallizing memories. Most of the billions of photographs taken today are snapshots--casual records to document personal events such as vacations, birthdays, and weddings. Photographs are used extensively by newspapers, magazines, books, and television to convey information and advertise products and services. Practical applications of photography are found in nearly every human endeavor from astronomy to medical diagnosis to industrial quality control. Photography extends human vision into the realm of objects that are invisible because they are too small or too distant...
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...Art is not merely a visual and physical representation of an idea; Art is mental representation of ideas and emotion. Art is what we as people, with independent minds, interpret of human ideas and Creations that display emotion. Art is not merely what the artist conveys it is what the viewer interprets the artwork to be. What you see is what you get is not the case with all art. Art is not a mere image; art is a thought and a feeling. While the Creator does have intentions and an idea on what his work should display, the way the viewer interprets the art using their current feelings and thoughts can completely redefine the artwork itself and this process in itself is an art. For example a creator may make a painting that is merely a blank canvas; one may consider it to be absolutely nothing while another may consider it to be a deep representation of what life really is. As Leo Tolstoy said, “Man…by means of Art…transmits his feelings.” Some people may be skeptical by saying some art, for example a page of white, does not show emotion nor an idea but the canvas is showing the human emotion apathy and...
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...ME 303 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING PROBLEM SETS Prepared by: Kamil Özden Ural Uluer Salih Alan Mehmet Bilal Atar PROBLEM SET FOR CHAPTER 2 Q2.1 A copper bar is to be cold rolled into a section which must have a min. tensile strength of 390 MPa. If the final cross-sectional area is 20.13 mm2 and assuming the flow properties of the workpiece material are given as K = 450 MPa, n = 0.33. Calculate the followings: a) The tensile strength of the annealed material. b) The initial diameter of the copper bar. Solution It is important to understand the question well. In this question, the copper bar is annealed first then a cold rolling operation is done on it. Initial diameter of the copper bar is same before and after the annealing operation. a) Flow stress of the plastically deformed bar could be shown as shown in Course Slides at UTS Then UTS of the original bar (no annealing, no cold working) is found as below: = 450 (0.33)0.33 = 312.12 MPa . As u u Since before necking occurs ( < n) area stays constant at the whole bar, the formula below could be used: By putting the area ratio into the formula (i) UTS of the annealed material is found as: b) For this question d0 can be found by using the ratio: if < n (which means necking is not started yet) with the UTScw value given in the question as UTScw = 390 MPa, to check the value So > n which means that necking started, then UTScw becomes equal to flow stress of the deformed material, Q2.2 A...
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...midocean ridge where new ocean floor is created. Spreading may also take place within a continent. In this case, blocks of crust may drop down as the land is pulled apart, creating a rift valley. Convergent boundaries These boundaries involve collision of lithosphere plates, which may occur in three different circumstances. 1. Oceanic – continental plate convergence. If the edge of an oceanic plate collides with the edge of a continental plate a subduction zone is formed. The denser oceanic plate subducts (plunges) beneath the continent, producing a deep oceanic trench. As the oceanic lithosphere descends, partial melting of the rock along the contact zone occurs. The magma that is produced rises toward the surface and produces a chain of volcanic mountains on the land mass parallel to the collision boundary, such as the Andes in South America. 2. Oceanic – oceanic plate convergence. In this case, subduction also takes place. A deep ocean trench forms along with a chain of volcanic islands. An example of such an island arc is the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. 3. Continental – continental plate convergence. If the edge of a continent collides with the edge of another large land mass, subduction does not take place because of the low density of the continental crust. Instead, a non-volcanic mountain range is uplifted. An example of such a mountain range is the Himalayas in Asia. Transform boundaries Plates slide past one another at...
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...may actually get experience in the womb i.e. not innate even if present at birth. Assessment very difficult – e.g. motor skills and acuity – acuity 10-30 times poorer than for adult therefore difficult to assess e.g. depth perception Techniques may not be reliable- may respond to inadvertant cues from experimenter – experimenter bias (cannot ask them) Methods used • Habituation • Sucking rate • Preferential looking • Conditioning • Heart and breathing rate • PET scans Infant studies AO1 Gibson and walk visual cliff – used infants 6 – 14 months old –most refused to cross onto deep side even when enticed by parents – suggests innate ability AO2 Infants 6+months so could have learnt –when done on new born mobile animals – they wouldn’t cross – but animals not humans. Compos – babies placed on both sides heart rate measured. On deep side decreased in very young suggesting they could perceive depth i.e. an innate ability, but not worried, older infants heart rate increased suggests not only perceive depth but understand implications i.e. could fall. So may be innate ability to perceive depth but need to learn the relevance. Yonas – on video object seen moving towards infant, avoidance behaviour seen e.g. flinching in 2 month olds suggesting innate ability. Yonas 6 week old infants – one group born on time other 4 weeks late. Both had same experience but post term babies more likely to show avoidance...
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...Innovation Management WBB 10202 CONTENTS • The Factors that affect innovation • • • • Creativity versus Innovation The innovation continuum Sources of Innovation Innovation Culture and Myths University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 INNOVATION & SOCIETY Innovation have changed our lifestyle. Beneficial to society or not? University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 INNOVATION FACTORS CULTURE PROCESS INNOVATION RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE All elements/factors are equally important. No innovation if one of these 4 elements missing. Each element requires/supports each others expanding innovation Innovation by Design – defines innovation as invention plus implementation / commercialization. Invention involves the process of taking an idea and developing it into a concept. University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 Culture CULTURE University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 Trend Lifestyle Market PROCESS University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 RESOURCES University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 People Material Technology INFRASTRUCTURE University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 Organization/ Company Vision Mission Objective University Kuala Lumpur –RCMP Innovation Management WBB 10202 CREATIVITY vs INNOVATION Creativity • is the ability to think up and...
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...learning. Higher Education, 55(3), 321 - 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-007-9057-5 Alienation and engagement: Development of an alternative theoretical framework for understanding student learning Jennifer M. Case Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town Abstract In this paper it is suggested that the themes of alienation and engagement offer a productive alternative perspective for characterising the student experience of learning in higher education, compared to current dominant perspectives such as that offered by approaches to learning and related concepts. A conceptual and historical background of the concept of alienation is presented, followed by an overview of some contemporary perspectives. Drawing on this literature, a framework is then developed for characterising student learning. It comprises three categories, referring to the alienation resulting from 1. entering the higher education community, 2. fitting into the higher education community, and 3. staying in the higher education community. Each category has an associated set of theoretical tools that can be drawn upon in analysing this aspect of the student experience. Keywords: alienation, engagement, student learning, tertiary education, approaches to learning Address for correspondence: Dr J Case, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa Email: jcase@chemeng.uct.ac.za Phone: +27 21 650 2751 Fax: +27...
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...CHAPTER 2 QUANTITY TAKE-OFF The quantity “takeoff” is an important part of the cost estimate. It must be as accurate as possible and should be based on all available engineering and design data. Use of appropriate automation tools is highly recommended. Accuracy and completeness are critical factors in all cost estimates. An accurate and complete estimate establishes accountability and credibility of the cost engineer, therefore, providing greater confidence in the cost estimate. The estimate contingencies for programming purposes reflect the estimate confidence. 2.1 Importance of Quantity Takeoff and Required Documents The quantity of material in a project can be accurately determined from the drawings. The estimator must review each sheet of the drawings, calculate the quantity of material and record the amount and unit of measure. Each estimator must develop a system of quantity takeoff that ensures that a quantity is not omitted or calculated twice. A wellorganized check-list of work will help reduce the chances of omitting an item. The estimator must, also, add an appropriate percentage for waste for those items where waste is likely to occur during construction. The material quantity takeoff is extremely important for cost estimating because it often establishes the quantity and unit of measure for the costs of labor and contractor’s equipment. 2.1.1 Contract documents The contract is defined by the contract documents, which are developed from...
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...Between the end of my sophomore and beginning junior years of high school I lived in a total of four different houses. My mom and brothers moved to a separate county after the first move. I then went to live with our neighbors and trusted family friends. Their household had six people (excluding myself) in a very small living area. This put a lot of stress on me, as moving usually does, but I was also living with people who weren’t my family. About a month went by and my neighbors had found another house. A bigger house. I began the moving process once again. Once we settled into the new house I started to miss my mom and brothers. I missed hearing the sound of their voices through the house and missed seeing their smiling faces. During this...
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...1. Heuristic-a systematic approach that helps guide us through the solution process and generate alternative solution pathways. Page 9 2. Vision- is the ability to see the way things ought to be or will be in the future. Page 21 3. Paradigm- a model or pattern based on a set of rules that defines boundaries and specifies how to be successful at and within these boundaries. Page 21 4. Paradigm paralysis- a situation in which someone (or some organization) becomes frozen. Page 31 5. Paradigm pioneers- people who have the courage to escape from paradigm paralysis by breaking the existing rules when success is not guaranteed. Page 31 6. Time plot-trends over a period of time. Page 39 7. Control chart-a time plot that also shows the acceptable limits of the quantity being displayed. Page 39 8. Critical thinking-the process we use to recognize underlying assumptions, scrutinize arguments, and assess ideas and statements. Page 48 9. Predicting: Envisioning a plan and its consequences. Page 51 10. Analyzing: Separating or breaking a whole into parts to discover their nature, function, and relationships. Page 51 11. Information Seeking: Searching for evidence, facts, or knowledge by identifying relevant sources and gathering objective, subjective, historical, and current data from those sources. Page 51 12. Applying Standards: Judging according to established personal, professional, or social rules or criteria. Page 51 13. Discriminating:...
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...Many hit horror movies were released, the theory the Illuminati started, many cults arised, and Untermyer park got a disturbing new reputation. The sanctuary that park once was disappeared very quickly. It became the hotspot for countless satanic cults. Neighboring overnight workers in St. John Hospital reported torch flames moving in the deep woods, and strange chanting. What is now known as “Devils’ Cave” is filled with satanic drawing and cryptic markings. In 1976, findings of German Shepherd bodies were found in the aqueduct south, skinned, and...
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...materials she used for each of these were markers. She started to draw her mom with a circle for her head, she than went in to drawing her hair and worked her way down the body. She used the stick figure technique and than decided to draw clothes over the stick figure. She drew a dress on her mom. For the playground drawing she started with a swing because that is what she likes to do with them, so after she drew the swing she drew everyone of her best friends. There were four of them and drew characteristics within each of them. Girls wore dresses; boys wore t-shirts and pants. The watermelon she drew the outer shape of it and than drew the seeds inside it after that. She said it just makes her so hungry while she draws it. For the most part, she colored in pretty good. It felt as though she was rushed, she didn’t really take her time drawing the pictures it was rather quickly. She used shapes first and than went into more detail after that. One thing I noticed was at this age, it is hard for her to draw straight lines, and shapes. “According to the slide shows the development of imagination it the ability to pretend emerges at age 2 and blossoms through age 6. These consist of simple substitution of one object for another, and animation of inanimate things,”(Lecture 7, October 5). Scarlett used this quite a bit in her work. For example, when drawing the hair she drew them as long oval shapes. Or another example would be for the seeds in the watermelon she used lines. “The development...
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