..................................... 2 A Sample Design...................................................................................................................................3 Deciding if Frame Relay is Right for the Network.................................................................................... 4 Advantages of Frame Relay...................................................................................................................4 Disadvantages of Frame Relay.............................................................................................................. 5 Alternatives to Frame Relay.................................................................................................................. 6 X.25.................................................................................................................................................. 6...
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...WAN protocols. This high performance protocol operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI, performing any type of serial interface. This technology was developed at an attempt to resolve some of the communication problems that the other protocols would not. There was an increased need for higher speeds, an increased need for larger bandwidth efficiency, an increase in intelligent network devices that lower protocol processing, and the need to connect LANs and WANs. The Frame relay evolved passed the X.25 as a less careful, but less burdensome protocol designed to transmit packets across a network. (Horton, 2010) Frame relay is known all around the world in many different networks. There are many terms that describe and refer to Frame relay and Wide Area Networking in telecommunications. These terms are also noted when referring to Local Area Networking as well. The table below describes these terms. (Horton, 2010) Table 1 – Frame Relay Terms CIR Committed Information Rate – the minimum level of throughput as guaranteed by the service provider. DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment – a device on the service provider's network that connects to the customer's DTE. DTE Data Terminal Equipment – a device at the customer's site that connects to the service provider's DCE. DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier – a 10-bit number used...
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...What's the best WAN connection type for you? 14Comments more + * Email * Print * Add to Favorites * Del.icio.us * Digg * Hacker News * LinkedIn * Reddit * Technorati By Warren Heaton August 16, 2000, 7:00am PDT When designing a wide area network (WAN), one of the most challenging issues is choosing the correct connection type. You need to consider several factors before implementation can begin—and a solid understanding of all the connection types is critical to making the right choice. Most carriers offer three connection types: 1. Circuit-switched connections 2. Packet-switched or cell-switched connections 3. Dedicated connections Each type of connection has its advantages and disadvantages. This article will summarize what each connection type has to offer, with consideration given to bandwidth, availability, cost, and ease of management. Circuit-switched connections Circuit-switched connections are currently the most popular type of WAN connection. Circuit switching transmits data streams and datagrams across dedicated physical circuits. To provide asynchronous dial-in and ISDN services, the telephone companies use circuit switching. Asynchronous dial-in The public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses circuit-switched technology to provide asynchronous services (otherwise known as normal telephone service). Asynchronous dial-in connections offer a low-bandwidth, easily managed, cost-effective solution that...
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...Unit 7 Assignments Multiple Choice: 1. A 2. A,B 3. A,B 4. B 5. D 6. B,D 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. B,C 14. C 15. B,C 16. B,D 17. C 18. D 19. C,D 20. B,C Key Terms: Switched circuit- A circuit created by the phone company in reaction to signaling (the user tapping telephone keys or a modem sending in the same digits), with the telco tearing down the circuit when the user is finished. Dedicated circuit- An electrical circuit created by a telco on behalf of a customer, with the circuit staying up all the time, dedicated for use by the one customer that ordered the circuit. Also known as a leased line, leased circuit, and point-to-point line Circuit switching- The overall process by which a series of telco devices called circuit switches connect a circuit from one customer device to the other, with the device’s logic taking incoming bits on one segment in the link and forwarding those bits out the matching outgoing segment, without storing the bits Packet switching- the process of forwarding customer data in a WAN by looking at the header of the messages sent into the WAN by the customer and making a per-message decision as to where to forward each message. Leased line- A physical link between two locations, provided by a telco, that allows two-way communication between sites. Because the customer does not own the physical line between sites, but rather pays a monthly fee for the service...
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...Chapter 1 Data Communications Introduction 1 Chapter Objectives: Defined data communications Introduced data communications needs Communications model Overview of networks Introduce Internet 2 Data, Data Communication Data is an entity that convey some meaning based on some mutually agreed upon rules/conventions between a sender and a receiver. Data Communication deals with the transmission of signals in a reliable and efficient manner 3 Data Communication Topics covered include: Signal Transmission Transmission Media Signal Encoding Interfacing Data link control Multiplexing 4 Computer Science and Data Communications Merger In 1970s and 1980s The computer communications revolution has produced several remarkable facts. There is no fundamental difference between data processing (computers) and data communications (transmission and switching equipment). There is no fundamental difference among data, voice, and video communications. The distinction among single processor computer, multiprocessor computer, local network, metropolitan network, and long-haul network has blurred. 5 Today’s Trends Three different forces have consistently driven the architecture and evolution of data communications and networking facilities: Traffic growth Development of new services Advances in technology 6 Communication Traffic Both local (within a building or building complex) and Long distance having transmission of Voice, video and data The increased emphasis on office automation...
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...Part-1 1. What are common carriers, local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers? A common carrier is a private company that sells or leases communication services and facilities to the public. Common carriers are profit-oriented, and their primary products are services for voice and data transmissions, both over traditional wired circuits as well as cellular services. Common carriers often supply a broad range of computer-based services, such as the manufacturing and marketing of specialized communication hardware and software. A common carrier that provides local telephone services (e.g., BellSouth) is commonly called a local exchange carrier (LEC), while one that provides long distance services (e.g., MCI) is commonly called an interexchange carrier (IXC). As the LECs move into the long distance market and IXCs move into the local telephone market, this distinction may disappear. 3. Explain how cloud architecture works. Cloud architecture is represented as a cloud with connection points. Users of circuit switched services lease the connection points (e.g., telephone lines) into the common carrier’s network, which is called the cloud. This architecture is very flexible and hides its internal details. Circuits can be established as needed between any computers attached to the cloud at any point. However, data can only be transmitted while a circuit is established, and only to the one location it connects to. These designs are simpler for...
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...VOICE, VIDEO, AND DATA NETWORK CONVERGENCE VOICE, VIDEO, AND DATA NETWORK CONVERGENCE ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, FROM VOIP TO WIRELESS JUANITA ELLIS CHARLES PURSELL JOY RAHMAN Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Paris San Diego This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR...
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...Cisco Network Solutions for the Telco DCN: SONET/SDH OSI Environments This document is directed to competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), and Post, Telephone and Telegraphs (PTTs), collectively referred to as telcos (short for telephone companies). This document describes Cisco network solutions for transporting data between Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and the Operations Support System (OSS) in a telco data communications network (DCN). The DCN transports network management traffic between network elements and their respective OSS, making them a vital link between the service network and the network operations center (NOC). The solutions presented in this document will help telcos connect their SONET/SDH network elements to a router-based network using the Open System Interconnection (OSI) protocol, which simplifies the DCN and reduces equipment costs. Version History Version Number 1 Date April 28, 2004 Notes This document was created as a joint effort between Don Schriner in the Cisco CTO Consulting Engineering Group and Alliene Turner in Cisco IOS Documentation. This document was updated. This document was updated. 2 3 May 6, 2005 January 3, 2008 Contents The document presents the recommended Cisco architecture for building the OSI network. Several methods for implementing and scaling an OSI network are included with detailed configuration examples. Specific...
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... and expectations for other supportive factors are overdone. Gold will have its day in the sun at other points down the road, but the clouds on the horizon could portend still lower gold prices over the next couple of years. 6% 4% 2% 0% BRIC G7 + Eurozone (416) 594-8041 warren.lovely@cibc.ca Emanuella Enenajor (416) 956-6527 emanuella.enenajor@cibc.ca Andrew Grantham (416) 956-3219 andrew.grantham@cibc.ca “text text text” The Money Myth Gold’s allure has typically rested on two concerns about the alternative asset: money. Either inflation alone, or in concert with a steep currency depreciation, is seen as a reason for holding gold rather than the most prominent alternative, the US dollar. In terms of current inflation, it’s hard to see what anyone would be worried about. CPI inflation has all but melted away, not only in the US, but across the developed world (Chart 1). True, there’s been a bit more heat in the developing world, but for the four large players that make up the so-called BRIC group, inflation is still well below where it stood in 2011. Those in India might be somewhat more concerned, but it’s not clear that they would be better off piling...
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...HE WHO LASTS LAST LASTS BEST? As discussed in the exercise, the improvemnets in technologies and business processes at one side expands the market but on the other hand also brings decay for several players in the market. With the decay deciding the exit / collude / compete strategy for any particular industry player becomes a crucial factor. In this exercise we have two players – David & Goliath in the slingshot industry, which is one of the decaying industry. Based on theprevious quarter results of each other, both the players decide either to stay or to exit in the coming quarter without knowing each other’s choice. Since we know that slingshot industry will extinct by 1991, we need to come up with the exit strategy for the existing two firms. To analyze a possible exit point we have used the „Elimination of Dominated Strategy“ with following steps: 1. Drawing the sequential decision tree for David & Goliath from 1988 to 1991 2. Working from backwards to eliminate non-credible options at each point 3. Finding a possible set of best strategy at each level 4. Taking the chosen set of strategy above to the previous level 5. Repeating steps 2 to 4 till we locate a possible exit point for one of the players | David | Qty | Revenue | Goliath | Qty | Revenue | David & | Qty | Revenue-D | Revenue - G | | Alone | | | Alone | | | Goliath | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Jan. 1988 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.5 |...
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...Transmission Control Protocols or TCP is among the key methods utilized in Internet Protocol Suites. TCP has got two end systems, a web browser and a web server from which it operates. TCP provides delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer system to another. Internet Protocols operate at a lower level compared to TCP. An IP is used for data transmission across a packet switched internetwork. In X on and X off signals, the X means transmitter. These types of signals are used to manage the movement of data between computer systems on an asynchronous serial connection. In X on, the bit configuration is the keyboard blend of Ctrl-Q and the Ctrl-S combination is for X off. There are two kinds of transmissions, parallel as well as serial. In parallel transmissions, several bits are transmitted on the same radio path at the same time, and are synchronized to a clock. Parallel devices can transfer much more data at a time because they have bigger data buses, instead of the one wire used in serial transmissions. Kudler Fine Foods Network Overview Introduction One of the considered “best fine food stores” around is the Kudler FineFoods. However, Kudler is in serious need of a network infrastructure upgradeof their old one. To introduce the latest technologies in data collection; company communication; and information protection while providing the bestdata speeds and network access; are the main goals of the enterprisenetwork. This huge step is significant as this...
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...Bibliography * An Ice Cream Machine That Measures Smiles, CBS News, 25 June 2010 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/06/25/tech/main6616630.shtml * BBC News. "Procter and Gamble issues second profits warning." BBC . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18522106>. * Criticism in India over skin-whitening trend, The Daily Telegraph 10 Jul 2008 <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/2279971/Criticism-in-India-over-skin-whitening-trend.html> * Dove Reference: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/2279971/Criticism-in-India-over-skin-whitening-trend.html> * Eluta.ca. "Procter & Gamble Inc. ." eluta.ca. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-procter-%26-gamble>. * Mother Nature Network. "Procter & Gamble and the environment | MNN - Mother Nature Network." Mother Nature Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www.mnn.com/money/sustainable-business-practices/stories/procter-gamble-and-the-environment>. * Palm Oil Issue - "Ape protest at Unilever factory" BBC, Tuesday, 22 April 2008 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7358071.stm> * P&G. "2011 Annual Report." P&G. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. <www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/sustainability/reports/PG_2011_Sustainability_Report.pdf>. * P&G. "Purpose & People." P&G.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www...
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...Fine Foods Integrative Network Design Project Kudler Fine Foods has requested for an overhaul of its computer network infrastructure to a more efficient networking system to provide broader network communications to other stores. The service request calls for changing the administration network to a WLAN, design a WAN to link all of it stores, and add VoIP to all stores. Kudler Fine Foods need to communicate to its entire store locations so a Wide Area Network (WAN) needs to be designed with keeping the network within its budget and high end service in mind. To meet this requirement Kudler Fine Foods will purchase a Frame Relay service from its telecom provider. There are other methods for designing WANs then using a Frame Relay like X.25 and ATM, however, my initial choice was based by performance measures, cost, and network expansion to Kudler Fine Foods network requirements. All of its store locations will be using full and fractional T-1 lines which its headquarters location will use full T-1 while other locations will use fractional. In addition, the equipment used in the WAN design will be Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and routers with plug-in WAN Interface Card (WIC) that will provide and efficient communication link to all of its stores. Further, a dual-hub network topology will be the used to expand the network as well as reduce the number of Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) connections while still maintaining redundant connections for faults that occur. A dual-hub...
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...Некоммерческое Акционерное Общество АЛМАТИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ И СВЯЗИ Кафедра иностранных языков СЕМЕСТРОВАЯ РАБОТА №2 По дисциплине: «Английский язык» Технический перевод Специальность: 6M071900 – Радиотехника электроника и телекоммуникации Выполнила: Шаймагамбетова А.А. № з. к.: 12М3068 Группа СССп-12-01 Проверила: Бухина С.Б. __________________________ «_____»_________________________2012 год Алматы 2012 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 1 Annotation 3 2 PACKET SWITCHING 3 3 КОММУТАЦИЯ ПАКЕТОВ 6 ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ 10 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 11 Annotation This text describes packet switching, its modes and history. The main topic of this text is how packet switching works. Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called packets. The concept of switching small blocks of data was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s. Independently, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK had developed the same ideas a few years. Two major packet switching modes exist; (1) connectionless packet switching, also known as datagram switching...
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...MIS589_WK4_Mini-case-MegaCorp_PC Questions: MegaCorp is a large manufacturing firm that operates 5 factories in Dallas, 4 factories in Los Angeles, and 5 factories in Albany, New York. It operates a tightly connected order management system that coordinates orders, raw materials, and inventory across all 14 factories. What type of WAN architecture and WAN service would you recommend? Why? Recommendations: When designing a WAN, numerous factors must be considered. Organizations attempting to connect multiple factories or offices and remote personnel must take into account a number of variables that will impact overall costs and network functionality. When designing and implementing wide area networks (WANs) that integrate voice, video, asynchronous and synchronous data and LAN traffic, all aspects of the organization's goals must be factored into the WAN design. Specific attention must also be paid to upfront cost, line charges, network throughput, security, and the inclusion of application and emerging technologies. Requirements will change, depending on whether you are creating a new network, modifying an existing network or integrating an existing network with other networks. Assuming there is an existing network, the next step is to inventory the network, identifying the circuits and all associated hardware (routers, firewalls) and software supporting the network, and summarizing all network-related expenses. Finally, access to network performance statistics (such as throughput...
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