...KOROTOKA-HILL FORT NATAVULOA-RING DITCH FORT Definitions Fortifications (noun) - the act of building military defenses to protect a place against attack Sedimentary (noun) - material deposited by water, wind, or glaciers Subsistence (noun) - a source or means of obtaining the necessities of life Alluvial (adjective) - made up of or found in the materials that are left by the water of rivers, floods, etc. Shifting cultivation (noun) - a land-use system, in which a tract of land is cultivated until its fertility diminishes, when it is abandoned until this is restored naturally Terrace (noun) - a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming Fortified Sites in Fiji Early visitors to Fiji focused a great deal of attention on the predominance of warfare and the presence of fortifications. Fortifications in Fiji consisted of ring-ditch forts in the sedimentary costal flatlands, as well as ditch and bank fortified sites on the hill slopes and ridges. Oral tradition stipulates the main source for details regarding the basis of warfare and fortifications in Fiji. Most of these trace their origin to around the sixteenth century. A migration of a population from the west of the archipelago carried with them more advanced subsistence skills such as building fortified villages. According to the Fijian researcher Palmer, who conducted field investigations...
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...include behavior arising both within and outside the transference relationship. Defensive acting out is not synonymous with “bad behavior” because it requires evidence that the behavior is related to emotional conflicts. Affiliation: The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by turning to others for help or support. This involves sharing problems with others but does not imply trying to make someone else responsible for them. Aim inhibition: Placing a limitation upon instinctual demands; accepting partial or modified fulfillment of desires. Examples: (1) a person is conscious of sexual desire but if finding it frustrating, "decides" that all that is really wanted in the relationship is companionship. (2) a student who originally wanted to be a physician decides to become a physician's assistant. Aim inhibition, like the other mechanisms, is neither healthful nor pathological, desirable nor undesirable, in itself. It may be better to have half a loaf than no bread, but an unnecessary aim inhibition may rob one of otherwise attainable satisfactions. Note that the first example could include the mechanism of displacement, and the second, rationalization. Up to a point, mutual idealization can make for a happy relationship; however, unrealistic expectations of another person based upon this mechanism can lead to serious disappointment. Altruism: The individual deals with...
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...Ego Defence Mechanisms Introduction Ego psychology embodies a more optimistic and growth oriented view of human functioning and potential than do the earlier theoretical formulation. It generated changes in the study and assessment process and led to an expansion and systemization Of interceptive strategies with individuals. It fostered a re-conceptualization of the clinic worker relation ship, of change mechanisms, and of the interventive process. It helped to refocus the importance of wok of with the social environment as well as work with the family and the group. Moreover, it has important implications for the design of service delivery, large-scale social programs, and social policy. DEFINITION OF DEFENCE MECHANISM Ego-defense mechanisms are learned, usually during early childhood and are considered to be maladaptive when they become the predominant means of coping with stressors. What is EGO psychology? Ego psychology comprises a related set of theoretical concepts about human behavior that focus on the origins, development, structure, and functioning of the executive arm of the personality _the ego_ and its relationship to other aspects of the personality and to the external environment. The ego is considered to be a mental structure of the personality responsible for negotiating between the internal needs of the individual and the outside world. The following seven propositions characterize ego psychology’s view of human...
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...When questioned later individually, it is learned that one of the girls had a rough phone call with her mother and found out her father would not be visiting her. Another of the girls had a similar experience, as her parents visited during the week and she did not "get along" with them. Finally, the girl accused of ruining the project was just admitted and angry at her parents for placing her in treatment. One of the behavioral techs redirected the girls to playing sports and painting. The girls seem to calm down and de-escalate. What defense mechanism (s) is the three girls utilizing and why? Explain. Are there any other defense mechanisms at work here? Explain. There are many different defense mechanisms out there so for the purpose of this assignment we will use Freud’s defense mechanisms in an attempt to explain the behavior. In this scenario, the three girls appear to be exhibiting the displacement defense mechanism. In displacement, the individual focuses unwanted feelings, urges, and emotions on someone or something besides the actual cause of said urge (Feist, 2009). In this example, the girls are angry with their parents, but do not want to admit this so they take out their anger on each other instead of feeling anxiety due to the true nature of their anger. The treatment option of the behavioral tech seems to be a form of sublimation because they direct the unwanted urges or...
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...Is it possible for man to be completely selfless? A cynic may say not. But, selfless actions and thoughts are not only possible, but give a real sense of satisfaction and abiding happiness. What do we mean by real selflessness? Selflessness means we act without thought for how we will profit or be rewarded. If we give help to others, but expect recognition or the favour to be returned, this is not a selfless action. True selflessness means we would do the action, even if it was never know to anyone else. Selflessness means we identify with others. Our service to others is not an act of condescending charity in helping others, our action is motivated by a feeling of oneness. We help others because we identify with their problems and their suffering. Selflessness is its own reward. In a true selfless action we are not acting to feed our ego and receive the flattery of the world; we are not acting out of competition or desire to prove ourself to others. Selflessness means we act out of a motivation to do the right thing and help others. By definition, selflessness cannot involve inflating our ego, it does exactly the opposite. When we act only out of selfish motives we bind and limit ourselves. Every action, we calculate how we might benefit; this attitude hinders the intuitive and spontaneous feelings of the heart. When we act through selfless motives we are helping to expand our sense of self and sense of identity. This enables us to get joy from the achievements of others;...
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...A gorgeous sweet girl who many people mistake as being a supermodel. Has a rocking body with sexy curves, radiant soft skin and gorgeous thick hair which all guys want to run thier hands through. Can be shy at first but when people get to know her they will discover they've made a friend for life, a natalie is the bestest friend you could ever get, she has a hilarious sense of humour and often gives people stitches. Boys throw themselves at natalies, they love her delicious kissing, she's utterly deseriable and every guy wants a piece of her. They get lost in her big dazzling eyes framed by thick dark lashes. And can't help but kiss her when they see her full edible lips, they think she has the most beautiful captivating smile. Hates getting into arguements with people and has trouble with choosing the right friends. But when she does find the right friends she becomes bubbly,chatty and a laugh. Girls are jealous about her beauty probablly because she's one of the few girls who are beautiful inside and out. Is very hurt when she hears people talking about her behind her back and wonders what she ever did to them? At a party she captures everybodys eye with her foxy dress style, guys find her very alluring. She enjoys match-making her friends with hot guys, gives the best advice and is always there for a girly chat. A Natalie is everything a guy could want sexy, smart, funny, adorable and amazing in bed. She doesnt trust easily. She has a smile that can light up the whole room...
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...and Sam It is to observe a few different defense mechanisms in the relationship between George and Sam, such as: avoidance, distancing, reaction formation. On the scene when George told to Sam about his problem with cancer, Sam shows a mixture between distancing and reaction formation. Distancing is evident because Sam goes to looking for Alyssa, and we can observe the reaction formation the moment that Sam cries with Alyssa, a clear signal that shows his real feelings about George's problem. Those reactions avoid a closer encounter between George and Sam at the first time, but I guess that were important to Sam to take his time in order to clarify his ideas and feelings about the bad news and the future of his relationship with George. 2) Relationship #2: George and Robin George and Robin are divorced, at the beginning of the movie they had a distant relationship this situation change when George and Robin work together restoring the house. There are different deffense mechanisms in their relationship, such as: avoidance, sarcasm, formula communication. On the scene when George arrives to Robin's house looking for to Sam, the first conversation between George and Robin can be classified as a formula communication because they avoid a deep dialogue about Sam, and at the end of the whole scene when both are with Sam we can see a little sarcasm when Robin says that take to Sam such a good father. The deffense mechanisms present on the scene related, make the communication...
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...There are 3 parts to a person’s personality: the id, ego and superego. The super ego is the moderator of the id and handles the conscious. If the super ego is inadequate, then it can lead to delinquent behaviour and crime. A weak superego can lead to a lack of inhibitions while a deviant superego (identifying with a deviant model) can lead to a lack of understanding of what is right and wrong. A harsh superego can lead to a child seeking out opportunities to be punished which can include crime and delinquent behaviour. The psychoanalytical approach also says that defence mechanism can lead a person to commit crimes, for example: Denial can make a person so ignore the acts they are committing or neglect to accept the severity of them. Displacement is when a person takes their anger and frustration out on something or someone else than the person/thing that is making them feel like that which can mean attacking a stranger on the street. This theory also says that maternal deprivation can be linked to criminal behaviour as a lack of maternal affection can cause affectionless psychopathy which investigated in a study by Bowlby. He tested 44 juvenile delinquents for affectionless psychopathy. He found 14 cases of it within the delinquents, he then asked the families of said juveniles to see if there was a separation from the mother for an extended period of time. Out of the 14, 12 had spent long periods of time apart from the mother. This suggests that maternal deprivation can be the...
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...Week 5 1) Considering that burnout has been related to the amount and type of work done along with the type of work that you do or hope to do, are you at risk for burnout? Why? No, I do not believe that I am a candidate for burnout. I work with children and they change every year and there is never a dull moment so it doesn’t become monotone, boring, and repitious, which all is a clear description of burnout. 2) Describe some of the effects that secondary traumatic stress can have on professional capability. This can have detrimental effects on individuals, both professionally and personally, including a decrease in productivity, the inability to focus, and the development of new feelings of incompetency and self doubt. 3) Review the factors that contribute and explain burnout on page 89. Have you ever experienced these in your professional experience? I can honestly say that I believe everyone over some period of time experiences those symptoms or something similar to those symptoms. It is just a part of having a steady career that has to do with a repetitious field. How you handle the day to day or how you chose to see your daily career may make or break the fine line between a rut and burnout. Week 6 1) Describe some of the ways humor helps relieve stress related to trauma (physiologic and therapeutic.) I’ve independently read that laughing releases endorphins that help you calm and relieve stress. I have also learned that changing...
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...journal is available at http://www.emerald-library.com/ft Journal of Managerial Psychology 16,7 534 Received September 2000 Revised May 2001 Accepted May 2001 Resistance to organisational change: the role of defence mechanisms Wayne H. Bovey Bovey Management (Certified Consultants), Queensland, Australia Andrew Hede University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia Keywords Organizational change, Resistance, Defence, Humour Abstract Observes that the published literature on resistance to organisational change has focused more on organisational issues rather than individual psychological factors. The present study investigated the role of both adaptive and maladaptive defence mechanisms in individual resistance. Surveys were conducted in nine organisations undergoing major change and responses were obtained from 615 employees. The results indicate that five maladaptive defence mechanisms are positively correlated with behavioural intention to resist change, namely, projection, acting out, isolation of affect, dissociation and denial. The adaptive defence mechanism of humour was found to be negatively correlated with resistance intention. Identifies two intervention strategies which can be used by management to address the effects of defence mechanisms on resistance during periods of change in organisations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16 No. 7, 2001, pp. 534-548. # MCB University Press, 0268-3946 Introduction Individuals go through a reaction process...
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...Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, ruled an empire that stretched from the Balkans to the Himalayas and from Egypt to the Caspian Sea during the mid-4th century BC. But his empire soon fell apart after his sudden and unexpected death in Babylon. His goal of further conquest was thus cut short, and his empire was left without a successor. What Alexander left behind was not a huge empire, but the spread and intermingling of ideas among the areas he conquered. Some important advancement in medicine and science were thus made, owing to the collaborative work of many Hellenistic intellectuals from Alexander’s former empire. The source of Greek knowledge about medicine came from Egypt, which was fairly well-developed by the Greece was entering its Golden Age. Greek figures such as Pythagoras traveled widely, and picked up discoveries from places and brought them back to Greece. Thales gained first-hand experience of medicine when he was training in Egypt. Similar to Greek medicine, Egyptian medicine also lied in religion and spirituality. The Egyptian god of medicine was Imhotep, whose role was analogous to that of Asclepius. People would pray to him and other gods for healing, and it was believed that gods played a role in matters of health and disease. Despite these religious origins and beginnings, Egyptian medicine was rather rational and scientific. Blood was thought to be an important nutritive and regulatory substance, and the heart was considered to be the center of the...
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...The story that I like the most is “Big Bill”. The personality of each character, either the main or minor characters, is totally different and that made the story pretty interesting. The theme “friendship” made it even more appealing to me. Therefore, I had chosen this story to be the one that I will be writing about in this essay. The main character of this story is Tulsi Babu. He is different from most ordinary beings, as he is not surprised by almost everything. He thinks that “everything” has a reason behind it. This part in the story would convince you in that, “‘Tulsi Babu went back to his desk. ‘I can’t see what’s so special about a double rainbow. Even there were twenty rainbows in the sky, there would be nothing surprising about that. Why, one can just as well go and stare at the double-spired church in Lower Circular Road!’” Sometimes, he will add a little sense of humour that will make his words interesting. Tulsi is a part-time herbalist and an upper division clerk of Arbuthnot & Co Company. He is scrupulous in his work and the sentence “Baba gave adequate directions which Tulsi Babu noted down carefully.” tells us so. Not only is he hardworking, he also treats, Bill, his “ex-pet” very good. He gave Bill the best when it was in his house and he was really sad while saying goodbye to Bill the last time. He even lost his appetite when he sent Bill back where it had came from, although you cannot see from his facial expression. He is also very thoughtful towards...
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...My Crazy, Hilarious, Amazing, Cute, Friend: Kasey Mae Hayes Kasey Mae Hayes is not only my neighbor, but my best friend. She lives right down the street from me and I've known her for as long as I can remember. We both play soccer together and plan to play lacrosse and track together in high school, too. This year we have grown to become very close and so have our families she has one older sibling, Kyle. Her mom is an art teacher and her dad works from home. She is in my grade and although she's shorter than me, she's older, and I look up to her. I admire the fact that I can trust her, she can always put me in a good mood, and she is very confident in herself. One thing I admire about her is that I can trust her. Whatever I tell her, stays with her. She never gives my secrets away. This year, especially, has been hard for me. Things at home haven't been the best. I told her what had been going on and she was there for me. She said she would never tell anyone and it wasn't her place to, it was my personal business. Another way we have a trustworthy relationship is we tell each other everything even when it has to do with others. She also is always there for me and always gives good advice and supports me in whatever I do. For example, I really got to know a certain boy this year and really cared for him but he hurt me so many times and I didn't deserve it. Kasey was there for me and she had my back even though the boy is one of her best friends too. By far, she is one of...
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...Defense Mechanisms Mariel-Pauleane Gomez PSYC 393-2 September 29, 2015 My definition of anxiety is when you are experiencing an overwhelming amount of stress, but do not know the cause of it, to the point where it is interfering with your everyday activities. Freud’s understanding of anxiety is the feeling of fear without an obvious cause. My definition and Freud’s understanding of anxiety are similar to one another. Our definitions of anxiety both mention how when a person is experiencing anxiety, they not know exactly why they are experiencing it. Freud proposed that there are three types of anxiety: reality, neurotic, and moral anxiety. For myself, I think that there is only one type of anxiety, but there are different levels of it. I believe that it depends on how long the person copes or overcomes their anxiety. The longer it takes for a person to overcome anxiety, the more serious their anxiety is. When a person is experiencing anxiety, I believe that they are feeling helpless, like an infant or baby. Freud mentions that when one is experiencing anxiety, regardless of age, they are also feeling helpless. Freudian defense mechanisms ranked in order of primitive to more advanced: denial, repression, projection, reaction formation, regression, displacement, rationalization, and finally sublimation. I ranked denial as the most primitive defense mechanisms because I consider this the most generic defense mechanism because it underlies many of the other mechanisms. When...
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...Being Suspicious “A jealous Husband return in From of Parrot” is one of butler story that I found really Hilarious. The whole idea about this story is this woman is unable to be relied on by her husband who later becomes a parrot just crack me up. Butler does a wonderful job with the humor in this short piece and using techniques like allowing the reader to detect what is going on without to much of the parrot revealing what happened in the previous life. The parrot talks to his wife once she has brought him home and the words that he does say in his little mind are only small words that he expresses what he is really feeling and considering as he is unable to fully communicates with her. On a deeper level I think that this story really touches on the power of the slightest words in revealing an huge amount of information about a character. This character, being a hilarious little mistrustful parrot, while a parrot he has a sense about what his wife was now doing right under his little beak and he talks about having the words in mind but not being able to conduct what he was feeling and thinking to make some sense of it. As demonstrated in Burroway, character can be viewed in many different ways, The way in which Butler chose to allow the reader to become more and more interested in the jealous life that were valid to his current situation as a bird. Although this story had a little amount of dialog from the characters we were able to see feeling in situations that the...
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