...Women, blacks, and youth have the highest rates of criminalization, and there are several reasons to help explain this. Sociologists and theorists create and use perspectives to understand and analyze these reasons, and among the perspectives of functionalism, conflict, feminist, and social interactionism, the conflict perspective can explain why women, African-Americans, youth, and low-income people have the highest rates of violent crime victimization and exploitation. For instance, a result of criminalization of “victimless crimes” such as prostitution is one less way for people to make money. Some critics even believe it’s a waste to punish perpetrators of victimless crimes. The criminalization of victimless crimes can be seen as a way for people in power to remain in power; thus putting women and low-income people at a disadvantage. Victimless crimes also can demonstrate another argument of the conflict perspective; crime is a way to define and perceive one’s social status. How one is treated by law enforcement is a way for society to view and label a person. Because the law deems drug use, gambling, and other mala prohibit as “crimes,” people who partake those activities can be seen as low-lives, thugs, inappropriate, or other negative things. They are also controllable by the power elite, and it can be said that those in power create policies and laws in order to preserve their own power. Conflict creates and maintains group solidarity by defining and utilizing boundaries...
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...Impact of the Internet on Today’s Youth Jennifer L Benca Columbus State University Author Note CRJU 3155 – Summer 2014 Impact of the Internet on Today’s Youth The Internet is an amazing invention that is used by billions of people worldwide. It allows people from all walks of life all over the world to be connected. Use of the Internet is growing at an unbelievable rate. So fast parents are not always able to keep up with it. The Internet is a great resource to people of all ages, but with that it brings some negative. The Internet can have a huge impact on the youth of today. How it impacts this very vulnerable group of people will be explored in this paper. What Is The Internet? Before we can establish how, we must first explore what. Before the invention of the Internet, nothing had the same capabilities. Inventions such as the telegraph, the telephone, the radio and the computer, helped to prepare the world for what was to come. None of these can even begin to reach the number of people and amount of information as the Internet. The Internet Society says that the Internet allows people to communicate with no consideration to their physical location. The Internet allows us to transmit information and communicate with others throughout the world. (Leiner et al., n.d.). The first host computer was connected in September 1969. Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) installed the first Interface Message Processor (IMP) at the University of California, Los Angeles...
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...What is crime? Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via mechanisms such as legal systems) can ultimately prescribe a conviction. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently, in different localities (state, local, international), at different time stages of the so-called "crime" (planning, disclosure, supposedly crime”. A crime is therefore an act prohibited by law and punishable by law. CRIME AND ETHNICITY What is ethnicity? Ethnicity is socially defined category based on common language, religion and nationality, history or any other cultural factor. It can also be defined as a shared cultural heritage, typically involving common ancestors language and religion. Sociological insight into the patterns of ethnicity and crime may highlight things such as, demographic factors (age and socio-economic composition of ethnic communities), prejudice in the police force, links to colonial struggle and marginalization. It is important to emphasize that none of these explanations adequately explain the complex patterns of ethnicity and crime, and also tend to overlook the amount of different experiences within each ethnic group (i.e. not all young back unemployed men turn to crime). Due to societal prejudice and stereotyping some ethnic groups have come to be related with crime. For example, in Kenya, the Kikuyu community are judged as criminals. Other ethnic communities have come to believe that they are the...
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...Bullying Behavior in Adolescence Angle Robinson-Tanner BSHS/325 March 24, 2014 Candance Gilchrist Bullying Behavior in Adolescence There is one consensus amongst those researching bullying and those dealing with acts of bullying on a daily basis, bullying is challenging to define and assess. Types and frequencies of bullying vary among different, cultures, gender, religions, and ethnicities, but are still prevalent. In order to asses acts of bullying a clear definition must be given and everyone involved need to be aware of the definition. In addition, bullying should be assessed on a continuum because there are different levels of bullying. There are many adolescents who experience acts of bullying such as rumors being spread about them, name-calling, or public ridicule. These acts of bullying are fairly apparent yet identifying acts of bullying is still very difficult for most. According to Dan Olweus there is a three part definition to bullying, which includes power imbalance when there is an imbalance of power it hard for the target to defend himself against the bully’s attacks. The result of any power imbalance is that the target of the bullying can feel weak, oppressed, threatened, and vulnerable. Repetitive actions typically, bullying is not a single act of meanness. Instead, it is usually ongoing and sustained. Bullies often target their victims multiple times. Sometimes the bullying will be the same act over and over like demanding a person homework or lunch money. Other...
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...Bullying at School What is Bullying and How Does It Differ in Boys and Girls? What is bullying?1 * An intentional act. The child who bullies wants to harm the victim; it is no accident. * Characterized by repeat occurrences. Bullying is not generally considered a random act, nor a single incident. * A power differential. A fight between two kids of equal power is not bullying; bullying is a fight where the child who bullies has some advantage or power over the child who is victimized. Strategies students use to bully others:1 * Physical - hitting, kicking, beating up, pushing, spitting, property damage, and/or theft. * Verbal - teasing, mocking, name calling, verbal humiliation, verbal intimidation, threats, coercion, extortion, and/or racist, sexist or homophobic taunts. * Social - gossip, rumor spreading, embarrassment, alienation or exclusion from the group, and/or setting the other up to take the blame. * Cyber or electronic - using the Internet, email or text messaging to threaten, hurt, single out, embarrass, spread rumors, and/or reveal secrets about others. Bullying and gender:2 * Boys tend to be physically aggressive. * Boys may be more accepting of bullying than girls. * Boys are more likely to both bully and be bullied than girls. * Girls tend to bully other girls indirectly through peer groups. Rather than bully a targeted child directly, girls more often share with others hurtful information about the targeted child...
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...Justin Phillips 12/18/14 CRIM Exam Essay One may define a funnel as a cone shaped utensil with a tube at its bottom peak designed to escort substances through a small opening. Now a criminologist would define a funnel as the rapid drop from the number of actual crime committed to the number of offenders incarcerated. However with just a drop in numbers occurs at each stage, the justice system hasn’t been able to reduce crime rate. In depth, what is more important to the law would be decreasing crime and noticing that its focus on the top of the funnel. With data used to support facts, UCR reported that violent crimes like assault, homicide, rape and property crimes demonstrate how the amount of victimization happening involving these crimes is higher in numbers than the amount for those who are prisoners. Quantitative data shows that 1.5 percent is an incarcerated offender compared to the 21 million victims at the top of the funnel. The criminal justice funnel has three main types of prevention methods. The primary prevention seeks to prevent certain occurrences by looking at the underlying cause. The secondary prevention aims to identify practices and situations that put people at risk for illness or injury. For example, pharmaceutical companies that produce medications without approval from the FDA. Lastly, the tertiary prevention seeks to minimize long term consequences after the problem has already begun. It also focuses on preventing recidivism. This is a strategy...
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...Cyberbullying occurs through texting, emails, social networks and the posting of inappropriate pictures of the person or persons victimized. While technology is a positive change for the future, bullies has created a significant challenge to the safety of society’s youth. Hinduja & Patchin (2008, p. 156) In providing and overview of the literature, this review will describe researchers’ concerns and findings. After reviewing definitions of traditional and cyberbullying, this paper will describe findings on the means of bullying and the effects on perpetrators and victims. To conclude the literature review, a short overview will detail experts’ thoughts on solutions. BODY The rapid development of technology has allowed a social change among today’s youth. The access to internet has reached unprecedented levels among adolescents through many devices provided through technology. In comparison to the 1980’s into the 90’s, the internet can be accessed almost at a moment of the day. Researchers like Perren, Dooley, Shaw & Cross (2010), concluded that a high percentage of victims in Swiss and Australian adolescents of cyberbullying have one or two computer systems in their home. They also describe that today’s youth are labeled as wired. Some examples of wired include desktop computers, mobile phones, tablets, video game consoles, laptops and television. All of these devices are able to capture audio, video, and photographs while connecting to the internet. Hinduja and Patchin...
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...Many lawyers practicing in the criminal courts as well have encountered the same phenomenon. These experiences have led lawyers and researchers to wonder whether the congruence of victimization and offending is evidence of a link between the two or is purely a coincidence (Chen et al., 2014). Victims of child abuse and neglect are at an increased risk of involvement with the juvenile justice and adult correctional systems (Cashmore, 2013). An estimated 683,000 children were victims of abuse and neglect in 2015, the most recent year for which there is national data (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). Nearly 700,000 children are abused in the U.S annually (NCANDS, 2015). Throughout the literature, child and adolescent maltreatment are consistently identified as powerful predictors of juvenile and adult...
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...Bullying Prevention Every day children attending Georgia schools, participating in after school, or other school or community based activities experience the ugliness of bullying. Studies have shown that 30% of youth in the United States are either bullies or victims of bullies, or both. Unfortunately, bullying behavior as a social norm has become far too accepting by both youth and adults. Research has shown that bullying on the part of the perpetrator and the victim leads to more bullying, retaliation, violence and serves as a precursor to the onset of mental disorders and substance use. The earlier the bullying behavior or victimization, the earlier the onset of disorders and attempts to medicate the anxieties and trauma caused by bullying. Bullying Defined Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus, creator of an evidence-based bullying prevention program know as Olweus Bullying Prevention, defines bullying as “when a person is exposed, repeatedly and over time to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons.” He further defines “negative action” as “when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways.” Bullying may take many forms including physical, verbal, emotional or sexual behaviors. Bullying can be considered as intentional, repeated hurtful acts, words or other behaviors such as name calling, threatening and even shunning or demeaning that is committed by one or...
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............................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity Theory ...........................................................................33 5. AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ...........................................................38 6. CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................44 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
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...Position Paper on Bullying in the Schools Prevalence of Bullying Behavior Peer victimization is a significant problem in U.S. schools. In 1999, an estimated 5% of students ages 12 through 18 reported fearing attack or harm at school (U.S. Department of Education [USDE], 2000). In a recent national study, Nansel, et al. (2001) found that about 30% of 6 t h - through 10 t h -grade students had been involved in bullying incidents with moderate or frequent regularity. Similar prevalence rates can be found in the state of Florida. For example, in a study by Bully Police, USA, they found that of the 2, 701, 022 school age children in Florida, approximately 442, 157 students were involved in bullying. Defining Bullying Researchers commonly define peer victimization or bullying as a negative act of aggression (or oppression) which is unprovoked, is deliberately intended to cause harm, is carried out repeatedly over time and involves an actual and/or perceived imbalance of power in which the aggressor or group of aggressors are physically or psychologically more powerful than the victim (Boulton & Underwood, 1992; Farrington, 1993; Olweus, 1999; Rigby, 1996; Smith & Thompson, 1991). To clarify further, the USDE (1998) indicates that bullying can take the form of physical abuse (e.g., hitting, punching), verbal abuse (e.g., name-calling, threats), emotional abuse (e.g., ostracizing, humiliating, maliciously gossiping, rating/ranking personal characteristics...
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...........................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity Theory ...........................................................................33 5. AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ...........................................................38 6. CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................44 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
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...saved. “By words alone perpetrators of bullycide kill their victims without laying a hand on them.” (Wallace 2011) These girls should have been held responsible for their actions, yet they were not. Everyday many adolescents are being bullied to extreme measures, pushed to the verge of death, in most cases, by suicide. And just like the young Phoebe, nothing was done to help them. Is this the life we want our children to suffer through? Clearly no, but what’s the answer. Surely there has to be a way to stop this abominable act. It is clear that those who partake in bullying should be prosecuted for their incredulous actions. Bullying is a major contributing factor in actions of suicide and self-harm. Many studies show “Bullying victimization was significantly and positively associated with self-harm and suicidal ideation.”( Hay, Meldrum 2010) Victims of bullying are harming themselves to the point where they are hospitalized and are forced to miss school. This all because some people feel the need...
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...and policy. The writer also tells the role children’s rights groups have played in highlighting the problems child victims face in the criminal justice system. Finally, the writer provide the organizations that an individual can contact if he/she has been victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and homicide along with what services are not provided by government crime compensation programs. What is Victimology? Victimololgy is a sub-discipline of criminology concerned with understanding and explaining the patterning of criminal victimization (Victimology, 2008). Victimology draws together academics, activists, and policymakers from all different type of backgrounds. There are three different types of victimological thoughts. The three different types are positivist, radical, and critical. According to Miers (1989), positivist victimology is preoccupied with the patterning of criminal victimization that was a product of interpersonal crime. When it comes to positivist victiomolgy, the victim is taken as either being defined by the criminal law or by the self-evident nature of their own suffering. Even though...
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...book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One............................................................................................... 12 Ideology and the behavior of perpetrators and victims of violence Noach (Norman) Milgram Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 32 An informal approach to delinquents and their victims: An alternative to standard punishment Uri Timor Chapter Three...
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