...Abstract This paper will provide a definition and history of victimology as well as give examples of real life victims. Second, this paper will discuss how victimology is different from criminology, sociology and psychology. This paper will also discuss hate crimes, the first safe house for battered women, children’s rights groups. Finally, this paper will also discuss organizations that provide advocacy for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse and homicides. Introduction to Victimology Victimology is the study of victims of crime and the interactions between the victim and the perpetrator (victimology, 2006). Victimology is to investigate the victims role in the commission of crimes and sometimes the psychological effect those crimes have on the victims (victimology, 2007). Today’s criminal justice system is a fairly new appearance, in the middle ages victims themselves were responsible for dealing with criminals on their own as there were no authorities to enforce the law. Murder has always been unacceptable behavior, but it was always up to the victims or their survivors to determine the course of action to be taken against the person committing the crime. In 2200 B.C.E. was when Law of Moses, the Code of Hammurabi and Roman law all consisted of elements to individual responsibility for harms committed against others (Doerner & Lab, 2008). It was until the 1940’s that the criminal justice system decided to not only focus their time in...
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...kids can someday redeem themselves. First of all let’s take a look at what victimology is shall we. Victimology is defined as “the study of crime victims and the psychological effects on being a victim.” (Dictionary, 2013) Let’s take a look at why victimology is so important know a days. Here are some startling numbers from 2010. “The city of Detroit, Michigan literally looks like a war zone and violent crime is thriving. So far this year in Detroit, car thefts are up 83%, robberies are up 50%, burglaries are up 20% and property destruction is up 42%. Lawmakers in Illinois say that violence has become so rampant in Chicago that the National Guard needs to be sent in. In just one night last week seven people were killed and 18 were wounded – mostly by gunfire. In fact, there have already been 113 murders in Chicago this year. There are approximately 12 million crimes committed in the United States every single year. That is by far the worst in the world. No other nation has more than about 6 million reported crimes per year.” (Michael, 2010) With these types of numbers, there is a very big need for the victims of these crimes. There have been victims of crimes since the beginning of man; however there was no thought to study the victims until the 1940s and 1950s when a group of people, Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, and Henri Ellenberger started to study victims. “Victimology first emerged in the 1940s and ‘50s, when several criminologists examined...
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...Trends and Issues in Victimology Trends and Issues in Victimology Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon Trends and Issues in Victimology, Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One.....................
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...Victim Typologies Primary Victimization: One person targeted: - consists of a situation with personalized or individual form of victimization whereby an individual or group selects a specific person to target for victimization. A typical victim of this could be a hate crime where a specific person is picked out for victimization on the basis of their race or skin color. Domestic abuse case is also an example where the husband or boyfriend targets his wife or girlfriend. Domestic violence typically occurs within the household involving spouses or former spouses or some people in a current relationship. This is even possible among blood relatives. Regarding hate crime, this could be directed at a person or even property, the motivation stemming from the offender’s bias towards the victim. Secondary Victimization: Impersonal Target – involves an impersonal target being victimized. This could consist of a business or corporation victimizing an individual. An example of this could be a customer using their credit card in a department store only to find out that their personal information was sold out to a third party. Also, a person could use their social security number in applying for a loan only to find out that such information was sold to a third part and the customer is now being harassed to pay a loan that they may not have received to begin with. Secondary victimization involves an indirect act stemming from an organization to the victim. Tertiary Victimization: Public...
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...Its never easy on anyone when the call is made that somebody has been murdered. For one, the family is mourning over the loss of a relative. But what not many people actually think about is the hard work and process of locating the suspect. An investigator's job is very difficult, trying to find individuals willing to cooperate and give important information and learning everything about the victim would have to be some of the toughest parts of the job. Even if there is a suspect that is captured, there is still work to be done. Some would assume that the presence or proof against a suspect about the crime would be sufficient to prosecute them for the crime, however this is usually wrong. The investigators job isn't done after acquiring evidence against the suspect, a thorough report, known as the Victimology report, must be written with every detail possible about the victim. A vast amount of times while investigating a homicide, the investigator must first be able to identify the victim and provide his basic characteristics such as age, ethnicity and general state of health. Any scars or tattoos should be noted with their origins, this could point to any gang affiliation or something that could raise a red flag. After this task is complete, though sometimes very difficult, they move on to tracing the last steps of the victim, focusing on who the last person to see and speak with them were. In many cases, the last person to be seen with the victim, has something to do with...
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...Ethnicity Stephen Lawrence (racial murder) Victimology Victimisation = when you make someone a victim, stop and search, police making people criminal. Official Statisitics. · Black people make up 3.5% of the population but make up 11% of the prison population. Unfair Treatmeant and Racism Reiner 2000- Canteen culture amongst the police, including: suspicion, macho valuse and racism. victimology - victim bias Insitituational racism - Describes any kind of system of inequality based on race. Phil Scraton and Kathryn Chadwick, apply this idea to the way that black people are treated as 'muggers' is conirmation of the assumption that immigrants belong to a culture of criminality. They argue that this view is prevalent in media coverage and political commentaries. They also argue that and ideological construction of black criminality have influence differential policing and discriminatory punishment in specific neighbourhoods. They argue that criminalisation goes hand in hand with marginalisation. That policing and the targeting of particular communities have marginalised black people. Legitimate Opportunity- American Dream+ Illigitimate Opportunity- Merton MacPherson Report (1999) Police institutionally racist Waddinton 2004 - published in the british journal of criminology argues that the police do stop s proportionately higher number of blacks compared to whites. However, he argues that there are more ethnic minority youths out at night in inner cities and that...
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...criminals decreases. Even worse, it has often led to “accidental” deaths, such as the fatal shootings of African American and Latino men. On the other hand, criminal profiling is effective when applied to policing. Profiling units examine criminal behaviour to discover the characteristics of the offender and the causes of their crimes. Profilers look at three areas of the criminal’s behaviour: verbal, physical, and sexual interaction with victims. To create a criminal profile, profilers consider statistics, basic psychological principles, crime scene behaviour, victimology, location, timing, and their own experience. Profilers will also look for any indication of violence, intelligence, or composure under stress. Materials used by profiling units are dependent on the crime scene, but the most common information sought is the: Synopsis of the investigation, Relevant and any supplementary reports, Witness statements, Victimology, Maps, Photography and videos of...
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...College Campus Crimes: Content Analysis Approach Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of model of term research paper Nandi Harris Mississippi Valley State University Rochelle Cobbs Victimology When you think of the word victim, what exactly comes to mind? Someone who has been physically or mentally assaulted against their will? A person who was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time, right? Wrong, victims are people who have undergone a heinous experience of which they will never be the same again. When one becomes a victim, a piece of one’s life is permanently snatched away from them. If it wasn’t life itself the most valuable attribute that has been stolen from them is their piece of mind. There are many people that have been victims of several crimes and some survivors don’t overcome their experiences so they end up living a life of fearfulness and paranoia. Victimology is defined as the study of these victims of crime and the psychological effects they have on them from their experience. Victims come in every shape and size known to man, a victim can be anywhere around you at any time or you could be the victim yourself. I believe crimes take a toll on people the most when they’re college students living on campus. There are several crimes reported each year in regards to on campus college students, from a student’s car being broken into, to a student being raped on campus, all the way to students being killed on campus. According to victimsofcrime...
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...Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Christian Viejo CJS/239 September 12th, 2012 Bob Young Crime Reporting and Victimization Paper Imagine living in a world where there is nothing that is tracked. We would have no way of knowing our history as we do now and will only have what someone makes up. In order to know our history and the history around, it is important to take notes and keep a record of all events. The same goes for keeping track of other items such as crimes. It is important to keep track of this information so that we can pick up and trends that may be caught on and help prevent the crimes in the future. In order to keep track of this information, there are certain tools that help keep track of it. We will discuss those tools and the differences of them. We will also discuss the impact of victimization and how the data can help prevent crimes against someone in the future. Common Sources of Crime Reporting Data According to the “National Institute of Justice” (2009), there are two major reports that are used to collect data on crimes within our country. The first of these reports is called the Uniform Crime Reports, also known as UCR. The second of these is called the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Someone may ask why there are two different sources being used and the answer is simple. Each report although collects similar information, collect different information and is used by different agencies. The Uniform Crime...
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...Ted Bundy also killed for sex. Anthony LaRette, however, was a sadist who killed for his enjoyment of seeing others in pain. Many killers have a specific victimology also. Many kill what we call a surrogate. A surrogate is someone that the killer may think is exactly like someone who hurt them. Or they believe it really is the same person that hurt them. Some killers murder fathers or men that resemble an absent or abusive father that they had growing up. Others kill women who bring memories of an ex lover that left or died. Others kill families because they had a horrible home life. The family dynamics of a developing serial killer can play a very important role in their development. Charles Manson’s mother was a 16-year-old prostitute when she had him. She constantly mentally abused him and reportedly gave Charles to a barmaid as a payment for beer. She was in and out of prison and Charles was left to fend...
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...Discuss Domestic Violence, with emphasis on the different types of victims and how they experience such violence in its various forms. Prepared by : Tuduetso Kesamang Student Number: 47741325 Assignment: 02 Unique Number: 848185 Date : 09 /04/2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.Introduction 2.Definition of Concepts 2.1 Domestic Violence 2.2 Victim 3.Types of domestic violence 3.1 Physical Abuse 3.2 Sexual Abuse 3.3 Emotional Abuse 3.4 Economic Abuse 4. Victims of domestic Violence 4.1 Women and Violence 4.1.1 Women as Victims 5. Men as Victims 6. Children as Victims 6.1 Major types of child Abuse and Neglect 6.1.1 Children Physical Abuse 6.1.2 Children Neglect 6.1.3 Children Sexual Abuse 6.1.4 Children emotional Abuse 7. Crime and the Elderly 8. Conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 2 9. Bibliography 9 3 1.Introduction The paper seeks provide an understanding into how members of the family can be violated by their own members ,how they can be affected by such violation in their different forms. It highlights members of the family that experience violence as both men and women, the elderly and children and how each of them are impacted by the violence. As Doerner and lab (2012:206) states, it is common for one to think of crime and criminals as people not related to the victim. In actuality ,however, one is more likely to be killed or beaten by a person they know than a total stranger. This renders domestic Violence a hidden problem(Daves:1994)as...
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...Criminological Perspectives on Probation This assignment will critically discuss whether victims are at the heart of criminal justice (CJ) considerations for policy reform. It will consider a number of theoretical perspectives, including victimology and critically discuss how the needs of victims of crime, including the services available, are tackled through a criminal justice response and the demands of the victim movement. The essay will demonstrate the impact of politics upon policy and practice initiatives on both a national and local level. Furthermore, there will be a discussion predominately about how probation policy and practice can appropriately respond to the needs and diversity of different victim groups, whilst touching briefly on other criminal justice agencies. To allow this assignment to be focused it will also concentrate largely on issues surrounding women as victims of domestic violence and examples within Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities. The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power broadly defined the term ‘victims’ as: Persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts…that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States. (cited in Goodey, 2005:10) While Goodey suggests that victims are ‘now at the heart...
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...With the increasing use of the internet by American and other countries, cyberstalking as a crime has become more common in our society today. Because this is a newly type of crime it may present law enforcement a bit of a challenged in the investigation process. Cyberstalking is a form of harassment that should be taking seriously by the person that is being stalk and law enforcement and the investigation should be handle as any other crime MSI Detective Service, (n.d.). A step by step guide to handling cyberstalking investigation. When it comes to the investigation of a cyberstalking case, the investigator is looking for current things to begin the investigation. One thing that is watched out for is the element of the crime. If any repeated...
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...Geriatric Victims AJS258 – Victimology and Crisis Management Page 1 Respect your elders is a saying that everyone has heard. Our grandparents, Aunts and Uncles tell us stories about how things were in their days and how much the elderly were upheld in their generation. With medical breakthroughs people are able to live longer and healthier lives. As people age they become more vulnerable to financial scams, physical, sexual and emotional abuse along with neglect. Recently there have been many programs created to help and assist the elderly. In Phoenix, Arizona, the Attorney General’s office has established a task force against senior abuse (TASA), which was announced on March 4th, 2011 (Arizona Attorney General, 2011). Debra Boehlke of the Attorney General’s office stated “we have victim services division for all kinds of victims, but from the task force of senior abuse what we are trying to do is help prosecute cases for victims (Boehlke, 2011). Elderly persons that have been wronged in some type of fashion can use the services provided by TASA to get restitution and, of course, punishment for the person who committed the crime (Boehlke, 201). Tom Horne, Attorney General for Arizona is committed to making elder abuse awareness, prevention and prosecution a priority (Arizona Attorney General, 2011). The Attorney General’s office is aware of the vulnerability of their citizens and is working to make sure older Arizonians are not victimized (Arizona Attorney General...
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...Male Sexual Assault Victimology Sexual assault is a traumatic event that can happen to anybody causing long term effect on the individual. Most studies focus on female victimization, while there is little information regarding on an adult male victim of sexual assault. Society portrays male rape as a taboo or improbable because of the stereotype of males.This research paper would focus on the misconception of male sexual assault and if the victim seeks or provided aid. Male victim’s sexual orientation and offenders’ gender should not be a factor of avoiding the acceptance of male sexual assault victims. Male victims are less likely to report sexual assault than female victims. Many believe that they should have been strong enough to fight...
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