...profiler’s knowledge and with presented evidence, does have limitations, which are noted below. The use of this profile should be done with its limitations in mind. The profile should be used as a framework in further investigation and not as means of naming the offender. * The State Crime Scene Laboratory reports did not have any concrete physical evidence that can be indicative of any of the offender’s physical attributes. It is therefore difficult to direct the profile into a more focused direction * The physical evidence presented is very limited and much of it is contaminated which hinders further forensic findings * Much of the timeline of events is based on one witness’s interview, thus the scope and the time leading to the assault remain very limited * Some of...
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...Trends and Issues in Victimology Trends and Issues in Victimology Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon Trends and Issues in Victimology, Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One.....................
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...Discuss Domestic Violence, with emphasis on the different types of victims and how they experience such violence in its various forms. Prepared by : Tuduetso Kesamang Student Number: 47741325 Assignment: 02 Unique Number: 848185 Date : 09 /04/2014 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.Introduction 2.Definition of Concepts 2.1 Domestic Violence 2.2 Victim 3.Types of domestic violence 3.1 Physical Abuse 3.2 Sexual Abuse 3.3 Emotional Abuse 3.4 Economic Abuse 4. Victims of domestic Violence 4.1 Women and Violence 4.1.1 Women as Victims 5. Men as Victims 6. Children as Victims 6.1 Major types of child Abuse and Neglect 6.1.1 Children Physical Abuse 6.1.2 Children Neglect 6.1.3 Children Sexual Abuse 6.1.4 Children emotional Abuse 7. Crime and the Elderly 8. Conclusion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 2 9. Bibliography 9 3 1.Introduction The paper seeks provide an understanding into how members of the family can be violated by their own members ,how they can be affected by such violation in their different forms. It highlights members of the family that experience violence as both men and women, the elderly and children and how each of them are impacted by the violence. As Doerner and lab (2012:206) states, it is common for one to think of crime and criminals as people not related to the victim. In actuality ,however, one is more likely to be killed or beaten by a person they know than a total stranger. This renders domestic Violence a hidden problem(Daves:1994)as...
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...reported by the Uniform Crime Reporting program are categorized into two groups which include property and violent crimes and later used to measure the scope and level of crime rate in the country (FBI, 2004). The crimes reported in this part are called index crimes because reports the crimes that are very serious and they have a tendency of being reported reliably compared to others. These crimes are mostly reported directly to the police and not the separate agencies which do not contribute to the UCR program. These crimes include; forcible rape, aggravated assault, criminal homicide, forcible sex, arson, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny-theft (FBI, 2004). The part 2 offences comprises of less serious crimes which are either reported directly to the police or through the separate agencies. Only the arrest data is collected and reported to the FBI through the UCR program. These crimes include; runaways, simple assault, vandalism, drug offences, public drunkenness, sex offences, stolen property, disorderly conduct, prostitution, weapon offences, liquor offences, gambling, fraud, and driving under influence of drugs (FBI, 2004). criminal homicide and forcible rape which are examples of the part 1 offences causes a lot of suffering to...
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...TOPIC 9: CONTROL, PUNISHMENT AND VICTIMS Situational Crime Prevention - Clarke: * Three features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention: 1. Directed at specific crimes 2. involve managing/altering immediate environment of the crime 3. aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the rewards * Underlying situational crime prevention approaches is a rational choice theory of crime * Most crime is opportunistic so SCP measures reduces the opportunities * Displacement - criticises SCP - does not reduce crime, simply displaces it (several forms) * Spatial - move elsewhere to commit crime * Temporal - committing crime at different time * Target - choose different victim * Tactical - use different method * Functional - commit different type of crime * Evaluation: * SCP works to some extent in reducing some sorts of crime but with most measures there is likely to be some displacement * Assumes criminals make rational calculations - may be committed under the influence of drugs/alcohol? Environmental Crime Prevention * Wilson and Kellings - 'broken windows' stands for all the signs of disorder and lack of concern for other found in some neighbourhoods * Leaving broken windows unrepaired sends out the signal that no-one cares * Without remedial action from formal and informal social control, the situation deteriorates, pushing respectable people to move out and area becomes magnet...
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...“Privatizing conflicts”. Concerns with restorative justice Table of content Introduction 2 1 The appeal of restorative justice 3 2 Privatizing conflicts 5 2.1 Legal sphere concerns with privatizing conflicts 5 2.2 Feministic concerns with privatizing conflicts 8 3 Underexplored pitfalls 11 Conclusion 12 References 14 Introduction This paper is written within the framework of the master course ‘Restorative Justice’. It aims to be an academic reflection on some of the concepts educated throughout these classes.[1] The literature on restorative justice is extensive and therefore the case for it will not be made again here. Basic notions will not be repeated in this paper. The majority of criminologists already accept the letdown of the current criminal justice system on certain accounts; problems have been solidly exposed and opponents of restorative justice have been constantly defending the need for their rationale. Perceived advantages are well-known and have been documented soundly. But this work attempts to look beyond the reform minded and optimistic spirit that most of the restorative body of thought (rightfully) carries. Certain less obvious aspects of the theory might be underconceptualized, overlooked or taken for granted. Taking the concern of some more critical authors that restorative justice processes ‘privatize’ conflicts as a starting point, it will be explored whether or not this privatizing...
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...Women's activist criminology has generally been a standout amongst the most androcentric (male-focused) fields of study in the sociologies. Most of the examination and speculations have been in view of the investigation of male censurability and the criminal equity framework reactions to male wrongdoers. Ladies, when considered by any means, have been spoken to in negative and cliché routes, with an attention on their inability to hold fast to "conventional" models of appropriates female conduct, as in W.I. Thomas' (1923) paternalistic perspective of ladies. Besides, in its journey to be perceived as an insightful field, criminology has concentrate on target experimental examination, utilizing authority records and substantial national reviews. The outcome has been an inability to consider vital contrasts in male and female pathways into wrongdoing, sorts of wrong doing, exploitation, and disciplines. Women's activist criminology looks to address this confinement by upgrading our comprehension of both male and female culpable and criminal equity framework reactions to their unlawful acts. Women's activist criminologist try to place sexual orientation at the focal point of the exposure, bringing ladies' methods for comprehension the world into grant on wrongdoing, censurability, and reactions to wrongdoing. Ladies are not anticipated that would be crooks and on the off chance that they will be, they may be portrayed as 'frantic not awful'. The discernment that ladies may...
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...Criminal Victimization Robin Lanman Criminal Justice Professor Smith 11/02/2014 “This Article sets forth the concept of “victimization”—the idea that the moral status of a wrongful act turns in part on the degree to which the wrong’s victim is vulnerable or innocent and the wrongdoer preys upon that vulnerability or innocence. It shows the concept to be implicit in both the doctrine and practice of criminal law. And it argues normatively that victimization is at the same time essential to criminal justice and peculiarly prone to illiberal distortions, and should therefore be at once preserved and constrained. A concluding section reflects methodologically on this Article’s approach to moral philosophy in law—an approach in which the law is not just a tool with which to implement the conclusions of an extralegal philosophical inquiry but an object of study with a certain immanent moral content already in place, which philosophy can help bring to light and expose to question.”(Kleinfeld, 2013) Lifestyle Exposure Theory of Victimization and Conflict, Critical, Feminist, Theory What is Lifestyle Exposure Theory? Lifestyle Exposure Theory explains that not everyone has the same life style. Those that lead a low risk life, tend to be at low risk for criminal activity. Those that frequent bars or bad areas of town living with higher risks of exposure to crime, have a higher exposure risk to being involved in criminal activity. “Whether (Robinson)an active lifestyle leads to...
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...Crime | Behaviour which breaks laws and is punished by the legal system | Deviance | Behaviour which goes against the norms, values and expectations of a social group or society | Downes and Rock | Defined deviance: ‘Deviance may be considered as banned or controlled behaviour which is likely to attract punishment or disproval’ | Foucault | Wrote about how definitions of criminal deviance, sexual deviance and madness have changed throughout history i.e. women wearing trousers was seen as deviant, now it is ‘normal’(supports: Kuhn: paradigms) | Plummer | An act can be seen as deviant or non deviant depending on the situation * Societal deviance (that are seen by most as deviant in society in most situations) such as child abuse * Situational deviance (acts that can be defined as deviant or normal) such as killing someone, its okay if it is a soldier but deviant otherwise. | Social order and social control maintain the status quo within society and creates a value consensus of how to behave. Therefore people are socialised to follow social norms. | Some norms become second nature to people such as face to face conversations. However there are norms that we are conscious of, such as stopping at a red traffic light. | Formal sanctions (carried out by official agencies) | Positive (conforming to the norm) * Certificate for passing A level exam * Medal for braveryNegative (punishment from deviating from the norm) * Fine for breaking the law * Points on a drivers...
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...as a negative act of aggression (or oppression) which is unprovoked, is deliberately intended to cause harm, is carried out repeatedly over time and involves an actual and/or perceived imbalance of power in which the aggressor or group of aggressors are physically or psychologically more powerful than the victim (Boulton & Underwood, 1992; Farrington, 1993; Olweus, 1999; Rigby, 1996; Smith & Thompson, 1991). To clarify further, the USDE (1998) indicates that bullying can take the form of physical abuse (e.g., hitting, punching), verbal abuse (e.g., name-calling, threats), emotional abuse (e.g., ostracizing, humiliating, maliciously gossiping, rating/ranking personal characteristics such as race or sexual orientation), sexual abuse (e.g., sexual assault, sexual harassment), or hazing (imposing hurtful or embarrassing rituals against new students or team members). Recently, cyber-bullying has become another form of victimization. Cyber-bullying can be defined as sending or posting harmful or hurtful messages using the internet or other digital forms of...
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...Child Sexual Abuse Kenny Orr 12/5/11 Mrs. Walters Green Child sexual abuse can happen anywhere, in any neighborhood, in every religion or group, covering all racial or ethnic groups, and it certainly doesn’t matter how rich or poor you are. You can live in a beautiful, gated-community of homes worth millions of dollars, and your child is still not protected from being molested or abused. (Child Sexual Abuse, April 3, 2008) Child sexual abuse is the use of a child for sexual purposes by an adult or older, more powerful person, including an older child. Being sexually abused is not any easy thing to overcome (CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE. (2002). The pain that comes along with the abuse it not just physical abuse but mental abuse. The first step of this happening is being able to understand the different types of sexual abuse. The second step to stop this is to learn the effects of sexual abuse. The third step of ending this terrible problem that is on a rise is how can you spot sexual abuse before it is to late. If nothing is done to stop this, childhood abuse it will continue to rise with many consequences in the future for the abusers and the perpetrators. Child sexual abuse is a significant public health problem not only in the United States but also around the world. One out of three females and one out of five males have been victims of sexual abuse before the age of eighteen. (CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE. (2002). There are many different types of child sexual...
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...Chapter 7 Prevention of Sexual Harassment 7–1. Overview The prevention of sexual harassment is a commander’s responsibility. The EOA plays a pivotal role by assisting the commander with policy awareness, training, command climate assessments, complaints processing and overall advisory assistance concerning the prevention of sexual harassment. 7–2. Chain of command responsibilities Commanders and supervisors will— a. Ensure that assigned personnel (to include RC personnel under their jurisdiction) are familiar with the Army policy on sexual harassment. b. Publish and post written command policy statements for the prevention of sexual harassment. All statements will be consistent with Army policy. They will include the local command’s commitment to the Army’s policy against sexual harassment and will reaffirm that sexual harassment will not be tolerated. The statement will explain how and where to file complaints and will state that all complainants will be protected from acts or threats of reprisal. Each ACOM/ASCC/DRU, installation, separate unit, agency, and activity down to company, troop or battery level will publish a sexual harassment command policy statement. Units should coordinate these policy statements with the servicing staff judge advocate or legal advisor before publishing them. c. Continually assess and be aware of the climate of command regarding sexual harassment. Identify problems or potential problems. Take prompt, decisive action to investigate...
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...Fear of Crime & its effects in a Community Introduction The fear of crime creates negative psychological effects in a community. Consequently, stakeholders in the crime prevention sector need to equip themselves with knowledge surrounding this topic. They need to know factors linked to the fear of crime and the magnitude or relative importance of each. But this will only examine two factors; gender and prior victimization is really important in crime prevention strategies. Rational for the research is to answer the question does fear of crime create negative psychological effects in a community. The research question will require validation of two major factors then it will eventually necessity linking those factors together. At this point, there will be a need to move from theory to operationalization of the concept. It’s been established that there is a link between gender and fear of crime but the link is not clearly understood. Additionally, it has been assumed that prior victimization is related to fear of crime but the extent of this relationship needs to be established, Gender, fear of crime and prior victimization .(Babbie,2005) It should be noted that various methods of asking one question are possible and each approach would result in totally different responses thus different analyses and results. This research questions may be asked in such way that they give open ended responses. For instance, the respondents may be asked what their fear of crime is...
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...Midterm Question #1 I feel as though the American Criminal Justice System as it stands right now is a conflict model of law. In recent years there has been many things that have contributed to the tumultuous relationship between society and every aspect of the American Criminal Justice System. From the senseless killings of innocent people to unfair convictions of more innocent people, the Criminal Justice System has encountered many blows that they have no clue how to even begin to withstand. The state in which our society lies right now is very hostile towards anyone apart of the system. Cops are feared because they have killed innocent men. Judges and lawyers are not set upon a pedestal in society because of their convictions of innocent people based on false pretenses. After the Sandra Bland scandal correction officers have been under scrutiny. Respect, dignity, and faith in the very system that is sworn to protect the communities is very much nonexistent. People like Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and Oscar Grant will forever be known for their tragic deaths at the hands of the law. In each case, these individuals were killed for some reasons known and others unknown. At different stages within the system, these people were dealt an unfair hand. Trayvon Martin was handed injustice inside the courtroom. George Zimmerman was found innocent on a stand your ground precedent that did not apply to him. Even with audio of a dispatcher clearly telling...
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...Army Command Policy Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 6 November 2014 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 600–20 Army Command Policy This administrative revision, dated 6 November 2014-o Updates Equal Opportunity Policy (paras 6-2c(8)(c) and 6-2c(8)(f)). This administrative revision, dated 30 October 2014o Updates summary of change bullet (para 2-8b). o Makes administrative changes (throughout). This rapid action revision, dated 22 October 2014-o Updates purpose (para 1-1). o Updates responsibilities for the ready and resilient campaign (paras 1-4a-d). o Directs readers to the Army Publishing Directorate’s “notes” page on AR 60020 for additional guidance on the Army Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention Program (para 1-4e(6)). o Clarifies the groups of personnel who must be informed of the Army’s accommodation of religious practices policies (para 1-4f). o Adds the categories “senior field grade officers,” “senior field grade warrant officers,” ”field grade warrant officers,” “company grade warrant officers,” “enlisted noncommissioned officers,” and “junior enlisted Soldiers” (table 1-1). o Adds policy that the senior commander is normally, but not always, the senior general officer at an installation (para 2-5b(4)(a)). o Adds policy for command responsibility for the Total Army Sponsorship Program (paras 2-5b(4)(a)16 and 2-5b(4)(c)8). o Clarifies policy on how Army command,...
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