...American Poetry 1.1 Historical and Cultural Contexts of 20th Century American Poetry 1.2 American Modernism Chapter II The Life and Work of Some of the 20th Century American Poets 2.1 Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888 – 1965) 2.2 Marianne Moore (1887 – 1972) Conclusion Bibliography INTRODUCTION Development in learning English has widely opened the door to the unknown world of foreign literature. While learning a new language may require the devotion of a learner, it exposes the original beauty that is hidden under the names which, I’d like to mention, culture, traditions and literature. It is clearly seen from the history that a nation cannot exist without its customs, spoken language and written literature. Having all these nuances in mind, I dedicate my course paper to revealing all the perfection of literature which is expressed through poetry. There are as many definitions of poetry as there are poets. Wordsworth defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings;" Emily Dickinson said, "If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, I know that is poetry;" and Dylan Thomas defined poetry this way: "Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing." Poetry is a lot of things to a lot of people. One of the most definable characteristics of the poetic form is economy of language. Poets are...
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...from wounds sustained in a military engagement. Sidney’s major writings probably belong to the period 1578–84, though none can be dated with certainty. Arcadia, a prose narrative interspersed with verse, combines chivalric romance, pastoral, comedy, and debate on ethics and politics. It survives in a complete earlier version and an unfinished expanded version. Astrophil and Stella, a cycle of 108 sonnets and 11 songs, is one of the first English adaptations of Petrarchan love poetry. By turns witty and tormented, it is a lightly disguised and no doubt fictionally embellished treatment of Sidney’s thwarted love for Penelope Devereux, sister of the Earl of Essex. The most likely date for the composition of the Defence is 1580–82. Like Sidney’s other writings, it circulated only in manuscript during his lifetime, and was published by two separate printers in 1595 under the titles Defence of Poesy and Apology for Poetry. It is one of several English defenses against moralistic or philosophical attacks on poetry, drama, and music. One of these attacks, Stephen Gosson’s School of Abuse (1579), was dedicated to Sidney and possibly prompted the writing of the Defence. The Defence has the structure of a classical oration, a literary form much utilized in Renaissance education and later adopted in Milton’s...
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...In the two excerpts from, Letters to a Young Poet by Rainer Maria Rilke and Black Swan Green by David Mitchell, these excerpts have similar central ideas, about beauty and individual versus group identity. However the bigger idea is beauty within poetry. In Letters to a Young Poet, Rilke is writing a letter to a young poet who had originally wrote to him about getting some advice or help on his work. Rilke had tried to explain to the young writer how criticism barely affects his work, or any piece of art for that matter, nor do the ideas out of others, they do nothing. He wanted the young poet to just take from his life, just sticking to his thoughts, such as using images he has seen before, dreams he has had, or even fond memories of his....
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...Renaissance era was the birthplace of many writers inspired by the artistic and cultural movement that was taking place between the 15th and 17th century. Within this period, there was a little place called the Mermaid Tavern, right in the heart of London. Here, a group of men, who would later become some of the most renowned writers from the Renaissance era, would gather around and discuss literature. This network of friends was led by the famous Ben Jonson, so it comes to no surprise the group would acquire the name Sons of Ben. During these informal meetings, these writers would discuss their views on literature, what influences them, and how they can influence each other. Sons of Ben promoted a cavalieristic style of writing that was not very common in this time period; Sir John Suckling and Robert Herrick were just some of the men who participated in the group and grew to be considered some of England’s finest writers. Ben Johnson, both a friend and rival of Shakespeare at the time, was the core of Sons of Ben. Jonson’s work revolved primarily around the emerging urban society. He often wrote about intelligence in the form of understanding, rejecting narrow mindedness, fanaticism, extremism, and snobbery. A famous piece of his titled Come My Celia demonstrates this by telling of a story about a love that should be acted upon in the moment without worrying about the rumors that would fly around about them. Jonson was considered a cavalier poet, someone who aimed to express the...
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...The Concept of Nature in the Poetry of William Wordsworth and Robert Frost : A Comparative Study Chapter One Introduction 1. Background Poets have long been inspired to tune their lyrics to the variations in landscape, the changes in season, and the natural phenomena around them. The Greek poet Theocritus began writing idylls in the third century B.C.E. to glorify and honor the simplicity of rural life--creating such well known characters as Lycidas, who has inspired dozens of poems as the archetypal shepherd, including the famous poem "Lycidas" by John Milton. An idyll was originally a short, peaceful pastoral lyric, but has come to include poems of epic adventure set in an idealized past, including Lord Alfred Tennyson's take on Arthurian legend, The Idylls of the King. The Biblical Song of Songs is also considered an idyll, as it tells its story of love and passion by continuously evoking imagery from the natural world. The more familiar form of surviving pastoral poetry that has retained its integrity is the eclogue, a poem attuned to the natural world and seasons, placed in a pleasant, serene, and rural place, and in which shepherds often converse. The first eclogue was written by Virgil in 37 B.C.E. The eclogue also flourished in the Italian Renaissance, its most notable authors being Dante and Petrarch. It became something of a requirement for young poets, a form they had to master before embarking upon great original work. Sir Philip Sidney’s Arcadia and Edmund Spenser’s...
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...Literature 189 resources Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day Information including pronunciation, definition and background about words from Merriam-Webster Subject: The Penguin Podcast Book extracts, author interviews and other information, including links to purchasing sites from Penguin Books, UK Subject: Literature; NPR: Book Tour Podcast Modern authors read and discuss their work Subject: Literature; PRI: Selected Shorts Podcast Actors reading short stories, described as "story time for adults" Subject: Literature; World Book Club A discussion with world authors about their most famous works Subject: Literature; The Canadian Literature Archive A comprehensive collection of information about Canadian writers, novelists, poets, and playwrights, as well as books, archives, publications, and literary organizations. A good place to go for information on the Canadian literary scene. Subject: Literature; Dictionary of Symbolism Explanations for commonly used symbolism in literature. Searchable. Subject: Literature; Encyclopedia.com -- Flood This Encyclopedia.com entry on floods includes information about the flooding process, historical floods, and floods in myth and religion. Click on the tabs to find information on these different topics. Subject: Literature; Favorite Poem Project Robert Pinsky, a poet and the author of this site says, "If a poem is written well, it was written with the poet's voice...
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...The word poetry is an ancient Greek word ποιεω (poieo), which means “I create”. In other words poetry is the sound and meaning of words combined to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. Poetry is usually written in lines. There are many elements of poetry, these includes: Rhythm, Sound, Imagery, Form. RHYTHM Rhythm is the flow of the beat in a poem. Gives poetry a musical feel. Can be fast or slow, depending on mood and subject of poem. You can measure rhythm in meter, by counting the beats in each line. SOUND Writers love to use interesting sounds in their poems. After all, poems are meant to be heard. These sound devices include: Rhyme Repetition Alliteration Onomatopoeia “In a poem the words should be as pleasing to the ear as the meaning is to the mind.” -- Marianne Moore RHYME Rhymes are words that end with the same sound. (Hat, cat and bat rhyme.) Rhyming sounds don’t have to be spelled the same way. (Cloud and allowed rhyme.) Rhyme is the most common sound device in poetry. RHYMING PATTERNS Poets can choose from a variety of different rhyming patterns: AABB – lines 1 & 2 rhyme and lines 3 & 4 rhyme ABAB – lines 1 & 3 rhyme and lines 2 & 4 rhyme ABBA – lines 1 & 4 rhyme and lines 2 & 3 rhyme ABCB – lines 2 & 4 rhyme and lines 1 & 3 do not rhyme REPETETION Repetition occurs when poets repeat words, phrases, or lines in a poem. Creates a pattern. Increases rhythm. Strengthens feelings...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Poetry is perpetually re-creating language. It helps understand the world by sharpening our own senses, by making us more sensitive to life. Poetry is thought that is felt. Aristotle says, “There is nothing in the intellect that is not first in the senses”. The poet uses figures of speech and creates images-imitations of life, words that evoke mental pictures and appeal to our senses. The essence of poetry is, according to the different types of minds, either quite worthless or of infinite importance (Herbert, 2000). Poetry may be described as rhythmic imaginative language expressing the invention, thought, imagination, taste, passion and insight of the human soul. Its purpose is “enthrallment”. William Wordsworth describes it as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” taking its origin from “emotion recollected in tranquility”. For Edgar Allan Poe, poetry is “the rhythmical creation of beauty”. Poets, from their own store of felt, observed or imagined experiences, select, combine, and recognize. They create significant new experiences for the readers-significant because the focused and formed in which they may gain a greater awareness and understanding of the world. Poetry can be recognized only by the response made to it by a good reader, someone who has acquired some sensitivity to poetry. There is indeed an ideal reader or listener as well as an ideal poem; and it is useful to think about them all and to consider...
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...glish literature How to Write an A* GCSE English Literature Poetry Response Copyright © 2008 www.englishteaching.co.uk + www.english-teaching.co.uk How to Write an A* GCSE English Literature Poetry Response 2 The Poetry Component of the GCSE Literature Paper The poetry task is the second question on the GCSE English Literature exam paper. It is perhaps the more demanding of the tasks on the paper, because unlike the question on the prose, in this section you are being asked to compare four poems simultaneously throughout your answer. In the exam you should spend one hour on this section of the paper. Given the greater demand of the task, your response to the poetry is worth more marks than the response to the prose. In order to perform at the highest level on this paper, it is important that you develop a nuanced and sophisticated comparative written style. However, this is achievable if you adopt a systematic approach to ordering and writing your responses. It does, however, demand considerable practice prior to the final examination. What is the Examiner looking for in a response to the Poetry? The exam is designed to test your ability to do the following things: Can you respond to the poems critically, in detail, and sensitively using textual evidence? Can Can you explore language, structure and form contribute to the meaning of texts? Can Can you compare the ways that ideas, themes and relationships are presented in the poems by...
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...Harsh conditions, death, poverty, the overall unsentimental nature of life, and definition of an identity are all are subjects explored by writers Lucille Clifton and John Crowe Ransom in their writings. Although the two poets came from very different lives, the unique search for identity and meaning in life unites the two writer's poems in their expression of life. John Crowe Ransom a very distinguished gentleman born as the third child to a Methodist minister was raised in a very literate family. At age fifteen Ransom enrolled in Tennessee's esteemed Vanderbilt University where he later became a founding member of the group of writers known as the fugitives. Favoring poetic modernism in the early 1900's, The fugitives focus was on philosophy, american pragmatisim and the loss of a "southern identity and culture" due to the industrialization of the time period. After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1909 Ransom went on to become an English teacher, Rhodes Scholar and later the headof the english department at Vnderbilt. Allthe while Ransom gained notoriety with scholars for his candid and unique way of examining emotional situations with little eotional pull or bias. With rootsin psychology, Ransom's poetry examines the ironic and unsentimental nature of life. Much like Ransom, poet Lucille Clifton often explored the rigityof the world, however Clifton's insight and ability to write about such rigity come from her impoverished and unprivilaged upbringing. Born in 1936 to father...
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...Poetry, prose, sonnets, drama, plays, short stories and novels are concepts that first came to my mind when I think in the question “What is literature?” The definition of literature has change over time. The only thing that is certain about the meaning of literature is that the definition will change. The concepts about what is literature about also change over time. In order to get a clear understanding of exactly what literature is, first we need to know its definition. According to the Merriam-Webster, literature is defined by “the body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age; the body of writings on a particular subject: printed matter.” Literature has to do with letters, but some people often think that literature is only one thing, not knowing that it is composed by several elements that we use every day. These important elements include poems, prose, sonnets, drama, plays, short stories and novels. Poetry is created from the soul. It comes from your emotions and it needs every piece of creativity inside you. It has been called the art of “saying the unsayable” because trough this you can express your feelings with no limit, and nobody can tell you that is wrong. If you make a poem and you think it is not good enough, well it is no good. You as the author or the reader, can only judge if it is good or but for you but maybe for some one else it is the opposite as it is for you. A good place to start when looking back at how poetry...
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...Is Mac Flecknoe a lampoon or a satire? At a time when fiction from Grub Street hack writers (whom he called the “multitude of scribblers, who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff ”) was becoming widely read, courtly poets and dramatists like Dryden felt a need to play the public role of arbiters of literary taste. Dryden was actively engaged in contemporary debates which sought to lay down standards of what was considered high and low art. He published his “Essay of Dramatic Poesie” in 1667 and “Discourses on Satire and Epic Poetry” in 1692. Both of these served as prescriptive texts for what passed muster as “good” art. In an age of a revived interest in the classics, many of the instructions on good satirical writing are based on the works of Horace, Persius and Juvenal. While he did not think highly of Horatian verse which used word-play like anagrams and “ackrosticks” and was favoured by Francophiles poets, he admired Juvenal and Persius for their unity of plot and their use of Wit, which he saw as a more masculine device than lampooning or raillery. In MacFlecknoe, Dryden’s definition of good art also comes to be strongly associated with class. When he says that bad poetry laden with “Pure Clinches” or puns is inspired by the “suburban Muse”, his implication is that it is only the genteel circles of London that produce and read good poetry – thus, Bun-hill and Watling Street are down-market parts of London which by virtue of their economic demography...
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...OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY A CRITICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY: THE LANGUAGE OF CONFLICT AND COMMITMENT By Laura Holland, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University September 1987 MASTER OF Arts (1987) (English) McMASTER UNIVERSITY Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: A Critical Survey of Contemporary South African Poetry: The Language of Conflict and Commitment AUTHOR: Laura Linda Holland, B.A. (University of Alberta) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Alan Bishop NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 134 ii ABSTRACT The thes is concentrates on South African poetry from 1960 to the present. It closely examines a selection of poems by Breyten Breytenbach, Dennis Brutus, Pascal Gwala, Wopko Jensma, Oswald Mtshali, Arthur Nortje, Cosmo Pieterse, Sipho Sepamla, and Wally Serote, among others. The body of the thesis discusses these poets' contributions to poetry about prison, exile, and township life. The thesis focuses on the struggle between various polical, racial, and cultural groups for hegemony over South Africa's poetic development. Such issues as language, ideology, and censorship are explored insofar as they in! .luence t:ne content and structure of the poetry. This body of poems, sadly, is little studied in North America. The thesis presents an introduction to and a survey of the major tendencies in South African poetry and, in part, attempts to relate...
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...Writing Modernistic is the Choice A modernist writer can include a variety of philosophical movements from symbolism or surrealism to expressionism and imaginism. The modernistic writer does not seem to carry a specific definition but a basic breaking away from the entire history of art and literature. “Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader” (Baldick 159). The writers wanted to develop and introduce completely new forms of literature that were more of the times which intensified after World War I. The desire for the importance of literature in the modern world was the typical belief of most modernist writers, which included Frost. Robert Frost is a modern poet due to his poetry having been awarded with the mindfulness of the problems of man living in the modern world. Science and Technology were dominating the modern world of the times. Frost was quoted to say "The object in writing poetry is to make all poems sound as different as possible from each other. But for this, in addition to the tricks any poet knows, we need the help of context--meaning--subject matter. That is the greatest help towards variety. All that can be done with words is soon told. So also with meters. . . . The possibilities for tune from the dramatic tones of meaning struck across the rigidity of a limited meter are endless. And we are back in poetry as merely one more art of having something to say...
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...Modernistic is the Choice A modernist writer can include a variety of philosophical movements from symbolism or surrealism to expressionism and imaginism. The modernistic writer does not seem to carry a specific definition but a basic breaking away from the entire history of art and literature. “Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader” (Baldick 159). The writers wanted to develop and introduce completely new forms of literature that were more of the times which intensified after World War I. The desire for the importance of literature in the modern world was the typical belief of most modernist writers, which included Frost. Robert Frost is a modern poet due to his poetry having been awarded with the mindfulness of the problems of man living in the modern world. Science and Technology were dominating the modern world of the times. Frost was quoted to say "The object in writing poetry is to make all poems sound as different as possible from each other. But for this, in addition to the tricks any poet knows, we need the help of context--meaning--subject matter. That is the greatest help towards variety. All that can be done with words is soon told. So also with meters. . . . The possibilities for tune from the dramatic tones of meaning struck across the rigidity of a limited meter are endless. And we are back in poetry as merely one more art of having something to say, sound...
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