...(Date) Correlation not Causation: The Relationship between Personality Traits and Political Ideologies This article seeks to establish that a correlation exists between personality traits of humans and the political ideologies that they hold. This is a political science issue that analyzes the extent to which the two aspects are correlated, and more specifically, the effect of personality traits on political ideologies. Causation is hinged on the assumption that the personality of an individual motivates them towards developing certain political ideologies and attitudes later in life. The basis of this is the perceived observation that personality traits are developed at infancy, while political preferences usually develop much later in life. However, recent studies in political science, and works in disciplines such as psychology and behavioral genetics have shown that political preferences also develop during childhood (Verhulst, Lindon and Hatemi 34). These recent findings aim to justify that the relationship stems from correlation, rather than causation. This means that political ideologies are also influenced by genetic factors, in a similar manner to personality traits. Verhulst, Lindon and Hatemi (34) present the case for a correlation relationship, which then effectively casts doubt over the existence of a causal relationship between personality traits and political preferences. Through applying a structural model representing direction of causation...
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...Essay on the Scope of Political Science by Suhana Dhawan There is no general agreement on the nature and scope of Political Science, “the master science” as Aristotle described it, since there is no generally accepted definition of the discipline, and its organising concept the State. The definitions of both Political Science and the State, the latter in particular, reveal the bias of the thinkers, for example, the metaphysical (Hegel), the juridical (Austin), the sociological (Maclver), the descriptive (Garner) and many others with their own distinctive labels. In fact, there are as many definitions as there are writers on the subject and all these definitions give to the entity — the State — different meanings and conflicting roles. This tendency continues even now though in a slightly different form. “The recent definitions of politics (as a study),” writes Frank Thakurdas, “are not so much cast in the discipline of the thinker (easily detectable) but in the conceptual framework that he has worked out in advance (as it were) the basic presupposition of his personal manner of interpreting the complete phenomenon of politics. But also including the ‘purpose’ that the studies involve in terms of the practical ends they sub serve.” Some writers restrict the scope of Political Science to the study of the State alone, for example, Bluntschli. All such writers exclude the study of government from the scope of Political Science, for the State for them obviously includes the study...
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...achieve a wide variety of goals, both goals of the organization and goals of the various individuals in the organization. Organizations exist to provide services and goods that people want. These goods and services are the products of the behaviors of workers. Organizational behavior usually known as ‘OB’ is the study of the many factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments. Organization is somewhat defined as “Organisations comprise two or more people engaged in a systematic and coordinated effort, persistently over a period of time, in pursuit of goals which convert resources into goods and/or services which are needed by consumers” such definition implies the organization exists with the presence of people consists of diverse cultures, character, perception, intelligence and abilities this necessitate a manager to understand behavioral trends of various people in organization So to achieve the organizational goals it stimulate specific goals, objectives and achieve within an optimal performance of workers, Manager’s knowledge of OB may find it useful to explore ways of stimulating fruitful behaviors from workers. Often drastic changes in behavior of workers may...
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...functions of the nervous system, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness. Behavior: It is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Personality: has to do with individual differences among people in behaviour patterns, cognition and emotion.[1] Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions.[2] * The term "personality trait" refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of...
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... Unit 1: Introduction To The Business Environment In a dynamic environment, all aspects of the environment are subject to change. When changes are rapid or sudden, such environments are referred to as turbulent. Complex environments are becoming more and more common in modern times. Technology, markets, politics, etc. are becoming more difficult and more involved The Organization’s Environment PESTEL Factors PESTEL Analysis Political Economic Socio - Cultural Technological Environmental Legal Political Environment Government policy affects the whole economy and governments are responsible for enforcing and creating a stable framework in which businesses can operate in. The quality of government policy is important in providing the right Physical infrastructure (transport etc), Social infrastructure (education, welfare net etc) and Market infrastructure (enforceable contracts) Businesses must forecast the likely impact of a change in the political environment. Inter-country relationships/attitudes...
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...included the comparison methodology in political systems, in addition to the political attitudes and behaviors in relation with the ethical foundations of politics. Furthermore, it included an introduction to political ideologies with a focus on the democratic ones. Moreover, it showcased the development of the modern state, along with some key concepts in politics such as constitutions and processes such as pressure groups and social movements. Before engaging in comparing political systems, it is imperative to be aware of the comparison methodology used for this kind of social science. The scientific method used in social sciences is based on the empirical method which includes several steps, of which the most important are: the formulation of the hypotheses after asking curious questions related to a topic of interest - the data collection - the data analysis - the results’ interpretation related to the questions raised. Looking at the political attitudes of people under a specific political system helps to understand the political systems, but what is the reason behind that? Simply because looking at the political attitude of every individual might prove itself to be impossible, so social scientists started analyzing the general trend in the political attitudes of people and put it under a certain framework making it easier to link to the political system and to interpret it. While looking at the political attitudes under a certain regime, we might notice...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR UNIT-I: Introduction - Organizational Behavior – Nature – Management Functions – Management Roles – Management Skills – Systematic Study; Foundations of Individual Behavior-Attitudes – Types of Attitudes. Introduction: Definition: Organization Behavior: • A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. • OB is a field of study, meaning that it is a distinct area of expertise with a common body of knowledge. • What does it study? ▪ It studies three determinants of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively. • To sum up our definition, OB is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance. Nature Of Organizational Behavior (OB) • Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built on contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines such as psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and economics. • So now students let’s see how these disciplines are related to organizational behavior, • Psychology. Psychology is the study of human behavior which tries to identify the characteristics of individuals and provides an understanding why...
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...Basic concepts in nursing science School of Nursing Medical University March, 2005 Introduction 1. Definition of nursing science 2. Four basic concepts that affect and determine the nursing practice (1) Human being (2) Environment (3) Health (4) Nursing Human being 1. The human being is a uniform whole （entirety） (1) Concept of a whole (2) The uniform whole of human being 1) Physiological 2) Psychological 3) Social 4) Spiritual 5) Cultural 3. The human being is an open system (open whole) (1) Close system (2) Open system 4. The scope of human being in nursing (1) Individual (2) Family (3) Community (4) Society Basic goal of human being: To maintain the balance of organism 1) Balance among subsystems of an organism 2) Balance between organism and its environment (internal environment and external environment) 2. Basic need of human being (1) Definition of basic need 1) Need 2) Basic need of human being (2) Types of basic need 1) Physiological need 2) Social need 3) Affective need 4) Cognitive need 5) Spiritual need (3) Characteristics of basic need 1) Approximately same basic need 2) The importance of each need for each person is different 3) All the basic needs are interconnected and interactive (4) Factors that affect meeting needs ...
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...Formanyof us is a question the why people behave how does it. For many years humanity has sought to understand the behavior of man. In our daily life we face situations that make us think that we are different people, with different characters and attitudes. Companies are mostly composed of human beings, all with different ways of thinking and perhaps an interpretation of things very differently from ours. This makes me wonder, if a company's vision is that all work in harmony to achieve the same goal?, then how important is understanding the behavior of people in an organization? I am convinced that the study of organizational behavior is a tool that will give us a way of understanding human behavior within an organization in a systematic and scientific way. There is no doubt that organizational behavior (which is abbreviated CO) is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within organizations, in order to apply this knowledge to the improvement of the effectiveness of such organizations. Furthermore, it is a field of study, this statement means that it is a specialty delimited and with a body of knowledge. What are you studying? Studying three determinants of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups and structures. If studying the individual and behave within an organization will be able to analyze the behavior of groups, with greater clarity because groups are composed by individuals who use structures...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR * Definition of organizational behavior * The primary principles contributing to Organizational Behavior * The three main goals of Organizational Behavior * ------------------------------------------------- How does the application of Organizational Behavior help organizations 1.0 What is “Organizational Behavior”? In business and management, research and studies are often started due to one simple reason; there are questions which need to be answered, and only through careful analysis and testing we will be able to present the proper methods to answer the questions. For Organizational Behavior, it is the same. The study of Organizational Behavior started because of one simple fact; most managers in the world face the same problems and questions. Common problems managers face include communication, employee’s lack of motivation, conflicts and arguments, resistant to change and many others more. All of these lead to the same conclusion, which is every organization face people problems. Most business studies focus on technical knowledge, such as account, marketing, finance, economic and others, but organizational behavior is a study field which focuses purely on the “people” aspect. In today’s business world, managers cannot succeed with technical skills alone, and they would also need to have good “people” skills. In academic terms, Organizational Behavior is defined as: “The systematic study of the actions and attitude of people show and...
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...affect the discipline of organizational behavior. Disciplines like psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc are self acclaimed disciplines that contribute to the study of organizational behavior and they determine how an individual would behave in a scenario. It also includes mention of a case study to determine corporate psychological defenses, which explains how organizations try to avoid charges even if it’s their fault. This term paper discusses how different attributes of organizational behavior are affected by disciplines of different nature. Key words: Interdisciplinary, Organizational Behavior, Psychology, Sociology, Social Psychology, Anthropology, Management, Political Science, Medicine. 1 Introduction: 1. Meaning & Definitions: Organizational Behavior is a systematic study of the actions and attitudes that people exhibit within organizations, according to P G Aquinas (2006). This study is basically concerned with the psychosocial, interpersonal, and behavioral dynamics in organizations. The term ‘Organizational behavior’ is defined by Stephen P Robbins as “a field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and structures on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving on Organization’s effectiveness”. According to Keith Davis, “organizational behavior is an academic discipline concerned with understanding and describing human behavior in organizational environment. It seeks to shed light on whole complex...
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...Importance of the culture of science Scientific development, prosperity and welfare are dedicated to all men of all nations. The culture of science is inevitable as one of the tools of gradual development of civilization in fields, like food, cloth home, medical treatment, education, industrial mills, conveyance and transport, communication and exchange of information, information – management, the extraction of natural wealth and preservation space – research etc. During the middle of the 18th century new industrial mills were established in England with the help of newly discovered machines, steam engine and various kinds of machines. As a result production increasing manifold. This new era of industry is called a industry revolution It has been possible to goods and their sale increased. The following that below: 1. a. The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. b. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population: Edwardian culture; Japanese culture; the culture of poverty. c. These patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular category, such as a field, subject, or mode of expression: religious culture in the Middle Ages; musical culture; oral culture. d. The predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning...
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...content and educational objectives have remained difficult to describe. For the environmental studies a specific curricular is to be given, has more important and significant. After more than a quarter century old Environment Studies now is in a new phase of growing and expansion, the need for its distinct identity is being more felt. Because of that it is needed to set its curricular with consciences, lest environmental education should not go in some political interests. Present trend is tending to bring environmental studies into a undefined able discipline. ------------------------------------------------- Debate in this article took start from evolution of environmental studies from more than a century back with the definition by Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)1, and John Wesley Powell (1834-1902)2, that ( “ Conservation originally meant pragmatic husbanding of natural resources, using the best science of the day and the mechanisms of government (legislation, management, and enforcement) to achieve these ends.” ) This definition of conservation was firstly...
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...checked time and again. Another factor promoting indiscipline is the lack of motivation in schools and colleges where their interest is not retained for the simple reason that new things are not happening. Thus, they resort to acts of indiscipline and at times are also part of vandalism. QUALITIES OF A GOOD STUDENT Today’s students are tomorrow’s leaders of a country and the qualities of the student clearly determine the students’ bright future and carrier path. So, who is a good student? What are the qualities of a good student? Historically, the term ‘student’ referred anyone who learns something. However, the recent definition of a “student” is anyone who attends school, college, or university. Again, what are the good qualities of a student? Based on my personal experience and research, I list down the qualities of a good student. (1) Attitude: Basically, a good student possesses the ability and willingness to learn new subjects even the subjects are not interesting. (2) Academic skills: Acquiring academic skills is the most important quality of a good student. Ability to read comprehensively, to write effectively, to speak fluently, and to communicate clearly are the key areas in which a good student must be proficient. Having a good handle in all these areas will make a student to shine in a class. (3) Ability: A good student has the ability to apply the results of his or her learning in to a creative way and achieve the goals. (4) Perceptiveness: How...
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...Political science Students Name University Affiliation Political cultures definition can be a country’s psychology. Political culture is the set of beliefs attitudes and sentiments responsible for giving order to a process that is political. Studies of political culture attempt to uncover underlying long held values and characteristics of societal groups rather than their attitudes that are short-lived towards issue of public surveys on the latter’s opinions. Political culture is thus a manifestation in aggregate form of the subjective and psychological forms of politics. Political culture attempts to make more explicit and systematic understanding of long-standing concepts that are in association with ideologies, political psychology of the nation and the people's fundamental values. There are no means that freedom and equality can stop disagreeing. Freedom is when one has the right to do something without asking for permission whereas equality is getting treatment that is similar to everyone else and equality differ in that freedom and using them in infringing equality and equality can help in undermining freedom. A good example is a situation where one can use their freedom to insult people from other races. Insulting of others goes against the fact that they are all equal. An example of equality is a situation where traffic is cleared in order for a political leader to be the priority. Freedom and equality can never lack conflict this is...
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