...Woodolph M. Richard 06/16/2014 Week 2 I.P The demographic transition model is a model that describes population change over time. It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson, of the observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years or so. American geographer, Warren Thompson, developed this model in 1929 in NYC in the midst of the stock market crash and onset of the Depression. (Keith Montgomery, 2013) There are four phases of demographic transition. In phase 1, preindustrial cultures that have both high birth and death rates. During this phase the population size doesn't increase very fast at all. Phase 2 is the also called the "mortality transition". Death rates drop due to improved health of the population, including infants. The end of phase 2 and the beginning of phase 3 have the highest net growth rates (birth - death rates). Phase 3 is also called either the "industrial" stage or the "fertility transition". This phase represents the decrease in births that can be correlated to many factors. The factors that lead to the decrease in fertility are the point of this case study. Phase 4 represents post-industrial stage. Populations in this phase have low net growth rates again, leading to net zero population growth, and in some cases negative net growth rate. Three living conditions in developed countries that have reached phase four, and contrast them with...
Words: 530 - Pages: 3
..."disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. Terminology In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, morbidity and illness are used interchangeably.[2] In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable. [edit]Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs normal function. Commonly, this term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection...
Words: 3516 - Pages: 15
...Abstract The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a characterization tool used to image sample surfaces. The AFM operates under many modes and can be manipulated to be used under many different circumstances. Previously, the main applications of the AFM included analyzing surfaces of materials and surfaces forces. More recently, applications of AFM have come to include analyzing living cells as well. By changing the type of tip used to polymer ones, living cells can be scanned without damaging them. Also, because AFM can be done in a liquid environment and dehydrating or coating the sample is not necessary, it aids in creating more accurate image analysis. Some modifications of the AFM that can be made besides changing the material of the tip include using the cantilever without the tip, using different cantilevers, and analyzing samples in different environments. These changes allow the AFM to be used to monitor many different living organisms as will be further described in depth later. The AFM has advantages over both TEM and SEM in that living organism samples are not destroyed during preparations. One limitation of AFM includes the fact that scanning one sample can take several minutes while analysis of an SEM sample occurs in near real-time. Applications of AFM will continue to expand and improvements to the technique will continue to be made. Introduction to AFM Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an imaging technique that can be used in a number of different scientific...
Words: 2638 - Pages: 11
...Promoting Cultural Sensitivity A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Hmong Persons from Laos U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Hla dej yuav hle khau; Tsiv teb tsaws chaw yuav hle hau. “When you cross a river, take off your sandals; when you emigrate from one country to another, take off your hat.” –Hmong Proverb Promoting Cultural Sensitivity A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Hmong Persons from Laos Female elder. © Frank Carter. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008 For Additional Information For more information or for a list of available guides, please contact: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Mailstop E-10 Atlanta, GA 30333 Phone: (404) 639-8120 Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/tb Suggested Citation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Hmong Persons from Laos. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2 Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
Words: 19162 - Pages: 77
...cells release cytokines that trigger the production and infiltration of leukocytes to the inflammation site Chapter 17 There are five classes of antibodies or immunoglobulins. Match the following antibody classes to their descriptions: ____________IgG ____________IgA ____________IgM ____________IgI ____________IgD (a) The “allergy” antibody that attaches to basophils and mast cells with their tissue-binding sites that in turn cause them to release substances that produce allergy symptoms when allergens such as pollen or certain foods are encountered (b) It is rarely secreted, being found mainly on B cell membranes, and their function is unknown. (c) Secreted as a pentamer, it is the first antibody secreted during the early stages of a primary response and is the antibody of the...
Words: 1520 - Pages: 7
...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
Words: 9032 - Pages: 37
...Pharmacogenomics 1.Introduction: Genomics: The study of genes and their function. Genomics aims to understand the structure of the genome, including the mapping genes and sequencing the DNA. Genomics examines the molecular mechanisms and the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in disease. It is used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organisms and a fine scale genetic mapping. The field also includes study of intra genomic phenomena such as Hetrosis, Epistasis, Pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. 2.History: The term genome was introduced by H. Winkler in 1920 to denote the complete set of chromosomal and extra chromosomal genes present in an organism, including a virus. This term is used in the same sense even today. The term genomics was coined by T.H. Roderick sometime in 1987 mean mapping and sequencing to analyze the structure and organization of genomes. But today genomics includes sequencing of genomes, determination of the complete set of proteins encoded by an organism, and the functioning of genes and metabolic pathways in an organism. Thus genomics not only deals with the determination of the genetic information present in an organism, but also with the understanding the mechanism by which this information is used by the organism. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the...
Words: 5631 - Pages: 23
...KENYA METHODIST UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL EDUCATION COURSE: BSC. HEALTH SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT UNIT: HCSI 225-HIV/AIDS * Cultural, social and economic factors that increase women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Introduction Women, especially in sub-Saharan Africa not only have the highest HIV-prevalence rates, compared to men, but also are greatly affected by the social and economic constraints that prevent them from evading high risk situations. Context-specific factors associated with women’s vulnerability to HIV infection include: Cultural Norms Cultural norms often place a high value on motherhood; attach a negative stigma to HIV-infected women, and view women and girls as primary caregivers. This places a significant burden on them. Other cultural practices such as widow inheritance and female genital mutilation (FGM) also increase women’s risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Polygamy and early marriages are also very prevalent cultural practices in some societies in the world and most especially in Africa. These setups in most cases disadvantage the women and put them at greater risk of contracting the virus and disease. Poverty Poverty sometimes prompts women to engage in risky behavior, such as exchanging sex for gifts, money or food. As a result, women are more vulnerable to contracting the virus because they are unable to negotiate safe sex. This behavior is commonly seen among transport routes as well as refugee camps, where...
Words: 1752 - Pages: 8
...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
Words: 117402 - Pages: 470
...Lung Cancer: What Is It And Is There A Cure In Sight? Winifred Farria Composition and Communication II/COM 156 June 23, 2012 University of Phoenix Instructor: Jennifer Caracciolo Abstract Of the many illnesses and diseases known to humanity, few are more frightening or deadly than cancer. Lung cancer is of especially great concern, because it kills more people worldwide than any other form of cancer. It is a silent killer, often going undetected until it is too late, because it often has no symptoms and cannot be screened for readily. Despite research efforts, no cure has been found for the disease and treatments are effective in a relatively small number of cases. However, some progress has been made in preventing lung cancer, especially by reducing exposure to cigarette smoke, asbestos, radon, and other carcinogens in the environment. Other causes and factors of lung cancer demand more research, and prevention efforts should be promoted. Lung Cancer: What Is It And Is There A Cure In Sight? Incidence and Mortality Lung cancer is one of the most significant medical problems in the U.S. and around the world, because it is the cause of more deaths nationally and globally than any other form of cancer (Centers for Disease Control, 2011, a; Clément-Duchêne & Wakelee, 2010). According to the Centers for Disease Control (2011, a), 14% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2007 were lung cancer, and 28% of all cancer deaths in the same year were...
Words: 3785 - Pages: 16
...strategies for monitoring, preventing and controlling disease outbreaks are discussed. Learning objectives To review communicable diseases of public health importance; To discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; To plan a communicable disease control programme for emergency settings; To discuss simple but effective ways of preventing outbreaks of communicable diseases; To describe how to manage specific disease outbreaks in emergency settings; To review re-emerging and other diseases that may affect displaced populations; To discuss how to monitor and evaluate communicable disease control programmes. Key competencies Identify communicable diseases of public health importance; Discuss the basic principles for communicable disease control in emergency and post-conflict situations; Discuss how to design and evaluate disease control programmes; Describe common disease control strategies including prevention, surveillance and outbreak investigation; Describe methods for promoting community-based and community-led communicable disease control approaches; Decide when to scale up and scale down disease control efforts; Discuss the causes, risk factors, clinical features and management of common diseases; Identify...
Words: 19028 - Pages: 77
...________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement In Surgical Nursing ________________________________ Presented to: The Faculty of Cebu Doctors’ University College of Nursing _____________________________ Submitted by: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Phi 2nd generation Class 2009 30 September 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 3 II. Objectives ……………………………………………………………………... 5 III. Nursing Assessment……………………………………………………………. 8 A. Personal History Patient’s Profile Family and Individual Information Level of Growth and Development Normal Development at Particular Stage The Ill Person at Particular Stage of Patient B. Diagnostic Results…………………………………………………... 16 C. Present Profile of Functional Health Patterns ……………………. 17 Health Perception / Health Management Pattern Nutritional – Metabolic Pattern Elimination Pattern Activity / Exercise Pattern Cognitive / Perceptual Pattern Rest / Sleep Pattern Self – perception Pattern Role Relationship Pattern Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern Coping – Stress Tolerance Pattern Value – Belief System D. Pathophysiology and Rationale………………………………………. 22 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of Affected Organ ...
Words: 8358 - Pages: 34
...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
Words: 86687 - Pages: 347
...Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly...
Words: 11483 - Pages: 46
...Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India Assessment and Management of HIV-Infected Person No Is HIV infection confirmed? Send to ICTC for confirmation of HIV status Yes Perform history taking and physical examination (see p 9 ) Evaluate for signs and symptoms of HIV infection or OIs and WHO clinical staging (see p 10) Provide appropriate investigations/treatment of OIs (see p 13 ) If pregnant, refer to PPTCT Screen for TB Screen for STI Identify need for: CTX prophylaxis (see p 16 ) ART (see p 18 ) No Pre ART care (see p 15 ) Yes Give patient education on treatment and adherence (see p 54 ) Arrange psychosocial, nutrition and community support (see p 56) Start ART, (see p 19 ) Arrange follow-up + monitoring (see p 25 ) Assess adherence every visit Provide positive prevention advice and condoms Provide patient information sheet on the ART regimen prescribed (see annex 7, 8) Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Including Post-exposure Prophylaxis May 2007 NACO National AIDS Control organisation Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India with support from CDC . Clinton Foundation . WHO TAble of T A b l e o f Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction....... ..........................................................................................
Words: 42414 - Pages: 170
