...1.1 Strategic Entry Deterrence and the Behavior of Pharmaceutical Incumbents Prior to Patent Expiration† By Glenn Ellison and Sara Fisher Ellison* This paper develops a new approach to testing for strategic entry deterrence and applies it to the behavior of pharmaceutical incumbents before patent expiration. It examines a cross section of markets, determining whether behavior is nonmonotonic in market size. Under some conditions, investment levels will be monotone in market size if firms do not invest to deter entry. Strategic investments to deter entry, however, may result in nonmonotonic investment because they are unnecessary in small markets, and impossible in large ones. Consistent with an entry-deterrence motivation is the finding that incumbents in medium-sized markets advertise less prior to patent expiration. (JEL D92, G31, L11, L21, L65) T he insight that firms may make “strategic investments” to alter future competitive conditions is one of the most fundamental ideas in industrial organization. Jean Tirole’s (1988) chapter reviewing arguments about how excess capacity, capital structure, advertising, contractual practices, learning-by-doing, and other actions can be used to deter entry is easily the longest in the text.1 Strategic investment models are difficult to test directly, however, and the vast majority of this literature is theoretical. In this paper, we propose a new empirical approach for examining strategic entry deterrence. Our applied focus is...
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...Running Head: Deterrence 1 Deterrence Criminology Shawn Caulder Excelsior College Deterrence 2 Abstract: During the course of study in references for the topic of deterrence I have found a vast amount of information. Most are articles written by different intellectual scholars in the criminal justice field all weighing in on what they believe the theory of “Deterrence” is and how it relates to the ability to deflect and or inhibit crime during war time, peace time and stately situations. In particular I found one article to be an astounding work done by a man named Stephen Quackenbush with an article titled General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory (2006). Although this article deals with deterrence theory of international conflict it still involves the basic roots of deterrence. I would like to show that through Mr. Quackenbush’s work one can come very close to a “Perfect Theory of Deterrence “ by simply following the logic of the article. Deterrence 3 When searching for the topic it was my goal to find the meaning of deterrence and or the ...
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...Introduction The various mixture philosophies are a great idea. The primary model should be incapacitation. There should not be any television or any activities for criminals that carry a heavy violation. Criminals that are incarcerated have too many luxuries. This paper will discuss the different punishment levels dealing with the juvenile system. These philosophies are used to express a variety of different concerns and arguments regarding the use of appropriate sentencing and treatment. Some of the main philosophies of punishment are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. Retribution is an idea that the people who violate the law by committing a crime, deserves to be punished. People who violate the law should be punished just because they broke the law. Most critics argue that punishment is not always the actual outcome. Deterrence is an idea that those who commit a crime must be punished to serve as an example so that people will think twice about committing a crime. Incapacitation is for an offender who is being punished will not be able to go back into society to commit more crimes. For most offenders being in prison is supposed to allow the prisoner to suffer for his criminal violations. The advantage to this philosophy is that incarceration keeps people from getting hurt, and more importantly takes the offender of the streets. Rehabilitation is seeking the reason that the crime was committed in the first place. Rehabilitation is ranged from providing...
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...but also time added on to their sentence. Deviance on the officer’s part would be considered how poorly they treat the inmates (for example in cases of health). This documentary shows one of the main goals of corrections: fair punishment and community protection. Tent city not only punishes inmates fairly (provides retribution), but also protects the community from further crime. But, the purpose of corrections is deterrence, not revenge. In Tent City the conditions are so strict because the Sheriff wants the inmates to leave learning something and correcting their behavior so they do not have to come back. There are three deterrence requirements that must be filled: severity, swiftness, and certainty. Tent City fills all these requirements by always being available to bring in more people, the sheriff said he would rather build many more tent cities than let people go early. They focus on both general and specific deterrence by proudly displaying the conditions there. General deterrence is when they prevent other individuals from committing a crime. Specific deterrence is when an individual is prevented from committing the same crime again. The sentencing process is the same there as other places, tent city is just meant as an overflow jail, so that when other local jails are full the inmates go to tent city. The only population characteristics that are proven to be true in tent city is the fact that most people in jail are men, there were no women shown there. Other than that...
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...lead to countless problems. When a person fails to fulfill a moral or legal obligation, he/she will be punished by law. However, it is very difficult to choose the effective laws to punish or deter the criminals from committing more crimes in the future. Over the years, crime control laws have been questioned because it is critical for the government to choose the right one in order to reduce crimes. While some approaches have proven to be very successful; however, some approaches have not done its job properly. In this essay, we are going to talk about two approaches to crime control: deterrence and retribution. Deterrence is the use of punishment as a threat to deter people from offending or committing crimes. We think that deterrence is very successful due to two reasons. First, it represents as a yardstick to prevent people from breaking the laws. For example, in Singapore they use deterrence in their country and we think that it is very effective. In a picture taken by Mr. Steve Bennett, “A sign present in most MRTs in Singapore, banning food/drink, flammable liquid, smoking. . . .” (Bennett, 2005). Steve’s picture tells us that you cannot smoke or bring flammable liquid when you are in Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit system. By doing so, you will be fined ranging from $500 to $1000. Nobody wants to lose $1000 because he/she is smoking in Singapore’s MRTs. As you can see, if the deterrent laws are strongly enforced, it will prevent people from breaking the laws. Second, deterrent...
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...Punishment and Sentencing Brian Krail CJA/234 11/20/2011 Punishment and Sentencing Crimes against morality and individual rights have existed since the dawn of man as well as the need to punishment those crimes. Public consciousness and sentiment have evolved over time and greatly influence the goals of modern-day punishment criminals. The legal and correctional systems tend to fall in line with this morals and concepts of their respective era. While threat of prison and punishment may be deterrence to crime, the goals of punishment and sentencing can be placed into the categories of rehabilitation, retributions and incapacitation. Through the classification of crimes and prisoners, the modern-day correctional system emphasizes a hybrid mix of these objectives based on the severity of the crime and susceptibility of the criminal. Incapacitation as a goal or strategy in punishment and sentencing is best focused on those offenders who commit crimes at very high rates. By taking a large slice of out of the life of a career criminal, the punishment has prevented, in theory, the number of crimes that individual, would have been committed if that while in society. Since the 1980’s, the United States has increasingly taken a this approach which has led to increased sentences for the majority of offenders also leading to prison overcrowding. The effectiveness of this strategy is often debated although many of not most studies conclude this strategy does provide...
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...James Fondren 12/1/14 Criminology Dr. McGovern Deterrence Theory The deterrence theory has been a long study theory since 17th century, starting with Thomas Hobbes and then in more depth by Cesare Beccaria in 1764 when he published Dei Delitti e delle Pene (On Crimes and Punishments).Deterrence theory has continue to be study in more and more depth over the years by sociologist and criminologist and more recently the study of deterrence of specific crimes and using imprisonment times to deter crimes as well. The deterrence theory main idea is that punishment for crimes can be used as a threat to deter people from offending. There’s two parts of the deterrence theory, specific and general deterrence. Specific deterrence is focused fully on the individual; it instils fear in the specific individual being punished. This type of deterrence refrain the individual from future violation of the law. General deterrence is the Criminal Justice system making examples of specific criminals. The criminal isn’t the main focus but the criminal act and its punishment is received in a public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in future. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher, best known for his work on political philosophy. Hobbes published Leviathan in 1651, which is the foundation of later Western political philosophy. In Leviathan, Hobbes describes men as neither good nor bad, he assumed that men are creatures of their own desire who want certain things and who...
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...punishing people to punish them or to reform law-breakers? Many judges punish law-breakers because they deserve the punishment. They use retribution, vengeance, deterrence, and protection. Judges, now in days, can choose between punishment and reform. Many people think that reform is the right way to go because reform tries to change the offender’s character so that he will not break the law again. Other people think that law-breakers should be punished to a certain extent according to the crime they commit, and they also should be punished because they deserve punishment. I think the penalties for breaking the law of a society should be designed to reform law-breakers for a couple of reasons. I think that reform will help law-breakers with any problems they have. I also think that reform will keep criminals from committing g a crime again. Many would argue that the penalties for breaking the laws of a society be designed to punish law-breakers. Many say that a law-breaker should be punished because they deserve it, which is also known as retribution. There is a saying that states if you do the crime you do the time. Judges also say that the crime they commit is one hundred percent preventable. This is the reason why judges say the law-breaker should be punished because they deserve it. Many would also use deterrence as an excuse to punish law-breakers. Judges will punish a law-breaker excessively to prevent them from doing the crime again. If individual criminals were not punished...
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...Running head: General Deterrence and Crime Prevention Is General Deterrence Likely to Reduce Crime? Diane Fric Student Number: 996148039 Sociology 211 University of Toronto Mississauga February 2, 2012 The prevention of crime has become a main concern within societies throughout the world today. An understanding of the term “general deterrence” is important in understanding this paper. General deterrence can be defined as “the belief that people, in general, can be prevented from engaging in crime by punishing specific individuals and make examples of them” (Keel, 2005). General deterrence was first introduced in the 1970’s by a criminologist named Cesare Beccaria (Deuschmann 2007). Beccaria thought that the legal system should focus more on preventing crime from occurring rather than punishment. Many societies continue to use general deterrence when trying to prevent crime. The oldest and most frequently used crime prevention is deterrence through imprisonment. Societies believe that tougher and harsher sentences are the best and only responses to crime. According to criminologists, “people will engage in criminal and deviant activities if they do not fear apprehension and punishment” (Keel, 2005). In order for crime to be deterred, laws and enforcement are used to raise an individual’s awareness stating that criminal behaviour will result in punishment and attention (Keel, 2005). For general deterrence to be successful, factors other than fear of punishment...
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...weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions; delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss. Some experts believe that delinquent acts will not be committed if teenagers are punished severely. Crime prevention strategies include general deterrence, specific deterrence, and situational crime prevention. General deterrence is crime control policies that depend on the fear of the criminal penalties such as long prison sentences for violent crimes; this strategy is to convince teenagers that the pain of the punishment outweighs the benefits of the criminal act. Specific deterrence is the strategy that if convicted offenders are sent to jail or prison, the punishment is severe enough to deter them from committing another crime once released. Situational crime prevention sis the strategy that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks. Specific deterrence coincides with the general deterrence method. Specific deterrence focuses on the use of harsh punishments, such as extremely long incarceration terms in facilities that are unpleasant. In return, the experience juveniles are subjected to while incarcerated are suppose to outweigh any benefits delinquent behavior will bring; thereby, forcing the juvenile to not recidivate. Situational crime prevention deters juveniles...
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...community and well as the police to find the best solution for the community. Evaluating these programs help to determine the success of these partnerships and provides feedback on the process. Specific deterrence has been given little attention in major research. In the past, deterrence focused on the impact of laws on the population rather than offenders that put the Criminal Justice System in danger. The primary goal of specific deterrence is to persuade offending from committing future crimes. Research which evaluates specific deterrence has focused on the effect of imprisonment that leads to future offending. One form of evaluating specific deterrence reflects the recidivism rate of offenders who spent time in prison. Imprisonment does not always deter offenders from committing deviant acts or crime in the future but it does hinder them from committing them while they...
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...Delinquent Deterrence When it comes down to deterring delinquency the saying “Bark is bigger than their bite.” I say this because in today’s society young people are not easily deterred from doing bad things by just the fear of punishment. That just makes them want to do it to see if they can get away with the crime. In the world of crimes and punishments’ the whole idea is that if one person gets punished for a crime that it should deter others from committing the crime. If this is the case then it is not working because we still have robbers, gangs, shootings, etc. Providing examples for each of these would be as follows. General Deterrence Our reading states that “The general deterrence concept holds that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment” (2005 Wadsworth, pg. 53). A good example of this would be to have more police officers on a force so that way they are seen all over the place and with more police officers the young people might think they may get caught. Specific Deterrence Specific Deterrence, according to the concept “If young offenders are punished severely the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts” (2005 Wadsworth pg. 56). They have programs for young offenders so I would have to say that would be a good example for specific deterrence is put the young offender...
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...Not only must victims be warned, they must believe there is genuine opportunity to better their lives without resorting to being trafficked. Conversely, perpetrators must be promptly prosecuted and severely punished, to attack simultaneously both supply and demand. Deterrence is served equally by both prevention and prosecution. These two concerns occur at the beginning and the end of the prosecution process. Initially, human trafficking cases should come to a specialist. Unfortunately, the Organic Law No 01/2012/OL fails to require specialized personnel with specialized training. The value of such expertise cannot be overstated. Unique crime dynamics and victim needs must be understood and responded to in a tailored fashion. This will allow...
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...What is theory? Theory concludes the explanation between two or more events or factors. There are many theories in criminal justice system that explain crime and why it is committed. There are two types of theories; making and enforcing the law and criminal behavior. The primary purpose of law and the criminal justice system is deterrence. The original theorist is Beccaria. This theory assumes that “punishment prevents crime” and the punishment must be certain, swift, and severe. In this theory it assumes that the general public has free will and a choice on the way they want to act. Deterrence theory assumes that delinquent actions are through rational choice, because they weigh up the cost with the crime. This goes back to punishment prevents...
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...Deterrence Believing that deterrence prevents murders and other types of crime is a debatable topic that has been going on with the passing of the Death Penalty law. Deterrence is defined as:"the inhibitions of criminal behavior by the fear especially of punishment. the maintenance of military power for the purpose of discouraging attack. The definition explains how deterrence is a way of the law trying to scare off people of committing crimes by saying they will be punished by death or something just as bad. Because of the possible eye for an eye many believe that having law passed will be enough for to be scared of committing crimes and committing any type of criminal act. Ernest Van den Haas, a professor at Fordham University who has studied deterrence closely, wrote; "Even though statistical demonstrations are not conclusive, and perhaps cannot be, capital punishment is likely to deter more than other punishments because people fear death more than anything else. They fear most death deliberately inflicted by law and scheduled by the courts. Whatever people fear most is likely to deter most. Hence, the threat of the death penalty may deter some murderers who otherwise might not have been deterred. And surely the death penalty is the only penalty that could deter prisoners already serving a life sentence and tempted to kill a guard, or offenders about to be arrested and facing a life sentence. Perhaps they will not be deterred. But they would certainly not be deterred by...
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