...experimentation; Animal rights Animal experimentation; Animal rights Anorexia and Bulimia SEE Eating disorders Athletes and drugs Doping in Sports Drugs and Athletes Banking Bailout (2008) Bailout Battered women SEE ALSO Wife Abuse Abused women Conjugal abuse Birth control Birth control; Contraception Birth control; Contraception Black Reparations Movement Reparations; Slavery--Law and legislation Reparations Body language Body language; Gesture; Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication Bullying Bullying Bullying; Cyberbullying Business ethics Business ethics; Corporations - Corrupt practices Business ethics; Business enterprises, Corrupt practices Capital punishment (Death Penalty) Capital punishment; Death row Capital punishment Cancer Cancer--Prevention SEE ALSO types of cancer, such asBreast--Cancer Neoplasms--Prevention and Control;Cancer Treatment Censorship SEE ALSO Freedom of the Press Censorship; Prohibited books Censorship; USA Patriot Act 2001-US AND Civil liberties; Filtering software;Banned books Child abuse SEE ALSO Domestic violence Abused children; Child abuse Child abuse Child custody/support Custody of children Child custody Children of alcoholics Children of alcoholics; Alcoholics--Family relationships Children of alcoholics Cloning...
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...participate in society after their release. They are not training, educated or rehabilitated. The reforms...
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...Sentencing Paper Tushar Vincent Botlero 12 March 2012 CJ/A-234 Melissa Andrewjeski Sentencing Paper Punishment has been a subject of deliberate among philosophers, political leaders, and lawyers for centuries. Various theories of punishment have been developed, each of which attempts to justify the practice in some form and to state its proper objectives. The quantity and severity of punishments were reduced, the prison system have been improved. According to the Montgomery County Correctional Facility, Maryland, some of the major reasons for punishment are to reform, deterrence, rehabilitation, compensation, and retribution. Punishment for reform is intended to benefit the offender and society by changing the offender into a contributor to society. Punishment as deterrence is intended to benefit society by discouraging would-be offenders. Punishment to extract compensation is intended to benefit the victim of the offender. Finally, retribution is the only object for punishment that is primarily intended to harm the offender. Individuals are in prison because they broke the rules and would have to serve their time. Some go to federal prison and some go to state prisons. It depends on the type of crime that a person commits because these prisons harbor different types of criminals they also have different guidelines to follow in terms to punishing the inmates. Criminal offenders who benefit from prevention services and are at risk of committing...
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...J. Clark English 101-8 September 15, 2014 And Justice for All Punishment stems from our parents, our mom or dad or maybe even both, and their learnings stem from their parents. They would lecture, about the rights and wrongs. So when a child grows up, maybe steals a pack of gum at age five, something petty, they get away with it, get a thrill because they were never caught. That small, minor theft turns into something a little larger over time, each time as they grow. That frivolous pack of gum has grown into a larger larceny, maybe grand theft, or robbing a bank, eventually leading to murder, this is known as ‘the progressive effect’. Most of us have a moral compass, so what should happen if that compass breaks? What is the purpose of punishment? The fundamental principal of justice is that the punishment should fit the crime. When one plans and brutally rapes or murders another, doesn’t it make sense that the punishment for the culprit be equal to their crime? I believe in capital punishment, it is beneficial for society as a whole. Capital punishment provides a strong deterrence against future crimes. Capital punishment protects the rights of victims and saves costs of tax payers. The death penalty is a legal appropriate measure in the U.S. legal system. In a perfect world, there would be no serious predatory crime, none enough to have heated debates concerning capital punishment anyway. But this world is not perfect, and unfortunately we do have...
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...Graham vs. Florida Docket No. 08-7412 Case Basics: Petitioner-Terrence Jamar Graham Respondent-Florida Decided By-Roberts Court (2009-2010) Opinion-560 U.S.__ (2010) Granted-Monday, May 4, 2009 Argued-Monday November 2, 2009 Decided-Monday, May 17, 2010 Advocate’s-Brian S Gowdy(for the petitioner) Scott D Makar-(solicitor general of Florida, for the respondent) 16 year old Terrence Graham was convicted of armed burglary and attempted armed robbery he served 12 months then was released. Six months later Mr. Graham now 17 was tried and convicted by a Florida State court of armed home robbery and sentenced to life in prison without parole .On appeal he argued that the life sentence without parole violated his Eighth amendment and even more so was considered cruel and unusual punishment. The Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause does not permit a juvenile offender to be Sentenced to life in prison without parole for a non- homicidal crime. The eighth amendment prohibits excessive fines and bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishments. The phrase cruel and unusual punishment first appeared in the English Bill of Rights. In colonial America, the British often employed branding, whipping, public humiliation an extremely long prison sentences for minor crimes. Pros: For Terrence 1. Gives the juvenile a chance to demonstrate maturity 2. Becomes an asset to society 3. Demonstrate reform Pros: Life...
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...Current Event – Role of Special Interest Groups Paper AJS 552 Week 4 The Death Penalty - Public Safety vs. Individual Rights Introduction This paper will focus on the criminal justice system, public safety and civil rights in specific relation to the death penalty as a form of punishment and its effects on society. The execution of criminals and the effects on society are most intriguing and can be debated upon both for and against the issue give a thorough elaboration on criminal executions and the effects on society. In this day and age, research not only illustrates that the death penalty is complex, in more ways than one, but has also raised questions about its relations to deterring crime and the financial impact it has on society. Using current and historical information, such as articles and scholarly articles, to support why this research is important and possible methods society could use to help improve this controversial debate. Summary The Orange County register printed an article on the death penalty and possibly being considered as immoral. “While the commission drops the dime on the mind-numbing cost of administering the death penalty, it barely hints at the moral and ethical depravity of the practice” (Mears, 2008). The article states that there are racial and socioeconomic bias towards the death penalty and how this can and may lead to a cause for concern among citizens. This seems to initiate that in most cases the targets of race are African...
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...corrections, as well as, a form of deterrence; however, this wasn’t the case many years ago. During the early 1600s, prisons were known as jails. These jails were recognized as temporary rehabilitation facilities for just minor offenders (National Institute of Corrections, 1986). These jail facilities instituted punishments in the forms of shackles, lashings, and hard labor on the minor offenders. Even though these facilities were known to be a huge success, they were still primarily for minor offenders. Serious offenders were still tortured, mutilated, deported, and even executed (Smith, 2006, Chapter 4). During the 1700’s, Europe & North American jails weren't so organized. Jail and workhouse administrators were allowed to anything that they wanted with their inmates. The government was very lenient. Inmates were permitted by jail keepers to do anything they pleased. Inmates were permitted to make up their own rules. While there was still prison facilities that enforced slave styled labor, inmates were still allowed to waste their days drinking & gambling at other prison facilities (Smith, 2006, Chapter 4). Even though the jails appeared to be laid back; corporal punishment was still at an all-time high. Jails were known to be temporary housing until inmates were acquitted, fined, or subjected to corporal...
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...It opened in the year 1816. The Auburn System had different levels of cells built above one another in which convicts are housed according to their offense category, for instance first-timers vs. repeaters, murderers vs. thieves, and so forth. Prisoners are together, side by side, during work, meals and prayer, but return to solitary cells at night. This prison was designed with small cells specifically for sleeping and not work. There was a communal dining room so that the prisoners could gather together for meals, but a code of silence was enforced harshly always by the guards. Thus, the inmates worked and ate together, but in complete silence. At night, the prisoners were kept in individual cells. Usually, the inmates work consists of hard labor, such as the construction of roads or buildings. The key to discipline in the Auburn System was silence and confinement. The system also included corporal punishment, striped uniforms & lockstep marching. Prisoner uniforms are visually distinct garment worn to tell the difference between detainees and civilians. In the 1820’s prisoners had to wear uniforms black-and-white striped prison uniform. The uniforms made prisoners immediately recognizable as criminals, so if a prisoner escaped, the public could easily distinguish them from the non-criminal...
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... After reading the class material and reviewing case laws and legislations, we can have a further understanding of the aforementioned keys. Historically, the juvenile justice system dates back to England in the 1600s. Chancellors were appointed to make decisions, which were in the best interest of the juvenile. In 1839 there was the case of Ex Parte Crouse, which dealt with a father attempting to release his daughter, Mary Anne Crouse, from the Philadelphia House of Refuge. The girl was not given a trial and the courts rejected the father’s claims. The state made decisions on behalf of the child and other states decided to do the same. In the case of Reform Schools and People ex rel. O’Connell v. Turner in 1870, courts were confining juveniles in reform schools. Many children in Illinois were getting put in reform schools for simply loitering or playing in the streets. Many parents began complaining of the unjust rulings. Later on the courts ruled juvenile delinquents would be placed under the supervision of social service agencies. Jane Addams was one of the leaders in the movement to start a juvenile court system in 1899. The predominant philosophy in the juvenile justice system is to take troublesome kids and rehabilitate them. Rather than just punish these youths, the system tries to help them change and become better members of society and not get put back through the...
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... 1. Rigid & unwise organizational culture: Reference: Local community has little access to the huge establishment for their livelihood. They do not even get a chance to say their Friday prayer at the nice mosque made for the staff only. Outcome: The local community is hostile to the outsiders who are serving there. Reason behind Rigidity: • Absence of the multinational corporate culture to “ACT LOCALLY”. • Uniform organizational policy irrespective of their geographical presence. • Scattered Operations Division. Solution: • Implementation of pure professional corporate culture to THINK GLOBALLY & ACT LOCALLY. • Reform organizational policy with regard to different geographical presence. • Reform organizational policy with regard to recruitment & staffing in order to appoint local skilled hands (White Collar employee) at the plant. • Adoption of Operations Division at a required level to face challenges from both Internal & External environment. • Maintain a steady and cost effective practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to involve local community in such a way that makes them to hold a good feeling about the company & bring about their empathy towards the company. CSR might be practiced in the following manner – I. Arranging Free Friday Clinic, II. Arranging Free text book for students at the primary level in the locality, III. Sponsoring sports tournaments...
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...discussion concerns the decision that will be rendered during the oral arguments held by the U.S. Supreme Court on November 9th with respect to two cases; Sullivan vs. Florida and Graham vs. Florida. The deliberation will determine whether it’s cruel and unusual punishment to sentence a 13 year old and a 17 year old to life in prison without the possibility of parole for a crime that did not involve the taking of a life constitutional. His position is illustrated in a re-visit to his early childhood; he confesses to being on probation at the age of 17 for destroying federal property, yet reveals the admiration he had for the parole officer’s genuine concern expressed in his ability to listen. The turning point was at the age of 21 when he spent a night in jail for hitting an officer; again he was given the opportunity to turn his life around, and he did. Sullivan is now a lawyer who works with juvenile offenders, and parents who are aware of his history also request his help with their children. He narrates his personal experience in an effort to plead with the U.S. Supreme court to decide in favor of giving other young people the same second chance. Simpson effectively argues his position through the combination of deductive reasoning and illustration. To demonstrate the inconsistency of the punishment in relation to American values and society, he brings attention to our recognition of minors’ vulnerabilities due to their relative immaturity and irresponsibility...
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...Ewing vs. California, 538 U.S 11(2013), is one of two cases upholding a sentence imposed under California’s three strike law against a challenge that it constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the eighteen amendment. In the state of California the three strikes sentencing law was originally enacted in 1994. The essence of the three strikes law was to require a defendant convicted of any new felony, having suffered one prior conviction of a serious felony to be sentenced to state prison for twice the term otherwise provided for the crime. If the defendant was convicted of any felony with two or more prior strikes, the law mandated a state prison term of at least twenty five years to life. The eighth amendment to the constitution...
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...States justice policy has become more punitive. In particular, in the 1990s legislatures all over the county passed laws under which an increasing number of young people can be charged in criminal courts and incarcerated in adult prisons. Certainly, in nearly every state today, youths between 13 and 14 can be prosecuted and penalized as adults for an array of crimes including non-violent offenses (Kristin, 2009). Punishments have become more severe even in the juvenile system. Generally, it is believed that the rising anxiety among citizens concerning the threat of juvenile crime has propelled this tendency and that members of the public favor this legislative tendency toward severe punishment. However, it is unclear whether this opinion about the right solutions to youth crime is precise. On the other hand, different surveys have found the public favors tougher policies regarding youth crime and punishing juveniles as severely as adults. However, a thorough review of sources of information about public views indicates that the perception that the public favors punishment for youths is largely based on either opinion surveys that pose few simplistic questions or publicized crimes like school shootings. It is possible that analysis of public views about youth crime and the right solutions tend to vary immensely as a function of how and how public views are gauged. Whether an incarcerated juvenile enters a rehabilitative or punitive system has implications on the future...
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...been a social phenomenon that has led to a variety of reforms. One of the major causes for overcrowding in the prison systems today began back in the early 1970’s, when President Nixon declared War on Drugs. There were dramatic increases in the prison population in the 1980’s and 1990’s. These increases were projected due to trends of harsh punishments. Political leaders were influential in these trends as they created mandatory sentencing guidelines. Currently 50.1% of all offenders that are incarcerated in the Federal Prison System are due to drug offenses. That total accounts for 98,554 individuals, many of whom are serving time for a nonviolent offense or first time offenses. The second largest cause for overcrowding in the prison are immigration related crimes, which still only accounts for 10.6% or 20,862 of the individuals. In June of 1971, President Nixon declared a war on drugs, which did not go over too well because he and everyone else had differing views on how to handle the problems being created due to the increase of drug use. Because of the increasing of the prison population, a reform was created to offer treatment for drug abuse; of course this did not take place since it was a contradiction of current drug policies. Unfortunately, the end result of Nixon’s plan did not stop the problem of drugs, but only caused an increase of our prison population due to the growing opinion of harsher punishments being implemented During the Nixon administration...
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...Robin Rabiner May 10, 2009 Death Penalty There are crimes that take place throughout society. When crimes are investigated, and investigators have evidence that prove who were involved, there are consequences for their actions. In some cases, there are crimes that involve consequences such as the death penalty. This consequence can be one of the severe punishments that are placed in our judicial system. There are many people that are for, as well as those are against the death penalty. In many cases, the death penalty has its benefits, as well as its flaws. Unfortunately the death penalty seems to cause problems that leaves many mulling over. In this case, it seems that the flaws of the death penalty needs reinstituted. History The death penalty laws were founded in the early 1800s. This punishment was implemented for 25 different crimes. However, the death penalty establishment goes back as the early Fourteenth Century. “The death penalty was also part of the Fourteenth Century B.C.'s Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C.'s Draconian Code of Athens, which made death the only punishment for all crimes.” (Death Penalty Information Center, 2009). As the centuries progressed, the number of death penalty crimes increased. By the early 1700s, there were over 200 crimes which systematize the death penalty. “The number of capital crimes in Britain continued to rise throughout the next two centuries. By the 1700s, 222 crimes were punishable by death in Britain...
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