...What is Food Security? Food Security refers to a household's physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that fulfills the dietary needs and food preferences of that household for living an active and healthy life. As per the combined interpretations of The World Health Organisation and The Food and Agriculture Organisation, Food security is defined by the following 4 paradigms: Ensuring Availability Ensuring Access Ensuring Utilization Ensuring Stability Availability is having available sufficient quantities of food on a consistent basis. Food access is having sufficient resources, both economic and physical, to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Food use is the appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation. The Food and Agriculture Organisation adds a fourth facet: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over time. Food Security Act: Food Security is achieved not only by augmenting food supply but also by implementing institutional reforms, social policies, and programmes to improve economic and social access to food and provision of basic services for nutritional absorption. There is considerble diversity in country performance and experiences in terms of the timing, pace and degree of economic and institutional reforms, and multiplicity of approaches and instruments used to increase economic access to food and nutritional...
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...Social safety net [pic] Bangladesh, right from its birth, has eyes glued on poverty alleviation and reduction of inequality and injustice. Pro-poor growth has been the expressed agenda of all political regimes. Be it the longest serving, loud and clear M. Saifur Rahman, or soft-spoken Kibria or a man "with Tagore in his heart" A.M.A. Muhith, all subscribed to the idea of protecting the "people at the bottom of the pyramid" through various social safety net programmes (SSNP). Their lieutenants at the ministry of finance, like Dr. Akbar Ali Khan, Zakir Ahmed Khan, Siddiqur Rahman Chowdhury and Dr. Mohammed Tareque were also moving on, holding the umbrella for the disadvantaged, mostly the passenger population. The other day, I had the opportunity to attend a discussion on ultra-poor organised by Brac and budding economists at Dhaka University Economics Department. The session was told that Bangladesh has one of the most effective SSNPs in South Asia and there has been visible impact on poverty index due to the cohesive implementation of those programmes. Added to those were various programmes undertaken by many non-government organisations (NGO), especially in rural Bangladesh as well as urban slums. However, the absence of comprehensive data makes it difficult to track the expenditure of the SSNPs. World Bank (2006) estimated that during FY1996-97 to FY2004-05 period, on an average, the government expenditure on SSNPs was to the tune of 0.8 % of the GDP and 5.7% of the total...
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...cw 105 The controversial essay topic I have chosen is welfare. Citizens all over the country have their certain views on this topic. Depending on their political or personal circumstances, people form their own opinions. Some may be for welfare; other may be against the program. I am very interested in hearing the different stances on welfare and how certain groups of people feel about it. After thinking about the multiple perspectives on this topic, I narrowed it down to three perspectives. The first being the more liberal view, the second view from welfare recipients, and the third from libertarians. As we may know, welfare has been found to be a very debatable topic. Welfare has been around for many decades now and was created to aid those who had little to no income. Many believe that people abuse welfare by not looking for jobs, not marrying to have greater benefits, and purposely having more children to extend their aid. Eligibility for welfare is based on many factors. It is based on income, family size and medical issue or situations, etc. I thought it would be a good idea to compare two different political parties viewpoint on welfare. Someone with a more liberal mindset is going to have a totally different view and perspective than a libertarians view on welfare. I figured it would be resourceful to compare two opposing views. With the perspective from a welfare recipient, it will be a lot more insightful and interesting to receive a point of view...
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...feature is its provision of multi-annual, predictable assistance to an identified group of the chronically food-insecure, to help them manage risks and overcome their food insecurity • the objectives of the PSNP are “to provide transfers to the food-insecure population in chronically food insecure woredas [districts] in a way that prevents asset depletion at the household level and creates assets at the community level” Food-for-work (FFW) . • An initiative under, the PSNP is the Food-for-Work program that helps to help preserve human capital, reduce risk exposure, encourage asset accumulation, and adoption of improved technology by guaranteeing a minimum income to all those who can work. • The program acts as a social welfare safety net for poor communities in food insecure areas – functioning as a transition between relief and the achievement of long-term objectives. • As a result, the program revolves around conditional work that can be either labor-intensive (e.g. road construction, irrigation, water conservation structures) or income generating activities like starting a market garden. • By this, the program will strengthen the capacity of the community to cope with droughts or other shocks in the future Policy Recommendation • This brings us to our first policy recommendation which is to IMPROVE FFW AND DEVELOP INFRASTRUCTURE! • For an effective implementation of the FFW program, we noticed that local capacity is more suitable in handling and distributing...
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...Abstract When the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program was designed, the government publicly promised to limit to five years the giving of the education and health grants. This five-year limit is almost over for the first set of beneficiaries by 2013. The natural policy question then is: Would it be wise to keep the promise or would an extension be better? This paper presents five arguments and evidence why the extension of the program is better than keeping the promise to limit it to five years. The five arguments include: (a) the problems that the Pantawid had been designed to address continue to be high priority issues; (b) Pantawid remains credible as an effective and valuable instrument for poverty alleviation in the short run and for reducing the transmission of intergenerational poverty in the long run; (c) the extension could provide great opportunities to produce a much greater positive impact on the welfare of the poor; (d) the extension could buy much-needed time for developing and implementing an adequate and workable transition promotion strategy to help beneficiaries outgrow their need for CCT assistance and, therefore, facilitate its termination; and (e) secondary education enrollment and completion produces high returns in terms of increased earning and is achievable with a moderate amount of subsidy. The paper ends with cautionary notes including articulating that Pantawid remains a bridging program; the need for a careful study to ensure affordability and maximize...
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...administration towards previously neglected fields as key pro-growth like primary education, primary health care and infrastructure invest. * Tax reform - broadening the tax base and cutting marginal tax rates * Financial liberalization - interest rates should ideally be market-determined * Exchange rates - should be managed to induce rapid growth in non-traditional exports * Trade liberalization: liberalization of imports, eliminating quantitative restrictions (licensing etc.) * Increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) - by reducing barriers * Privatization - state enterprises should be privatized * Deregulation - abolition of regulations that impede the entry of new firms or restrict competition (except in the areas of safety, environment and finance) * Secure intellectual property rights (IPR) - without excessive costs and available to the...
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...[Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh] | This report looks at the overall structure of Social Security Net Plans in Bangladesh and their poverty impact at a macroeconomic level. The main objective of the study is to look into the overall impact of the existing safety net programs on poverty reduction in Bangladesh. The paper also looks into the impact of the existing safety net programs on reducing inequality. | Social Safety Nets In Bangladesh This report looks at the overall structure of Social Security Net Plans in Bangladesh and their poverty impact at a macroeconomic level. The main objective of the study is to look into the overall impact of the existing safety net programs on poverty reduction in Bangladesh. The paper also looks into the impact of the existing safety net programs on reducing inequality. Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary i 2. Introduction 1 2.1. The Poverty Situation of Bangladesh 1 2.2. Social Safety Nets 1 3. Social Safety Nets of Bangladesh 2 3.1. Structure of Social Safety Nets 4 3.2. Trends in Social Safety Nets 7 4. Social Safety Nets and Poverty 9 4.1. Impact Assessment of Social Safety Nets on the Poverty of Bangladesh 9 4.2. Inequality Effect of Social Safety Nets 9 5. Conclusion 10 6. Recommendations 10 7. Bibliography 12 1. Executive Summary Social safety net is a measure taken by the government in order to prevent the vulnerable section of its population...
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...and one located in Essex, Canada. Over the last several years, the Detroit plant finances and productivity have become an issue. As a result, an analysis of the plant is being reviewed to assess the feasibility of keeping the plant open and for how long, and upon determining if the plant continues to operate, which components it will continue to produce. Background The Detroit plant is the oldest of the nine plants. This plant produces replacement parts, low volume rear on-highway axles, and low volume off highway axles. Currently, the Detroit plant has a very large overhead cost, uses outdated machinery and operates within buildings that require repair or replacement in the near future. In addition, the culture within the plant is problematic as there is very low staff morale, high absenteeism and high turnover rate. The Detroit plant currently stocks 940 incoming parts used in the production of finished goods. Inventory ordering and control has been handled by the existing, long term staff for many years. There is no complete inventory control system in place and not all parts are kept on computer records. Inventory accuracy relies on intermittent physical counts by company employees. The plant is currently running at a 10% out-of-stock rate on raw goods inventory. Analysis There are several options that Wriston has to consider when analyzing the continual operation or closure of the Detroit plant. Alternative 1 - Close the Plant and Distribute the Production...
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...discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal law to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States. This was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the home front industry during World War II. Bracero Program Bracero Program and the significance with American in the home front is that it was a campaign that brought laborers to from Mexico to work on the West Coast to work on American farms, so they can harvest food to help Americans and the war effort. Internment Internment and the significance with American in the home front is that it was a temporally confinement of people, commonly in large groups without trial. This was a safety net for the Americans from saboteurs, espionage act or spies, so Japanese-Americans and German American were kept confine in an internment camp until the war ended or less intense. 442nd Regimental Combat team 442nd Regimental Combat team and the significance with American in the home front is that it was an all Nisei (Japanese who is born in a new country) group that fought bravely in the war. They fought against the Italian and became one of...
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...1 The relationship between the retail price of gasoline and the world demand for crude oil. Marathon is among the top five crude oil refineries in the United States. It’s an integrated international energy company engaged in exploration and production of oil, sand mining, integrated gas, refining, marketing, and transportation operation. Marathon needs to upgrade a few of their refineries and pipelines in order to increase the production process of heavy crude oils, (marathon.com). For example, once the Detroit Heavy Oil Upgrade Project is completed, the refinery crude capacity will increase from 106,000 bpd to 115,000 bpd. The upgrades will allow the Detroit refinery to process an additional 80,000 barrels of heavy crude oil per day (detriothoup.com). The existing pipelines at the Detroit refinery do not have the capacity to transport additional volumes of crude oil to meet the refinery’s upgrade needs. Therefore a 1.5-mile pipeline will provide an alternative oil supply line to the refinery and provide extra security in the event of a supply disruption. Pipelines are the safest and the most efficient way to transport crude oil and other liquid petroleum products. They reduce traffic and pollution as well as provide economic benefits. Pipelines transport two-thirds of all the crude oil and refined products in the U.S. compared to three percent by tanker trucks. According to detriothoup.com, currently 100,000 barrels of crude per day are transport to the refinery. Transporting...
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...Chery Auto's Success Story (BSTR 377) ------------------------------------------------- Abstract: China based Chery Automobile is one of the top ten car manufacturers and the leading exporter of cars in the country. Started as an automotive company by the Wuhu government in 1997, Chery designed engines for cars. After finding no buyers for its engines, it decided to build its own car. Chery entered into tie-up with another automotive company which had license to sell cars to retail customers in China. After obtaining its own license, Chery implemented a four-phase strategy to develop its technical strengths. Chery started exporting cars as early as 2001 and became the largest exporter of cars among the Chinese car companies. Chery expanded globally to have its presence in over 70 countries by 2009. | | ------------------------------------------------- Issues: » Study and analyze the competitive strategies of Chinese automobile companies. » Understand how Chery Auto used available resources effectively to manufacture cars. » Examine how a startup company could develop R&D capabilities by collaborating with other firms. » Study the globalization strategies of Chery Auto. » Evaluate the challenges faced by Chery Auto in the near future. ------------------------------------------------- Contents: | Page No. | Introduction | 1 | Background Note | 2 | The Growth Strategy | 3 | Going Global | 5 | The Challenges | 7 | The Road Ahead | 9 | ...
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...| 2011 | FY 2011 | Net Revenue | 17,152 | 15,129 | 2,023 | 65,784 | 54,981 | 10,803 | Modified Operating Profit | 711 | 508 | 203 | 2,912 | 1,975 | 937 | Modified EBITDA | 1,337 | 1,171 | 166 | 5,450 | 4,754 | 696 | Net Income | 378 | 225 | 153 | 1,668 | 183 | 1,485 | Add: Loss on Extinguishment of Debt | - | - | - | - | 551 | (551) | Adjusted Net Income | 378 | 225 | 153 | 1,668 | 734 | 934 | Cash | 11,614 | 9,601 | 2,013 | | | | | | | | | | | Note – Refer to the Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Information and Other Items section of this release for information regarding non-GAAP financial measures 2013 Guidance The targets for 2013 are as follows: Worldwide vehicle shipments of ~2.6-2.7 million Net revenue of ~$72-75 billion Modified Operating Profit of ~$3.8 billion Net income of ~$2.2 billion Free Cash Flow of ≥$1 billion Table 1: Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted Net Income, Modified Operating Profit and Modified EBITDA | CHRYSLER GROUP LLC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Q4 2012 | | | FY 2012 | | | | ($Mils) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Q4 | Q4 | B/(W) | FY | FY | B/(W) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2012 | 2011 | Q4 2011 | 2012 | 2011 | FY 2011 | | | | Net Income | 378 | 225 | 153 | 1,668 | 183 | 1,485 | | | | Add: | | | | | | | | | | Loss on Extinguishment of Debt | - | - | - | - | 551 | (551) | | | | Adjusted Net Income | 378 | 225 | 153...
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... 11/13/14 Final Written Assignment Management Ford Motor Company was established on June 16th 1903 and founded by Henry Ford. The company’s location is Dearborn Michigan, which is a suburb in Detroit. As of 2013 Ford had over 181,000 employees, as well as 80 office and plant locations. Ford is a profit organization and had a net income of over 7 billion dollars in 2013. The company’s gross income was over 25 billion for this year. Ford Motor Company is an organization that is rich with American history. An ideal long-term position for myself in this company would be anywhere in upper management. This would allow me to over look many people, hold big responsibilities, earn good pay and be able to see all the newest car models before the public. Ford Motor company started with Henry fords dream and just $28,000. Today it is the leading American car manufacturer with a net worth in the billions. The model T was the first vehicle to be produced by the company. This car is known as the first car made available to the middle class worker. It coast $850 in 1909 and went up to forty mph. its low coast was made possible because of production lines as oppose to handcrafting items. Popular models after the Model T include the Model A,...
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...Funding Allocation and Accountability Rena Godfrey Capella University ED7822 Funding of Educational Institutions Quarter & Year: Winter 2013 Email: renag1934@gmail.com Instructor: Lee Moore, Ed.D. Funding Education and Accountability Financial reporting ensures that school district budgetary and financial information are available, comparable and audited, and that school districts are meeting their legislated and government policy based financial responsibilities. Background of Emergency Financial Manager An interview was not conducted with the school business manager of Detroit Public Schools. Therefore, I researched the school district plan to demonstrate accountability (Detroit Public Schools, 2011). Roy S. Roberts was appointed by Governor Rick Snyder of Michigan in May 2011. Mr. Roberts, former Managing Director at Reliant Equity Investors, has decades of managerial, financial and organizational experience, having served as the highest ranking African American executive in the United States automobile industry as Group Vice President for North American Vehicle Sales, Service and Marketing of General Motors Corporation (GMC). He served as Vice President and General Manager of the Pontiac-GMC Division, presiding over the merger of Pontiac-GMC, which was the first at GM to lead such a merger. Prior to his 23 year career with General Motors, Mr. Roberts spent 17 years with the Aerospace division of Lear Siegler Corporation. Mr. Roberts earned a degree in Business...
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...Abstract Every child deserves to have a quality education to ensure sustainability in the future. However, Detroit Public School District is one school district that has shown a disservice to teachers and ultimately to its students. As public employees, the Detroit school teachers advocate for their jobs, respect, and cost-effective training opportunities. This paper examines the financial and benefit challenges of Detroit Public School District and the salary components of Detroit Public School Teachers. According to analyst and state education officials, the financial challenge with Detroit Public School District is tied to “declines in state aid, falling enrollment, caps on cash-flow borrowing, and the districts' unwillingness to make deep cuts, (Devitt, 2013). Additionally, the employee benefit challenges of Detroit School Teachers is that teachers were denied retirement benefits and given low salaries compared to teachers in other districts. Information has been obtained from Devry University Library articles, journals, educational websites, and a documentary. Strategies detailed in this paper emphasize theories to improve the educational system and compensation of Detroit School Teachers. Also, the present paper gives an example of another public school district with turnaround success. Recommendations are focused on the need for community and state support of Detroit school teachers, so that the teachers are not poorly compensated and undervalued. In addition, the conclusion...
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