...right leg, and he was forced to use crutches or a walking stick the remainder of his life (Clark and Holquist 261). After his surgery, Bakhtin was unable to find formal employment, though he was invited on occasions to deliver lectures at the Gorky Institute of World Literature. He also used his free time to finish a book on the German novel of education and to work on a number of essays on the dialogic nature of the novel, most of which were based on material culled from his lecture notes. In addition, he began writing a doctoral dissertation on Rabelais for the Gorky Institute. However, the advent of World War II interrupted his work on the dissertation, and his book on the German novel of education literally went up in smoke. The publishing house to which Bakhtin sent this latter manuscript was bombed by the Germans during the war, and due to a cigarette paper shortage at that time, Bakhtin used the pages of the book's prospectus to support his continual craving for nicotine (Clark and Holquist 273). Though only a fragment of this work has survived, Bakhtin's essays on the dialogic theory of the novel remained intact, yet were not published in the Soviet Union until 1973, well after Moscow graduate students had rescued him from obscurity. These essays were translated into English as The...
Words: 2104 - Pages: 9
...Utilizing dialogic strategies in a classroom can be challenging for teachers who hold certain beliefs about teaching. One assumption about teaching is that learning is an individual process, and one-sided. This assumption considers learning to be one-sided because either the teacher is active and the students are passive, or the students are active and the teacher is passive (Sewell, 2011). With this belief teachers and students are not active together to explore ideas and deepen comprehension (Sewell, 2011). Another belief about teaching that keeps some teachers from using dialogic strategies is the traditional recitation-style discourse (Webb, 2009). With this style teachers ask students questions and evaluate their responses. This is a monologic approach to discussion. These styles if teaching place limits on student discourse by often asking low-level questions that require fact recall (Webb, 2009). Studies support the use of dialogic teaching. Dialogic teaching allows talk...
Words: 413 - Pages: 2
...International Relation and European-Asian studies A Dialogic Approach to Intercultural Communication ------------------------------------------------- Cosmopolitan Liberalism Tallinn 2015 Cosmopolitan Liberalism By political cosmopolitanism we mean the idea of overcoming the fragmentation of the world into an anarchy of states by constructing a global public order within which states are subsumed. The new liberal cosmopolitanism argues that this new global public order can and must be based upon liberal principles. Liberal cosmopolitanism in its current form is a radicalization of Anglo-American liberal internationalism. It shares a whole series of commitments with the latter: one humanity, liberal values and cognitive frameworks, individual liberal rights, liberal-democracy, the promotion of peace through international economic liberalism, the development of liberal universalist international law and institutions. Liberal Cosmopolitanism differs from Liberal Internationalism in three key goals: * The subordination of the states to a global order of governance, protecting the liberal rights of individual citizens from state authorities, even through coercive action where necessary. * The transformation of state sovereignty from an absolute right into a licence extended to the state by the global community on the condition that the state behaves in an at least minimally liberal way towards its citizens. * The emergence of cosmopolitan citizens...
Words: 732 - Pages: 3
...Small Logo White Paper Introduction to Cloud Computing Introduction to Cloud Computing White Paper Executive Summary A common understanding of “cloud computing” is continuously evolving, and the terminology and concepts used to define it often need clarifying. Press coverage can be vague or may not fully capture the extent of what cloud computing entails or represents, sometimes reporting how companies are making their solutions available in the “cloud” or how “cloud computing” is the way forward, but not examining the characteristics, models, and services involved in understanding what cloud computing is and what it can become. This white paper introduces internet-based cloud computing, exploring the characteristics, service models, and deployment models in use today, as well as the benefits and challenges associated with cloud computing. Also discussed are the communications services in the cloud (including ways to access the cloud, such as web APIs and media control interfaces) and the importance of scalability and flexibility in a cloud-based environment. Also noted for businesses desiring to start using communication services, are the interface choices available, including Web 2.0 APIs, media control interfaces, Java interfaces, and XML based interfaces, catering to a wide range of application and service creation developers. Introduction to Cloud Computing Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
Words: 3208 - Pages: 13
...DIALOGIC TEACHING AND THE STUDY OF CLASSROOM TALK A DEVELOPMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Robin Alexander Universities of Cambridge and York This bibliography puts in more or less chronological order Robin Alexander’s publications on spoken language in learning and teaching up to February 2015. It starts with observational and discourse studies undertaken in the north of England during the 1980s and early 1990s. Then follows the Culture and Pedagogy international study out of which Alexander’s approach to dialogic teaching developed. Towards Dialogic Teaching presents this approach in detail, and Essays on Pedagogy extends the dialogic principle into wider aspects of education, reasserting the importance of an international perspective. Next come evaluation reports from two of the UK local authorities with whose teachers Robin Alexander has worked. The bibliography also includes relevant articles and book chapters. It ends with the 2010 final report of the Cambridge...
Words: 1601 - Pages: 7
...Tanazia Woods Reflection 2 Dialogic Reading Video Series As the child approaches 24 months (2 years old) you should be introducing them to dialogic reading. During dialogic reading the parent will pick a simple book that they know well such as a childhood favorite. After the parent has read the book to the child a couple times you can began to ask simple questions about the pictures and allow the child to retell the story by themselves. When you ask the child questions about the book it makes them focus more on the information on the page rather than just listening to the parent. It then turns the parent into the listener which, allows for the parent to see what the child has learned, helps them add more words to their vocabulary, and gives them something new to use the next time you all read together. He or she will start to pretend read books that you have read to them and began to convey the story as if they are actually reading. This is important because it's shows that the child is interested in reading and is an outcome of dialogic reading interactions. Also when you read to the child it enhance their language learning and this extremely important to do so in low-income homes, because it promotes early learning and helps the child to not become a statistic like the “Boy Problems”. Promoting language learning starts in head start programs, it is important for the teachers to engage the toddlers in verbal interactions and to make sure it is continued at home with something...
Words: 272 - Pages: 2
...Noordin 1 School of Communication Studies, Faculty of Design & Creative Technologies, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 2 October 2010 Received in revised form 14 September 2011 Accepted 14 September 2011 Keywords: Public relations Dialogue Two-way symmetric communication Risk a b s t r a c t This paper follows a critical approach in exploring the philosophical underpinnings and key features of dialogue in public relations practice and thinking. It argues that dialogue has been uncritically equated to two-way symmetrical communication, which has not done justice to the nature of dialogue, and has effectively stifled concrete development of a dialogic theory in public relations. The paper draws from a range of literature, including mainstream public relations and communication philosophy—in particular the philosophy of Martin Buber. The purpose of this paper is to inform public relations thinking by encouraging debate rather than proposing a new theoretical approach. As such, it sets out to explore the concept of dialogue and its philosophical underpinning, considers its practical application and suggests that it should not be seen as superior to persuasion. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The term “dialogue” has become ubiquitous in public relations writing and scholarship, and even more so in the light of the ever-evolving Internet and its social...
Words: 8548 - Pages: 35
...Facebook, and other data on 100 large US nonprofit organizations, the model is employed to examine the determinants of three key facets of social media utilization: 1) adoption, 2) frequency of use, and 3) dialogue. We find that organizational strategies, capacities, governance features, and external pressures all play a part in these social media adoption and utilization outcomes. Through its integrated, multidisciplinary theoretical perspective, this study thus helps foster understanding of which types of organizations are able and willing to adopt and juggle multiple social media accounts, to use those accounts to communicate more frequently with their external publics, and to build relationships with those publics through the sending of dialogic messages. Keywords: social media, new media, nonprofit organizations, Facebook, Twitter, technology adoption and use, diffusion of innovation, dialogue, organization-public relations Modeling the Adoption and Use of Social Media 2 Introduction The rapid diffusion of social media applications is ushering in new possibilities for nonprofit organizations to communicate with and engage the public. The ability for any organization – no matter how small – to adopt cutting-edge social media technologies presents substantial opportunities for a more level playing field. It also potentially ‘changes the game’ with respect to the...
Words: 9869 - Pages: 40
...TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... Page 2 INTRODUCTION: PURPOSES, PARAMETERS AND CONTEXT..........................Page 3 CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE.....................................................................Page 7 SCOPE, SAMPLE AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATION........................................... Page 15 CRITICAL REFLECTION ON OWN RESEARCH FINDINGS.....................................................................................................................Page 17 MY CHANGE INITIATIVE.........................................................................................Page 28 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................Page 44 ABSTRACT This paper reports the findings of a small scale enquiry and the change initiative based on the findings and outcomes of leading a change initiative in a secondary school in the South East of England. The paper evaluates the impact of a change theory on teaching and learning and it assesses the implications of new knowledge on practices and performances of students in Religious Education. The focus of change is on the utilisation of planning strategies to promote interest in learning and the adaptation of critical thinking tools for the purpose of engaging the students in learning. A critical evaluation of the impact of effective...
Words: 12052 - Pages: 49
...research has described the phenomenon from different standpoints. It has also shown that the phenomenon is much more complex and heterogeneous than was thought in the 1980s. However, to advance knowledge and produce tools that are useful in practice, it has become necessary to establish theories that will generate more productive empirical research. Some effort at definition is therefore needed. The definition proposed here takes a constructivist stance, and is at the service of a research project— that of understanding or forecasting the entrepreneurial act and its success or failure, and defining more accurately the environmental conditions favourable to that act. Here, the scientific object studied in the field of entrepreneurship is the dialogic between individual and new value creation, within an ongoing process and within an environment that has specific characteristics. This definition emphasizes the fact that we will not understand the phenomenon of entrepreneurship if we do not consider the individual (the entrepreneur), the project, the environment and also the links between them over time. It shows the entrepreneur to be not simply a blind machine responding automatically to environmental stimuli (interest rates, subsidies, information networks, etc.), but a human being capable of creating, learning and influencing the environment. This standpoint is consistent with the...
Words: 8009 - Pages: 33
...biologically. Another influential 19th-century physician was Amariah Brigham, who believed that “cultivating intellectual faculties of children before they are six or seven” would prove devastating effects for the child (McGill-Franzen, 1992, p. 57). Other doctors of the same mind believed that more than an hour of schooling for those under the age of 8 could lead to “imbecility or premature old age” (p. 57). If this belief were commonplace in today’s society, it would mean the child would be in a state of peril. Enter Vygotskian psychologists who, like developmentalists, believe that instruction can be implemented prior to development. This way of thinking lends itself to the belief that “by talking with grownups and capable peers as...
Words: 279 - Pages: 2
...Orthodoxy”, 123-142. Introduction An aftermath of Vatican II is still going on. Some say that Vatican II is a remarkable breakthrough in the history of the church, while others demur at these opinions strongly and not a few people have left the Roman Catholic Church unfortunately. On the verge of coming third millennium, Ormond Rush tries to clarify what determines the orthodoxy from three theological spheres; theology of religious language, theological epistemology and theological hermeneutics. Summary To begin with Rush defines orthodoxy as God’s revelation. According to him, there are discrepancies in comprehension of orthodoxy between “Dei filius” and “Dei verbum”; the former can be characterized as “monologic”, while the latter as “dialogic”. After explaining the characteristics of these two models, he clarifies what revelation is ; it “is the primary referent, authority and criterion of revelation. But how one models that revelation will determine the approach one take to orthodoxy.”(p. 126) Following this, Rush outlines the six extremist approaches to orthodoxy; dogmatic maximalism, magisterical maximalism, dogmatic ahistoricism, dogmatic minimalism and dogmatic historicism. After discussing the drawbacks of these positions, he makes a decision that an appropriate access to orthodoxy is situated along a via media. Then, he tries to attribute these inadequacies to insufficient understanding of three areas of theological inquiry: a critical theology of religious language...
Words: 1019 - Pages: 5
...Canadians believe that ………………… On the one hand, ……….. . On the other hand, ……………….. . I agree that ………….. . This is not to say that …………… . Author X contradicts herself. At the same time that she argues …………., she also implies ………….. She argues ………………, and I agree because …………….. Her argument that …………… is supported by new research showing that ……………. Templates are rhetorical patterns, rhetorical structures, that allow you to summarize, to respond, to introduce a quotation, to support your argument or point of view with evidence, to shift between general, over-arching claims and smaller-scale, supporting claims, to introduce an on-going debate, to introduce something implied or assumed, and many more such forms of dialogic communications. They allow you to frame an argument, a position, a point of view, while acknowledging the arguments of others. Furthermore, they provide clarity and coherence. Conventional wisdom has it that ………………… Common sense seems to dictate that …………… It is often said that ……………… I have always believed that ……………. When I was a child, I used to think that ……………….Although I should know better by now , I cannot help thinking that ………………. One implication of Mr.’s treatment of ………………. Is that ……………… Although Ms. Y doesn’t say so directly, she apparently assumes that ………………. While they rarely admit as much, ……………. Often take for granted that ………….. When it comes to the topic of …………., most of us will readily agree...
Words: 503 - Pages: 3
...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Representation is defined as a likeness or image of something, a definition that implies a visual component to this act. In terms of minority groups, such as women, people of color, all non-normative sexualities, the issue of representation is one that many film theorists and filmmaker’s struggle to contend with. Both the scarcity and the importance of minority representations yield what many have called " the burden of representation". Since there are so few who have the means and access to the "apparatus of representation", they are often burdened with the responsibility of "speaking" for their whole group. Furthermore, as Kobena Mercer and bell hooks explore in their respective essays about black gay men and black females, the perspectives amongst the subaltern are not uniform and universal. The problem with the "burden of representation" is to determine who is the voice of the subaltern and how to infuse it in with mainstream culture. In their essays, Mercer and hooks explore the perspective of gay black men and women, respectively, as spectators whose view has been shaped by their marginalized status and provide a context to tackle the problem of representation. Mercer and hooks use aesthetic and spectatorial strategies, such as oppositional gaze, in their attempt to provide these oft ignored spectators with an empowering perspective that will enable them to transform the...
Words: 1146 - Pages: 5
...A Critical Review of Ormond Rush, 1999, “Determining Catholic Orthodoxy”, 123-142. ■ summary To begin with Rush defines orthodoxy as God’s revelation. According to him, there are discrepancies in comprehension of orthodoxy between “Dei filius” and “Dei verbum”; the former can be characterized as “monologic”, while the latter as “dialogic”. After explaining the characteristics of these two models, he clarifies what revelation is ; it “is the primary referent, authority and criterion of revelation. But how one models that revelation will determine the approach one take to orthodoxy.”(p. 126) Following this, Rush outlines the six extremist approaches to orthodoxy; dogmatic maximalism, maagisterical, maximalism, dogmatic ahistoricism, dogmatic minimalism and dogmatic historicism. After discussing the drawbacks of these positions, he made a decision that an appropriate accessto orthodoxy is situated along a via media. Then, he tries to attribute these inadequacy to insufficient understanding of three areas of thelogical inquiry: a critical theology of religious language, a critical theological epistemology and critical theological hermeneutics....
Words: 906 - Pages: 4