...A miniscale diels-alder reaction was performed between the conjugated diene 2,3dimethyl-1,3 butadiene and a substituted alkene such as maleic anhydride in order to produce a substituted cyclohexane. The substituted cyclohexane produced was 4,5-dimethyl-4-cyclohexene-cis-1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride. A diels- alder reaction does not have an intermediate state, meaning that bond breaking and bond making occurs at the same time. Heat needs to be applied in order for the reaction to occur and it is very important that 2,3 dimethyl-1,3 butadiene to be cis otherwise there will not be an reaction. During the experiment the melting point of the final product was recorded to be 88°C which is higher than the theoretical melting point of 78-79°C. A low melting point indicates impurities in the purified product where as a higher melting point could be a result of heating the sample too fast. Another error could have occurred from placing too much sample in the capillary tube while performing the recording of the melting point....
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...In this experiment, a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction was performed. This reaction was performed with 1,3-cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride. The 1,3-cyclopentadiene was obtained by cracking dicyclopentadiene. The Diels-Alder reaction resulted in 2.0881 grams of clear white crystals, which were confirmed to be cis-norbornene-5,6-endo-dicarboxylicacid anhydride. This amount determined a percent yield of 83.16 %. The percent yield is only 83.16 % because some product was lost during vacuum filtration. This loss could have been prevented by using colder water to transfer the crystals. The retrieve all of the crystals out of the flask, cool water was used. This caused some of the crystal dissolved and pass through the filter. The use of colder waster would prevent the crystals from dissolving. However, the amount that was lost was minimal, and the identification of the product was still confirmed by melting point, IR, and NMR. The melting point for the product was found to be 164-166 ˚C. This range coincides with the...
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...The purpose of this lab was to perform a Diels Alder reaction by using anthracene and maleic anhydride to form 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-α,β-succinic acid anhydride. At the end of the experiment, the mass of the final product was used to calculate the percent yield in order to examine the efficiency of the reaction. In addition, the melting point range was measured of the final product and compared with the literature value to determine the purity of the product. To a 10 mL round bottom flask was added 0.406 g, 0.200 g and 5mL of toluene. The solution had a yellowish color when the reactants were mixed. Then, the flask was attached to the condenser and heated at 160° C to maintain reflux for an hour. After the hour, the reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. As the reaction cool down, small crystal formed in the reaction. The crystals (product) of the reaction were collected in the Buchner funnel by vacuum filtration for 15minutes. Finally, the...
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...cycloaddition reactions have been a valuable research topic for scientists for some time now. More specifically, the combination of dienes and carbonyl containing compounds have been studied primarily for their ability to combine together to form six membered oxygen heterocycles (1). The synthesis of oxygen heterocycles is a valuable tool, as these molecules are precursors to some natural products and they are also components in the synthesis of various carbohydrates (4). The general method utilized to form oxygen heterocycles was to combine an aldehyde as the heterodienophile and a diene in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Extensive studies on this reaction have been completed. Huang and Rawal chose to study this reaction using hydrogen bond promoted ketones as the heterodienophile rather than aldehydes. This is the first time that unactivated ketones have been successfully utilized in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. This research is extremely valuable as it expands the extent by which oxygen heterocycles can be formed. This is extremely important to the biological chemists who study and utilize oxygen heterocycles frequently (1). Huang and Rawal began their study by observing the hetero-Diels Alder reaction rates between various aldehydes and the diene 1-amino-3-siloxybuadiene. They found that the reaction rate was siginificantly higher in polar protic solvents rather than polar aprotic solvents (2). They attributed this change in the reaction rate to the fact...
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...Synthesis of the Diels-Alder Adduct Purpose: To investigate the methods behind Diels-Alder chemistry through the laboratory synthesis of 4- cyclohexene-cis- ,2-dicarboxylic anhydride from butadiene sulfone with maleic anhydride. By utilizing the theoretical concepts in a hands-on approach through laboratory synthesis, I hope to gain a better understanding of the reaction concepts governing Diels- Alder chemistry. Theory: The Diels-Alder reaction is a cycloaddition, chemical reaction that occurs between a conjugated diene, a molecule with two alternating double bonds, and dienophile, an alkene, to form rings and bicyclic compounds. Because it involves the interaction of four π electrons that are supplied by the diene and the two π electrons supplied by the dienophile, the Diels-Alder reaction is often called [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In the reaction, two new σ bonds are formed and one π bond is formed at the expense of two π bonds, which results in a cyclic product. The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a larger class of reactions called pericylic reactions, which are reactions that take place in a single step, without intermediates and that involve the flow or redistribution of bonding electrons. The reaction proceeds through a cyclic transition state and is concerted, meaning bonds in the transition state are simultaneously made or broken. The Diels-Alder reaction is favored when the dienophile is the substituted with electron withdrawing groups such as nitriles, amines...
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...Introduction A Diels-Alder reaction is a reaction in which a conjugated diene bonds with an alkane to produce a cyclohexane molecule. This reaction works best with dienes that are electron rich and dienophiles that are electron poor. For this experiment, our dicyclopentadiene is the diene and the maleic acid is our dienophile. In a Diels-Alder reaction, sigma bonds are formed from pi bonds. For this particular experiment, cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride react via Diels-Alder in order to produce an endo-bicyclic product: cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride. This product is a six-membered ring alkene with two sigma bonds. Materials and Methods Materials Used * 3 g maleic anhydride * 5 mL dicyclopentadiene * 8 mL ethyl acetate * 3 mL cyclopentadiene (from distillation) Method 1) A total of ____________ of maleic anhydride was measured out into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask 2) Approximately ____________ of ethyl acetate was measured out to dissolve the anhydride. This mixture was then placed on a hot plate. 3) Once heated, ____________ of hexanes was added to the mixture, and then allowed to cool in an ice bath. 4) A total of ____________ of distilled, dry cyclopentadiene was then added and mixed with the ice-cold maleic anhydride solution. 5) The mixture was then swirled in the ice bath until the exothermic reaction ended and we saw a white solid precipitate. 6) Recrystallization was then carried out to purify...
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...Name: Srikant Tulsi Reg # 10/0705/0497 Experiment # 4 Date: 5/11/2014 Partners: Shefali Seecharran Pride Ade-Thomas Claude Fraser Title: Synthesis of 9,10-Dihydroanthracene-9,10-Endo-α,β – Succinic Anhydride Reactions: Reaction Mechanism Physical Properties Table: Chemical | Formula | M.W (g/mol) | Quantity (g or ml) | Amount( moles) | Molar Equivalent | M.P(OC) | B.P (OC) | Density\(g/cm3) | Yield (g) | % yield | Anthracene | C14H10 | 178.23 | 2.018 g | 0.0113 | 1 | 215 | 339 | 1.28 | | | Xylene | C8H10 | 106.16 | 2.5 ml | 0.0022 | 1 | -47.4 | 138.5 | 0.864 | | | Maleic Anhydride | C4H2 O3 | 98.06 | 1.001 g | 0.0102 | 1 | 52.8 | 202 | 1.480 | | | Hexane | C6H14 | 86.18 | - | - | | -96 | 68 | 0.655 | | | DCM | C10Cl2 | 84.93 | - | - | | -96.7 | 39.6 | 1.327 | | | Ethyl Acetate | C4H8O2 | 88.11 | - | - | | -83.6 | 77 | 0.897 | | | 9,10-Dihydroanthracene-9,10-Endo-α,β – Succinic Anhydride | C18H12O3 | 276.29 | - | - | | 262-264 | | | 2.326 | 82.43 | Calculations: * Calculating the number of moles of Anthracene Mass of Anthracene Used is 2.018 g Molar Mass is 178.23 g/mol Number of moles = MassMolar mass = 2.018 g 178.23gmol = 0.0113 moles * Calculating the number...
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...The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a class of reactions called cycloadditions. The reaction involves three π bonds, two from the diene and one from the dienophile in a concerted reaction to form a six-membered ring. Since the reaction involves four π electrons in the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile, it is sometimes referred to as a 4 + 2 cycloaddition. Normal Diels-Alder reactions are favored by electron donating groups on the diene and electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile. The diene must be capable of achieving an s-cis conformation to generate the cis double bond in the cyclohexene product. Acyclic dienes may rotate around a single bond, but dienes locked in the s-trans conformation do not react. [pic] The purpose of this experiment is to form 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-α,β-succinic anhydride by way of a Diels Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in the reaction below. Anthracene acts as the diene and maleic anhydride functions as the dienophile. Xylene (dimethylbenzene) is used as a high boiling temperature solvent so that the reaction will proceed quickly. Melting temperature analysis will be used to characterize the product. Anthracene Maleic anhydride 9,10-dihydroanthracene- ...
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...Name: Srikant Tulsi Reg # 10/0705/0497 Experiment # 4 Date: 5/11/2014 Partners: Shefali Seecharran Pride Ade-Thomas Claude Fraser Title: Synthesis of 9,10-Dihydroanthracene-9,10-Endo-α,β – Succinic Anhydride Reactions: Reaction Mechanism Physical Properties Table: Chemical | Formula | M.W (g/mol) | Quantity (g or ml) | Amount( moles) | Molar Equivalent | M.P(OC) | B.P (OC) | Density\(g/cm3) | Yield (g) | % yield | Anthracene | C14H10 | 178.23 | 2.018 g | 0.0113 | 1 | 215 | 339 | 1.28 | | | Xylene | C8H10 | 106.16 | 2.5 ml | 0.0022 | 1 | -47.4 | 138.5 | 0.864 | | | Maleic Anhydride | C4H2 O3 | 98.06 | 1.001 g | 0.0102 | 1 | 52.8 | 202 | 1.480 | | | Hexane | C6H14 | 86.18 | - | - | | -96 | 68 | 0.655 | | | DCM | C10Cl2 | 84.93 | - | - | | -96.7 | 39.6 | 1.327 | | | Ethyl Acetate | C4H8O2 | 88.11 | - | - | | -83.6 | 77 | 0.897 | | | 9,10-Dihydroanthracene-9,10-Endo-α,β – Succinic Anhydride | C18H12O3 | 276.29 | - | - | | 262-264 | | | 2.326 | 82.43 | Calculations: * Calculating the number of moles of Anthracene Mass of Anthracene Used is 2.018 g Molar Mass is 178.23 g/mol Number of moles = MassMolar mass = 2.018 g 178.23gmol = 0.0113 moles * Calculating the number...
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...Objective/ Theory: A cycloaddition is a pericyclic chemical reaction, in which two pi bonds are lost and two sigma bonds are gained. Cycloaddition of (4n+2) type is concerted and with our intermediates thermally allowed, by means that the reaction proceeds in one step when the constituents are heated properly. One the contrary, the (2+2) cycloaddition between two alkenes does not occur via concerted mechanism because it is thermally forbidden due to Woodward and Hoffman’s rule. Diels-alder reactions are favored by electron withdrawing groups on the electrophilic dieonophile as well as the electron donating groups on the nucleophilic diene. Therefore, the best dienophile’s to be electron poor contain substituents such as CN, C=O and Nitrogen. While dienes contain groups like CH3 and ECT. The initial bonding formed simultaneously, but not necessarily at equal rates. There are four main components that made the reaction in this experiment work, which was temperature, solvent, the amount of time, and stirring. Mechanisms/ Structures: Hexane Maleic anhydride Cyclopentadiene Summary of Key Data: Mass of Maleic Anhydride- 1.088g Melting Point of first product: 105-109 C Melting point of first product redone (after being put into oven): 138-141 C Mass of Cycloadduct: 0.748g Melting point of Cyclo-Adduct (was put into oven for 10 minutes): 164-168 C Sample Calculations: None needed for this experiment Results: This experiment had two different...
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...A PAPER ON “SELF-HEALING POLYMER TECHNOLOGY” [pic] SUBMITTED BY: Sreeja Gadhiraju, Naga vaishnavi.A, III/IV Mech, Sri Sivani Institute Of Technology. sreeja.btech@gmail.com INDEX |Topic |Page No. | | | | |ABSTRACT |1 | |introduction |2 | |INTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |2-3 | |EXTRINSIC SELF-HEALING |4-5 | |HEALING MECHANISM | 5-7 | |APPLICATION |7-8 | |PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES |9 | |CONCLUSION ...
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...silicon 14 | aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus | C ↑ Si ↓ Ge | Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table | | | General | Name, Symbol, Number | silicon, Si, 14 | Chemical series | metalloids | Group, Period, Block | 14, 3, p | Appearance | dark gray, bluish tinge | Atomic mass | 28.0855(3) g/mol | Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p2 | Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 4 | Physical properties | Phase | solid | Density (near r.t.) | 2.33 g·cm−3 | Liquid density at m.p. | 2.57 g·cm−3 | Melting point | 1687 K (1414 °C, 2577 °F) | Boiling point | 3538 K (3265 °C, 5909 °F) | Heat of fusion | 50.21 kJ·mol−1 | Heat of vaporization | 359 kJ·mol−1 | Heat capacity | (25 °C) 19.789 J·mol−1·K−1 | P/Pa | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k | at T/K | 1908 | 2102 | 2339 | 2636 | 3021 | 3537 | Vapor pressure | | Atomic properties | Crystal structure | Diamond Lattice | Oxidation states | 4 (amphoteric oxide) | Electronegativity | 1.90 (Pauling scale) | Ionization energies (more) | 1st: 786.5 kJ·mol−1 | | 2nd: 1577.1 kJ·mol−1 | | 3rd: 3231.6 kJ·mol−1 | Atomic radius | 110 pm | Atomic radius (calc.) | 111 pm | Covalent radius | 111 pm | Van der Waals radius | 210 pm | Miscellaneous | Magnetic ordering | nonmagnetic | Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 149 W·m−1·K−1 | Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 2.6 µm·m−1·K−1 | Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 8433 m/s | Young's modulus | 47 GPa | Bulk modulus | 100 GPa...
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...Organic Chemistry Second Edition The INSTANT NOTES series Series Editor: B.D. Hames School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Animal Biology 2nd edition Biochemistry 2nd edition Bioinformatics Chemistry for Biologists 2nd edition Developmental Biology Ecology 2nd edition Immunology 2nd edition Genetics 2nd edition Microbiology 2nd edition Molecular Biology 2nd edition Neuroscience Plant Biology Chemistry series Consulting Editor: Howard Stanbury Analytical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry 2nd edition Medicinal Chemistry Organic Chemistry 2nd edition Physical Chemistry Psychology series Sub-series Editor: Hugh Wagner Dept of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Psychology Forthcoming titles Cognitive Psychology Physiological Psychology Organic Chemistry Second Edition G. L. Patrick Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Paisley University, Paisley, Scotland This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore. tandf.co.uk.” © Garland Science/BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2004 First published 2000 Second edition published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-203-42761-0 Master e-book...
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...CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abbreviations/Definitions Code of Conduct and Ethics for Students Important Academic Rules Scheme of Studies Important Notes Detailed Syllabus 1 2 3 17 19 20 Lingaya’s University, Faridabad ABBREVIATIONS/DEFINITIONS "AC" means, Academic Council of the University. "BOM" means, the Board of Management of the University. "BOS" means, the Board of Studies of the Department. “CAU/AUC-option” CAU/AUC means change from Credit to Audit option / change from Audit to Credit option "Class/Course Committee" means, the Class/Course Committee of a class/course. "Course" means, a specific subject usually identified by its course-number and course-title, with a specified syllabus / course-description, a set of references, taught by some teacher(s) / course- instructor(s) to a specific class (group of students) during a specific academic-semester / semester. “Course Instructor" means, the teacher or the Course Instructor of a Course. "Curriculum" means the set of Course-Structure and Course-Contents. "DAA" means, the Dean of Academic Affairs. “DAAB” means Departmental Academic Appeals Board. “DEC/PEC” means Dissertation Evaluation Committee / Project Evaluation committee. “Department” means a group in the University devoted to a specific discipline also called a School. Department and School are used interchangeably. "DSA" means, Dean Student Affairs. “ESE” means End-Semester Examination “EYE” means End-Year Examination. "Faculty Advisor/Class Counsellor”...
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...Chemical Bonds. Representative Carbon Compounds. An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules. Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms, structures, and so on, You need to know the material so thoroughly...
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