...new drug that is affordable. There are many foundations and researchers that are raising funds in the aide of creating a new drug for cancer patients. The Susan G. Komen Foundation is one of the most popular organizations to take a step in raising funds to the cure and prevention of this disease. Developing New Drugs for Cancer Patients The first major issue I want to describe is the economic issue. Cancer has become one of the most deadly diseases of all time, yet researchers suggests that there are very good chances of improving survival. Billions of dollars are spent to develop a new drug. For more than 65 years, the American Cancer Society has been finding answers that save lives- from changes in lifestyle to new approaches in therapies to improving cancer patients’ quality-of-life. (American Cancer Society) According to Boyle P, Levin B., the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated that there were more than 12 million new cancer cases diagnosed worldwide, and it is expected that 27 million new cases will be diagnosed in 2030 (IARC, 2008). Global pharmaceutical research and development expenditure is estimated to exceed $90 billion annually world-wide (Can Buharali, 2009). Developing new drugs is a costly and lengthy process. In a recent...
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...Health Tips for Back Pain by Pauline Dominique C. Tarrazona, R.N., L.M.T Prevalence of Back Pain The incidence of low back pain is high anywhere in the world. According to the World Health Organization’s Health Statistics and Health Information System’s database, back pain together with neck pain is second to Unipolar Depressive Disorders on the top ten list of diseases and injuries that account for the highest number of disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) worldwide. DALY is a measure of the overall burden of disease expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. The data showed that, second to Unipolar Depressive Disorders, a lot of people affected have lived with the burden of neck and back pain for more years than any other diseases. In fact, the lifetime prevalence of non-specific low back pain in industrialized countries is 60-70%. This is much higher than in developing countries. But any source you find would tell you that it is a leading cause of disability and thus missed work and other important activities, affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point in their lives. The causes of Back Pain The causes of back pain are rarely specific or singular. Most cases result from a variety of factors and only a minority of the cases of back pain result from physical causes. These are some of the causes of back pain in people: * Poor posture (sitting, standing, sleeping, bending) * Intense exercise without proper warm-up...
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...written paragraph thinking about the case ahead of time * * * NOTES: Wednesday, January 18, 2012 * * What is Health? Mental/physical well-being WHO (1948): “..a state of completely well-being, physical, social, and mental and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Most commonly used definition, but still can have criticisms… Exs: “not just a STATE/fixed nature…it can also be dynamic and change within a person” Well-being is very broad and can vary in def. among cultures and ppl “completely healthy”: In many ways, we’ve set ourself up to failure..but we’re never going to reach this broad term..hard to measure/quantify a fundamental human right regardless of age/class/gender a resource for everyday life, not just the object of living health is not the mean of itself, it’s a mean for a greater ends it takes time/energy/resources when youre sick that can otherwise be spent in education/artistic creation/ ec. And social endeavors so we want healthy ppl so we can have ppl pursue these avenues and be productive ppl that can contribute to society * A formal Definition of Public health …what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy (IOM 1999) collective nature, and what we can do to improve as a whole not a lot of ppl in the public know what public health is..(thus she added stickers to ppt slide) A Lay Definition of Public Health Concerned with the health of populations Works to...
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...afflicting humans worldwide. Hypertension represents a major public health problem affecting more than one billion individuals worldwide (Faselis, Doumas, & Papademetriou, 2011).Hypertension is a significant public health problem in the United States and worldwide, primarily due to its place as a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney disease (Minor, Smith, Wofford, & IPA, 2012). High blood pressure is a major life-threatening disease of high morbidity and mortality, which affects between 10% to 40% of the general population in an age-dependent manner. High blood pressure is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths worldwide, about 12.8% of the total of all deaths, and it accounts for 57 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS), or 3.7% of the total DALYS (Papathanasiou et al., 2015). It is a chronic medical condition and a major risk factor to other diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular disease and kidney disease. An elevated blood pressure is an important risk factor for premature disability and mortality and contributes to the burden of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure (Papathanasiou et al., 2015). It is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It is a force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. The heart is composed of two independent pumping systems, one on the right side, and the other on the left. Each has two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle....
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...both major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar affective disorder (BAD) causes acute impairments as it relates to a persons social life, ability to work and think clearly. According to Shubham Mehta et al.’s (2014), the world health organization (WHO) uses the Years lived with Disability (YLD) to ascertain that these two illnesses are among the leading causes of psychological and psychosocial disability. The article sought to compare both disorders and there effect on individuals during each depressive stage of the diagnoses. According to Shubham Mehta et al.’s (2014), the Global Burden of Disease 2000 study, depression was responsible for 4.46% of total Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and 12.1% of total YLDs. Shubham Mehta et al.’s (2014), states that the specimens utilized in this study were obtained from 96 patients between the ages of 18 to 45 years visiting the outpatient facility of a psychiatric centre in Jaipur, India. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess each patient and only the ones experiencing the depressive stage were selected. Half the patients diagnosed with MDD (unipolar) were placed in one group and the other half diagnosed with BAD (depressed) in another group. According to Shubham Mehta et al.’s (2014), the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE-RIFT) assessed and scored (4) areas of a patient’s life: work, interpersonal relationships, satisfaction and recreation. According to Shubham Mehta et al.’s (2014), there are some limitations...
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...condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.[1] It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. Terminology In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, morbidity and illness are used interchangeably.[2] In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable. [edit]Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs normal function....
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...Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Depression is an illness that involves the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression (Dryden-Edwards, et. al., 2010). Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is a relatively new field of study, although the human-animal bond has existed for thousands of years. AAT is a type of therapy that involves animals as a form of treatment. The goal of AAT is to improve a patient’s social, emotional, or cognitive functioning. Animals can also be useful for educational and motivational effectiveness for participants (American Humane Association, 2010). Animals are tools for therapy because they can make people feel safe and loved when they have been deprived of social interaction or hurt by other people. They do not communicate with words, and so patients afraid of approaching people can comfortably approach an animal. For the elderly, the companionship of owning a pet can be valuable, especially if they do not have any family or friends nearby to visit. The pet loves them i[n an...
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...disease in a population (morbidity) and frequency of death at a particular age (mortality) represent vital and gross health statistics (McKeown 1978). Basically, improved health is reflected in decline of mortality. Determinants of health can be sought in various health theories or models. One of these is ‘life course model’ which offers an interdisciplinary framework for guiding research on health, human development and aging. Life course epidemiology is defined as the study of long term effects on later health or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life (Kuh and Hardy 2002). The aim is to elucidate biological, behavioural, and psychosocial determinants of health that operate across an individual’s life course, or across generations, to influence the development of disease risk. Combining the definition, quantifiers and determinants, if health trends are to be evaluated there has been a major transition in health status and its indicators. An Upside Trend Life expectancy has seen an upward trend worldwide. In the UK, for England and Wales, the Human Mortality Database or HMD shows that life expectancy at birth and at age 65 have increased for both males and females from 1841 to...
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...major reason(s) for the increase in longevity globally has been: a. Improved treatment of diabetes b. Adoption of more health lifestyles c. Improved sanitation d. Increasing provision of clean water e. c. and d. above According to Professor Detels, the major cause of ill health globally is: a. Smoking b. Obesity c. Poverty d. Sedentary lifestyles e. Malnutrition The major contributing factor associated with death in children under five years of age globally is: a. Pneumonia b. Measles c. Prematurity d. Under-nutrition e. Injuries The United States has led the world in increasing the average life span a. True b. False The highest proportion of premature deaths in the United States is due to: a. Genetic predisposition b. Social circumstances c. Environmental exposures d. Problems with health care e. Behavioral patterns 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The leading cause of death in the United States is: a. Heart diseases b. Cancer c. Diabetes d. Motor vehicle accidents e. HIV The prevalence of obese residents among those over 17 years old in the U.S. is...
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...15 Global burden of stroke “I waked and sat up…when I felt a confusion and indistinctness in my head which lasted, I suppose about half a minute. Soon after I perceived that I had suffered a paralytick stroke, and that my Speech was taken from me.” Samuel Johnson, England, 1783 Healthy years of life lost to stroke ICELAND FINLAND SWEDEN NORWAY ESTONIA UNITED KINGDOM DENMARK IRELAND NETH. BELGIUM LUX. FRA NCE GERMANY POLAND CZECH UKRAINE REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA BELARUS LATVIA LITHUANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION DALYs lost per 1000 population, age-standardized 2002 Disability-adjusted life years combine years of potential life lost due to premature death with years of productive life lost due to disability 20 and above 15–19 REP. MOLDOVA 5–9 below 5 no data Stroke is the brain equivalent of a heart attack. Blood must flow to C A N A D A and through the brain for it to function. If its flow is obstructed, The increased risk of stroke from taking oral the by a blood clot moving to the contraceptive pills is substantially reduced by e is trok single S brain, or by narrowing or bursting using the modern, low-dose pill. est r bigg of majo of blood vessels, the brain loses its U S A e he caus lity in t . energy supply, causing damage to i m disab Kingdo tissues leading to stroke. ed Unit Annually, 15 million people BAHAMAS CUBA MEXICO worldwide suffer a stroke. Of DOMINICAN REP. ANTIGUA & JAMAICA HAITI these, 5 million die and another BARBUDA BELIZE MAURITANIA ST KITTS & NEVIS...
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...echinococcal disease and is a disease which involves Echninococcus tapeworm parasites with two main types which are cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar-echinococcosis (AE) (CDC, 2012). According to the World Health Organization (2014) up to 1 million people globally are affected at any one time. As shown in Figure 1 below, it is easy to transmit the disease between species. However, although humans can be infected which according to the WHO (2015) means they are accidental intermediate hosts but they cannot transmit the disease. [pic] Figure 1: The cycle of echinococcosis (Source: www.cieh.org ) The importance of the disease The importance of the disease is that it has been present and well known for many years but has been rather neglected by the health organizations. However according to the WHO (2014; Higuita et al 2015) echinococcosis was recently introduced in the list of neglected tropical diseases and is one of the six priority neglected zoonotic diseases which are rabies, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, cysticercosis, human African trypanosomiasis, and food-borne trematodiases. More control strategies are being implemented and so according to the WHO (2014) by 2020, validated control strategies should be available and control interventions increased. [pic] Diagram 1: Global location of AE echinococcosis (Source: Torgerson et al, 2010) The...
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...The world health organization reports that there is 80% of the population who are suffering with mental disorders belongs to low and middle income countries. The developed countries are accounting more prevalence of mental illness but the untreated mental illness burden is high in developing countries.(1) When we come to Asia, China and India as two large populated nations (38% of world population) drags the attention to understand this mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. From 1990-2013 there was 44% increase in MNS disorders in India and it has been estimated to increase by 23% between 2013-2025.(2) According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), absolute disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) because of MNS...
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...Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 60155-BD Introducing Energy-efficient Clean Technologies in the Brick Sector of Bangladesh June, 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized Environment, Climate Change, and Water Resources Unit South Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC, 20433, USA Tel: 202.473.1000 Fax: 202.477.6391 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Fax: 202.522.3018 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2011 Copyright © 2011 Standard Disclaimer This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, its affiliated organizations, members of its board of executive directors for the countries they represent, or to ESMAP. The World Bank and ESMAP do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence...
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....What disciplines contribute to our understanding of urbanization? What factors are considered in determining if an area is “an urbanized area”? How is urbanization related to psychology? Is urbanization increasing or decreasing in the U.S.? Worldwide? What percentage of the world citizens currently are estimated to live in an urban area? What percentage is projected to live in an urban area by 2050? What part of the world will have most of the biggest cities, the developed countries or the developing countries? How does increasing urbanization create stressors for poor urban dwellers? On what measure is Global Burden of Disease (GBD) based? What does this formula mean: DALY = YLL + YLD ?disabilty-adjusted life year =YLL = years of life lost due to premature mortalityYLD = years lived with disability. Do mental disorders contribute to YLL or YLD or both? What is WHO? World health organization...What classification scheme does the WHO use to classify mental disorders? What classification scheme does the USA use to classify mental disorders?International classification of diseases!! What are ICD-10(above) and DSM? diagnostic and statistical maual of mental disorder!!!!Why does it matter what a person’s disorder is classified as? What is depression? What physical diseases does depression correlate with (and probably contribute to)? What are some likely mechanisms by which depression contributes to physical (as opposed to psychological) illnesses? How would the small town...
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...[pic] Resolution of the World Health Organization After meeting in Geneva in May 2003 for the Fifty-Sixth World Health Assembly, the WHO outlined its Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness, or VISION 2020 plan. The WHO urges national governments to: • Set up, not later than 2005, a national VISION 2020 plan, in partnership with the WHO and in collaboration with NGOs and the private sector. • Establish a national coordinating committee for VISION 2020 or a national blindness prevention committee, which may include consumer or patient groups, to develop and implement the plan. • Commence implementation of such plans by 2007 at the latest. • Include effective information systems with standardized indicators and periodic monitoring and evaluation, with the aim of showing a reduction in the magnitude of avoidable blindness by 2010. • Mobilize resources for eliminating avoidable blindness. In turn, the WHO agrees to: • Maintain and strengthen the WHO’s collaboration with governments and all partners of the initiative. • Ensure coordination of the implementation of the VISION 2020 plan, by setting up a monitoring committee grouping all those involved, including national government representatives. • Provide support for strengthening national capability, especially through development of human resources, to coordinate, assess, and prevent avoidable blindness...
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