...and articulates anthropology’s unique contributions to the field of refugee and forced migration studies in documenting the impact of displacement and dispossession on refugees and exiles, their culture, and society. Anthropologists have shown over the last half century that in forced migration, people lose not only resources and property but also employment and livelihoods, social networks, kin, political power, and a sense of meaning and cultural identity. International humanitarian assistance continues to gradually expand in scope to provide assistance to all populations affected by displacement. Anthropologists have both studied and tried to do something about the situation through the creation of agencies that give a voice to the displaced, such as the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford, Cultural Survival, and the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Displacement is now seen as an endemic phenomenon that affects those uprooted, the communities that feel the impact of their arrival, governments, and the international agencies which increasingly play a major role in dealing with displacement. (Laguerre 1998, 8) argues that diaspora means both displacement and reattachment. “diaspora denotes displacement in the sense that the one lives outside one’s primary land of attachment… diaspora also means reattachment is a mechanism that expand the space of the nation beyond the borders of the state… by diaspora, we refer to individual immigrants or communities who lives...
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...There are different ways in which international migrants can gain protection and/or rights. First is the protection that exists for refugees under the terms of the 1951 Geneva Convention. Under the Convention, a refugee is defined as someone who, ‘owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality …’. Being a refugee means being unable to seek protection in your country of nationality because of a fear of persecution and so refugee status brings with it the protection of the international community. One of the ways in which potential refugees access protection is by seeking asylum, at which point the receiving state considers the individual’s case to be a refugee. There also exists an extensive human rights framework that should, in principle, protect people regardless of their immigration status and their motive or motives for migration. Universality underlies these treaty regimes and included in this are children’s rights and women’s rights as well as political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights, all enforceable through actions against the state. Finally, there are nation state rights which are stratified by an individual’s citizenship and immigration status within the country of residence (Morris, 2002). Under the stratified system of rights, naturalized citizens and refugees have extensive rights and are...
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...slept with the local people when they were on a foreign assignment in for example Germany. One of the consequences of this was that several children were born having soldiers as fathers and a local woman from the given place as mother. The child were in most cases born long after the soldier had left the given town or village. The short story D.P. by Kurt Vonnegut, JR is showing us this problem through a telling about a young black boy named Joe, searching for his identity. The title D.P. stands for “Displaced Person” and this is exactly how Joe feels. At the time the story takes place black people were being discriminated, and especially in Europe. This meant that there were not many black people in Germany. The story shows us an image of a youg black boy, Joe, who was raised by nuns in a small German village. He lives on an orphanage with several other children. He was named Karl Heinz by the nuns but the townspeople dubbed him Joe Louis. He has never seen another black person in his life. He do not know who he is, who his mother is or who his father is. Therefore, when he finds out that there are black people among the American Soldiers passing through town he is determined to find his real father – his identity. He finds out about the soldiers during a walk with the other children. Every day they walk to town getting fresh air, and every day the town people teas them, yelling different things at the children. One day the village carpenter yells that Joe´s father is in town...
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...Sandi K Weber (Collett) BSAD 3200 Read December 6, 2013 Philippines and Natural Disaster Policy In 2021 the Philippines moved from 14th on the UN’s Global Climate Risk Index to 7th. In 2012, the country was among the top three countries affected by natural disasters. The December 2012 storm alone displaced over 6.2 million people and caused nearly $1.7 million in damages. Through proactive legislation and policies, the Philippines has managed to sustain the lowest loss of the top ten countries in GDP at only .29%. The most influential policy regulating natural disaster response is the Republican Act 10121 (Disaster Risk Reduction and Management/DRRM Act). Preceding the DRRM Act, Presidential Decree 1566 established disaster coordinating councils that established links to government and civic organizations in order to mobilize resources to provide support during disasters. The National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC makes policies and coordinate efforts regarding disasters throughout the public and private sectors. Along with policies, laws and regulations have been implemented to curb death and property damage during natural disasters. These most effective include (Asian Disaster Reduction Center): * The Subdivision Law, which regulates land developments for housing and commercial use; * The Building Code, which prescribes all pertinent requirements and standards for building structures; * The Environmental Policy Law, which protects natural endowments...
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...Financial Times (London, England) October 20, 2011 Thursday London Edition 3 'Environmental migration' fears BYLINE: Clive Cookson in London SECTION: WORLD NEWS; Pg. 7 LENGTH: 448 wordsHIGHLIGHT: News analysisTens of millions of people are moving to places that are more vulnerable to environmental disaster, particularly the urban flood plains of Asia and Africa, according to a UK government report.By focusing mainly on the people displaced by drought, floods and famine, the world is neglecting those "trapped" in deteriorating environmental conditions or moving into them, says the study prepared by the government's Foresight programme that examines issues 20 to 80 years in the future.The report is the outcome of a two-year study involving 350 experts from 30 countries.It says the problems of migration in response to environmental change are far more complex and challenging than policymakers have realised. But the report, which looks ahead for 50 years, urges them to focus on the positive as well as negative impact of migration."Under some circumstances migration, particularly in low-income countries, can transform a community's ability to cope with environmental change," said Sir John Beddington, UK chief scientific adviser."The movement of individuals or small groups, even at a local or regional level, may increase the future resilience of large communities," he added."This will reduce the risk of both humanitarian disasters and of potentially destabilising mass migration...
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...Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Before, the first group of people who walked in the grounds of earth have no permanent place to live in, nor a permanent location to settle for good. Hence, they are called nomadic, who have no permanent abode and travel from one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation...
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...Literature review Katha kartik in her article ‘Climate change and migration: a case study from rural Bangladesh’ stated that in costal Bangladesh, environmental threats like cyclone, raises sea level etc are damaging shelter, affecting livelihoods, decreasing the amount of safe water available and creating threat to life. All aspects effort as motivation towards migration, forcing people to go in search of safer environments that can offer them reliable livelihoods, and household security (Black et al. 2008, quoted in Kartik 2011). But here author claimed that displacement may be a short-term managing strategy, it can’t be called ‘adaptation’ to deal with future environmental shocks and stresses. This article establishes link between forced displacement (migration in a short area for a short time) and environmental shocks. The author finally argued that forced displacement should be reduced by taking effective strategies. The article named ‘Climate Refugees in Bangladesh: Understanding the migration process at the local level’ portrayed an overall scenario about climate change related migration. Extreme climate events like floods, cyclones and tidal surges, as well as gradual impacts of climate change like salinity or river erosion, cause climate induced migration (Anwar, 2012). This study attempt to explore diverse reasons of push and pull variables of displacement. Based on opinions from affected people as well as relevant stakeholders, it also catch how this push and...
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...living in prior to land acquisition. The Resettlement & Rehabilitation policy also failed to put stress on an option that causes non-displacement or minimum displacement for the execution of the project for which the land has been acquired from the landowners. The Resettlement & Rehabilitation policy also did not make any provision for prior assent of the affected people before forced displacement caused due to the land acquisition. Also, the policy missed on creating any provision for evaluation of the social, economic, cultural or demographic impacts of the intended project due to which forced involuntary land acquisition took place. The current policy also failed in providing enough provisions to ensure income safety for the displaced families and the procedure itself to do the...
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...down on a Turkish beach. His cheek pressed to the sand as if he were sleeping, except for the waves lapping his cold face. This picture went viral across social media which left the world with a question, “Should we just sit here and watch these people suffer, so that other innocent children have to experience what Aylan and his brother went through?” No. The answer is no. I say enough is enough, we have to put an end to this suffering and pain. I say we shouldn't watch these people suffer while we bathe in the luxury of peace and safety. Through my research, 13.5 million people in Syria are in need of humanitarian assistance, yet we, 318.9 million U.S. Citizens act like everything's okay. 4.3 million Syrians are refugees, 6.6 million are displaced within Syria; half are children. Yet we look at them as threats. I'm sure you didn't know that the children impacted by Syrian conflict are at risk of becoming ill, malnourished, abused, sexually abused, or exploited. No child under any circumstances should have to go through that. Despite rain and cold, thousand of refugees attempt sea crossings to reach Europe. They are trying so hard to get away due to violence. Since the war began, 320,000 people have died. That includes 12,000 children. 1.5 million people have been wounded or permanently disabled, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. They’re also leaving due to a Collasped Infrastructure. Their economy is shattered. Finally, families run away from home for the children...
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...the new software to guide in the focasting for the likely impacts once the new product is introduced to the market, including cost implication, projected profit margins and indicators for success. The new product ‘Kensoft’ is envisaged to cut a market niche for data management, analysis and for tracking changes and progress in refugee based programming in Africa. The influx of refugees in the last few years in Africa has been on the increase fueled by numerous clashes,civil unrest, and forceful regime changes through coups, terrorisism and wars. Unstable governments, dictatorial leadership and corruption has created an enviroment in Africa that can easily cause civil unrests and infighting which in many cases has led to internally displaced persons and refugees. The largest refugee camps are found in Kenya namely Daadab in North Eastern and Kakuma in Rift Valley, reports also shows that numerous state and non state agencies and organisations located in the two areas have pograms targeting refugees, however, data management is not systematic and scientifically controlled and when it is managed the process is highly selective and cannot be relied upon. Kensoft, has therefore identified this niche market which it wants to serve. Subsequently, key questions were formulated to address the effectiveness and feasibility for the software for selected refuguee programmes, the questions were subdivided into a) initial assessment and b) application. A second question dealt with the current...
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...1 1 Reasons of Movement and Its Effects People around the world are constantly on the move. There are several different reasons why, and they are categorized on the basis of their reasons for relocation. Several factors determine why people migrate across the globe. A few different categories can explain a majority of the causes of why people move. People are considered labor Migrants, displaced persons, or institutional migrants. These groups of people all have different yet equally significant reasons for moving. Their motives for moving are identified by the terms just listed. Some motives that these people can have are corresponding to current economic situation, political situation, and social situations. Migrations and its effects on people come in many forms. Both vary in terms of the distance involved, the purpose of the move, whether the move was forced or a matter of choice and the migrant’s status in the new destination. Another important effect of migration is globalization and migration. They both have their own way of functioning and their differences will be discussed. First of all, labor migrants are people who travel for economic purposes. They migrate each year to work for a specific length of time. They don’t plan on creating a permanent lifestyle, and they are often explicitly barred from doing so. When this form of migration is legally contracted it if referred to as wage labor migration. The time elapsed working might be brief, or it could extend to...
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...Internally displaced people returning to their homes following the end of fighting in Sudan’s Blue Nile state between the Sudanese army and fighters allied to Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the dominant force in newly independent South Sudan. (Photo: REUTERS/Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, September 2011) Internal displacement in Africa Burundi p. 41; Central African Republic p. 42; Chad p. 43; Côte d’Ivoire p. 44; Democratic Republic of the Congo p. 45; Ethiopia p. 46; Kenya p. 47; Liberia p. 48; Niger p. 48; Nigeria p. 49; Senegal p. 50; Somalia p. 50; South Sudan p. 51; Sudan p. 52; Uganda p. 53; Zimbabwe p. 54 In 2011, IDMC monitored internal displacement in 21 subSaharan African countries. There were an estimated 9.7 million IDPs in these countries, representing over a third of the world’s total internally displaced population. Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Somalia continued to be the countries with the largest internally displaced populations in Africa. The number of IDPs in Africa in 2011 was down from 11.1 million a year earlier, continuing a sustained downward trend since 2004 when there were over 13 million. Violent struggles between groups vying for access to natural resources, land and political representation and power were among the root causes of most of these displacements. These struggles were manifested either by armed conflicts pitting governments and their armed forces against armed opposition groups, or by inter-communal...
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...area for various reasons. In most cases, people move to more industrialized and peaceful countries in search of better opportunities and safe environments. The 21st century has seen the increased migration of citizens of one state to another, a period termed as the age of Diasporas (Helman, 2007). The research will focus on immigrants, mainly asylum seekers and refugees with particular emphasis on the 72 asylum seekers from Lebanon who perished off the coast of Indonesia while heading to Australia. The research will address the plight of asylum seekers as one the most vulnerable populations. Migration to another country may be voluntary or voluntary. The involuntary migrants include asylum seekers, refugees, returnees ad internally displaced persons (IDPs). The primary cause of this category of people changing their location could be political upheavals, wars, natural disasters and poor states of the economy. The voluntary migrants migrate to other countries in search of employment and new ventures for personal growth. However, the involuntary migrants have multiple psychological, physical and social vulnerabilities due to their experience with violence and oppression. These vulnerable populations are very sensitive to risk factors. They are therefore more likely to develop health problems to their exposure to risk. An increase in the number of Asylum Seekers calls for the allocation of more resources to support their wellbeing and this will straight the available scarce resources...
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...Cities without Slums Slum Formation Introduction When we talk about slums the focus is often how to bring people living in them into better living conditions. UN-Habitat claims that the number of slum dwellers worldwide is nearing a billion people but this number could triple by 2050 if not addressed. It is important to consider how we can prevent the creation of new slum populations as well as addressing the conditions that already exist. This report aims to investigate the push and pull factors that facilitate slum formation as well as worsen the problem where there are existing slum populations. The driving factors will be examined in relation to case studies relating to urbanization as well as conflicts and climate events that force displacement. By looking at these examples it will be assessed the manner in which these situations contribute the issue of slums across the world. Furthermore, the observations will be used to suggest what may be done to prevent or minimize the effect that they have in creating and worsening slum conditions. Slums tend to form when there is a demand for housing or infrastructure that is not sufficiently being addressed by whatever authorities or government controls an area. The problem of slum formation is complex; addressing land policies, housing prices, provision of adequate infrastructure and public services. The problem is especially exacerbated by large displacement or migration that can have a number of catalysts. Acioli states that...
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...THE ROOT CAUSES OF MIGRATION Migration is the movement of people from one place to another due some reasons or factors such as poverty, better employment, food and better living conditions. In the olden days our great grandfathers migrated with their livestock and families in search of food and greener pastures for their livestock. In the modern world, migration has moved to another level where people migrate to different towns in search of better employment and generally better living conditions. Migration has however had many effects both positive and negative to the economic state of a nation. According to Timothy Hatton, there has been a mass movement of people around the world. He points out that over 55 million Europeans migrated to the New world between 1850-1914. (Hatton) One of the causes of Migration over the past 100 years is the emergence of Globalization. Globalization is the main root of migration. The tightening of political and economic ties between states has enabled thousands of people move from their permanent countries to other countries in search of better health care, job opportunities and others just move for adventure. For instance, the outflow of citizens of Africa to the rest of the world or the developed countries has been very high. To some extent, this is disadvantageous to the less developed countries. First there is increased brain drain where citizens from the underdeveloped countries move to a developed county where there are better facilities...
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