...and articulates anthropology’s unique contributions to the field of refugee and forced migration studies in documenting the impact of displacement and dispossession on refugees and exiles, their culture, and society. Anthropologists have shown over the last half century that in forced migration, people lose not only resources and property but also employment and livelihoods, social networks, kin, political power, and a sense of meaning and cultural identity. International humanitarian assistance continues to gradually expand in scope to provide assistance to all populations affected by displacement. Anthropologists have both studied and tried to do something about the situation through the creation of agencies that give a voice to the displaced, such as the Refugee Studies Centre at Oxford, Cultural Survival, and the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Displacement is now seen as an endemic phenomenon that affects those uprooted, the communities that feel the impact of their arrival, governments, and the international agencies which increasingly play a major role in dealing with displacement. (Laguerre 1998, 8) argues that diaspora means both displacement and reattachment. “diaspora denotes displacement in the sense that the one lives outside one’s primary land of attachment… diaspora also means reattachment is a mechanism that expand the space of the nation beyond the borders of the state… by diaspora, we refer to individual immigrants or communities who lives...
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...There are different ways in which international migrants can gain protection and/or rights. First is the protection that exists for refugees under the terms of the 1951 Geneva Convention. Under the Convention, a refugee is defined as someone who, ‘owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality …’. Being a refugee means being unable to seek protection in your country of nationality because of a fear of persecution and so refugee status brings with it the protection of the international community. One of the ways in which potential refugees access protection is by seeking asylum, at which point the receiving state considers the individual’s case to be a refugee. There also exists an extensive human rights framework that should, in principle, protect people regardless of their immigration status and their motive or motives for migration. Universality underlies these treaty regimes and included in this are children’s rights and women’s rights as well as political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights, all enforceable through actions against the state. Finally, there are nation state rights which are stratified by an individual’s citizenship and immigration status within the country of residence (Morris, 2002). Under the stratified system of rights, naturalized citizens and refugees have extensive rights and are...
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...Sandi K Weber (Collett) BSAD 3200 Read December 6, 2013 Philippines and Natural Disaster Policy In 2021 the Philippines moved from 14th on the UN’s Global Climate Risk Index to 7th. In 2012, the country was among the top three countries affected by natural disasters. The December 2012 storm alone displaced over 6.2 million people and caused nearly $1.7 million in damages. Through proactive legislation and policies, the Philippines has managed to sustain the lowest loss of the top ten countries in GDP at only .29%. The most influential policy regulating natural disaster response is the Republican Act 10121 (Disaster Risk Reduction and Management/DRRM Act). Preceding the DRRM Act, Presidential Decree 1566 established disaster coordinating councils that established links to government and civic organizations in order to mobilize resources to provide support during disasters. The National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC makes policies and coordinate efforts regarding disasters throughout the public and private sectors. Along with policies, laws and regulations have been implemented to curb death and property damage during natural disasters. These most effective include (Asian Disaster Reduction Center): * The Subdivision Law, which regulates land developments for housing and commercial use; * The Building Code, which prescribes all pertinent requirements and standards for building structures; * The Environmental Policy Law, which protects natural endowments...
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...Literature review Katha kartik in her article ‘Climate change and migration: a case study from rural Bangladesh’ stated that in costal Bangladesh, environmental threats like cyclone, raises sea level etc are damaging shelter, affecting livelihoods, decreasing the amount of safe water available and creating threat to life. All aspects effort as motivation towards migration, forcing people to go in search of safer environments that can offer them reliable livelihoods, and household security (Black et al. 2008, quoted in Kartik 2011). But here author claimed that displacement may be a short-term managing strategy, it can’t be called ‘adaptation’ to deal with future environmental shocks and stresses. This article establishes link between forced displacement (migration in a short area for a short time) and environmental shocks. The author finally argued that forced displacement should be reduced by taking effective strategies. The article named ‘Climate Refugees in Bangladesh: Understanding the migration process at the local level’ portrayed an overall scenario about climate change related migration. Extreme climate events like floods, cyclones and tidal surges, as well as gradual impacts of climate change like salinity or river erosion, cause climate induced migration (Anwar, 2012). This study attempt to explore diverse reasons of push and pull variables of displacement. Based on opinions from affected people as well as relevant stakeholders, it also catch how this push and...
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...the new software to guide in the focasting for the likely impacts once the new product is introduced to the market, including cost implication, projected profit margins and indicators for success. The new product ‘Kensoft’ is envisaged to cut a market niche for data management, analysis and for tracking changes and progress in refugee based programming in Africa. The influx of refugees in the last few years in Africa has been on the increase fueled by numerous clashes,civil unrest, and forceful regime changes through coups, terrorisism and wars. Unstable governments, dictatorial leadership and corruption has created an enviroment in Africa that can easily cause civil unrests and infighting which in many cases has led to internally displaced persons and refugees. The largest refugee camps are found in Kenya namely Daadab in North Eastern and Kakuma in Rift Valley, reports also shows that numerous state and non state agencies and organisations located in the two areas have pograms targeting refugees, however, data management is not systematic and scientifically controlled and when it is managed the process is highly selective and cannot be relied upon. Kensoft, has therefore identified this niche market which it wants to serve. Subsequently, key questions were formulated to address the effectiveness and feasibility for the software for selected refuguee programmes, the questions were subdivided into a) initial assessment and b) application. A second question dealt with the current...
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...1 1 Reasons of Movement and Its Effects People around the world are constantly on the move. There are several different reasons why, and they are categorized on the basis of their reasons for relocation. Several factors determine why people migrate across the globe. A few different categories can explain a majority of the causes of why people move. People are considered labor Migrants, displaced persons, or institutional migrants. These groups of people all have different yet equally significant reasons for moving. Their motives for moving are identified by the terms just listed. Some motives that these people can have are corresponding to current economic situation, political situation, and social situations. Migrations and its effects on people come in many forms. Both vary in terms of the distance involved, the purpose of the move, whether the move was forced or a matter of choice and the migrant’s status in the new destination. Another important effect of migration is globalization and migration. They both have their own way of functioning and their differences will be discussed. First of all, labor migrants are people who travel for economic purposes. They migrate each year to work for a specific length of time. They don’t plan on creating a permanent lifestyle, and they are often explicitly barred from doing so. When this form of migration is legally contracted it if referred to as wage labor migration. The time elapsed working might be brief, or it could extend to...
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...Internally displaced people returning to their homes following the end of fighting in Sudan’s Blue Nile state between the Sudanese army and fighters allied to Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the dominant force in newly independent South Sudan. (Photo: REUTERS/Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, September 2011) Internal displacement in Africa Burundi p. 41; Central African Republic p. 42; Chad p. 43; Côte d’Ivoire p. 44; Democratic Republic of the Congo p. 45; Ethiopia p. 46; Kenya p. 47; Liberia p. 48; Niger p. 48; Nigeria p. 49; Senegal p. 50; Somalia p. 50; South Sudan p. 51; Sudan p. 52; Uganda p. 53; Zimbabwe p. 54 In 2011, IDMC monitored internal displacement in 21 subSaharan African countries. There were an estimated 9.7 million IDPs in these countries, representing over a third of the world’s total internally displaced population. Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Somalia continued to be the countries with the largest internally displaced populations in Africa. The number of IDPs in Africa in 2011 was down from 11.1 million a year earlier, continuing a sustained downward trend since 2004 when there were over 13 million. Violent struggles between groups vying for access to natural resources, land and political representation and power were among the root causes of most of these displacements. These struggles were manifested either by armed conflicts pitting governments and their armed forces against armed opposition groups, or by inter-communal...
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...area for various reasons. In most cases, people move to more industrialized and peaceful countries in search of better opportunities and safe environments. The 21st century has seen the increased migration of citizens of one state to another, a period termed as the age of Diasporas (Helman, 2007). The research will focus on immigrants, mainly asylum seekers and refugees with particular emphasis on the 72 asylum seekers from Lebanon who perished off the coast of Indonesia while heading to Australia. The research will address the plight of asylum seekers as one the most vulnerable populations. Migration to another country may be voluntary or voluntary. The involuntary migrants include asylum seekers, refugees, returnees ad internally displaced persons (IDPs). The primary cause of this category of people changing their location could be political upheavals, wars, natural disasters and poor states of the economy. The voluntary migrants migrate to other countries in search of employment and new ventures for personal growth. However, the involuntary migrants have multiple psychological, physical and social vulnerabilities due to their experience with violence and oppression. These vulnerable populations are very sensitive to risk factors. They are therefore more likely to develop health problems to their exposure to risk. An increase in the number of Asylum Seekers calls for the allocation of more resources to support their wellbeing and this will straight the available scarce resources...
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...Cities without Slums Slum Formation Introduction When we talk about slums the focus is often how to bring people living in them into better living conditions. UN-Habitat claims that the number of slum dwellers worldwide is nearing a billion people but this number could triple by 2050 if not addressed. It is important to consider how we can prevent the creation of new slum populations as well as addressing the conditions that already exist. This report aims to investigate the push and pull factors that facilitate slum formation as well as worsen the problem where there are existing slum populations. The driving factors will be examined in relation to case studies relating to urbanization as well as conflicts and climate events that force displacement. By looking at these examples it will be assessed the manner in which these situations contribute the issue of slums across the world. Furthermore, the observations will be used to suggest what may be done to prevent or minimize the effect that they have in creating and worsening slum conditions. Slums tend to form when there is a demand for housing or infrastructure that is not sufficiently being addressed by whatever authorities or government controls an area. The problem of slum formation is complex; addressing land policies, housing prices, provision of adequate infrastructure and public services. The problem is especially exacerbated by large displacement or migration that can have a number of catalysts. Acioli states that...
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...THE ROOT CAUSES OF MIGRATION Migration is the movement of people from one place to another due some reasons or factors such as poverty, better employment, food and better living conditions. In the olden days our great grandfathers migrated with their livestock and families in search of food and greener pastures for their livestock. In the modern world, migration has moved to another level where people migrate to different towns in search of better employment and generally better living conditions. Migration has however had many effects both positive and negative to the economic state of a nation. According to Timothy Hatton, there has been a mass movement of people around the world. He points out that over 55 million Europeans migrated to the New world between 1850-1914. (Hatton) One of the causes of Migration over the past 100 years is the emergence of Globalization. Globalization is the main root of migration. The tightening of political and economic ties between states has enabled thousands of people move from their permanent countries to other countries in search of better health care, job opportunities and others just move for adventure. For instance, the outflow of citizens of Africa to the rest of the world or the developed countries has been very high. To some extent, this is disadvantageous to the less developed countries. First there is increased brain drain where citizens from the underdeveloped countries move to a developed county where there are better facilities...
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...An “Urban” can be personified as the movement of a pendulum where it ticks between high income, technology, sophistication, plentiful, fashion on one side and poor, slums, exclusion, refugees, homeless, left-out on the other side. A potential balance between the two would never be achieved as one might outweigh the other. Working with it rather than invalidating either can buy a balance. One of the most pressing issues in today’s world is the slums and refugee camps. People are forcibly evicted from one place and are stationed at another part of the world other than their birthplace (Refugees) or in the same country (Internally displaced) have multi faceted problems. One such challenge would be discussed in this article. A count on refugees in developing world has surpassed millions in the past decade. People displaced basically lack hygiene living, sanitation, water and electricity facilities and more importantly a legitimate roof above them. “The ad hoc nature of the Government’s approach has led to varying treatment of different refugee groups. Some groups are granted a full range of benefits including legal residence and the ability to be legally employed, whilst others are criminalized and denied access to basic social resources.” The most important challenge is the prevention of criminalization of such refugees and thereby the denial of social resources to them. The argument on this article would reflect that: giving the refugees, a legitimate roof and status would reduce...
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...In recent years many refugees have fled Afghanistan to safety in the UK. Examine the factors that can lead to refugee migration. [15 marks] A refugee is a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside of his or her nationality and is unable to return for fear of persecution. Some may define refugee by what they are not (internally displaced persons and forced migrants from natural disasters). In recent years Syria has become a more and more dangerous place to live due to civil war and conflict that originally occurred due to political unrest. 12 million Syrians have fled their homes, half of them are children. They fear for their lives and long for a life free from danger and to protect their families. Also when in an area of conflict the likely hood of becoming malnourished, abused and diseased and exploited are much higher giving them even more reason to move in order to have a better quality of life where they can live in peace and create a new life for their families and generations to come. 4 million Syrians are refugees, and most of them flee to Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. Another factor that can lead to refugee migration is being forced by religious belief. Between the years of 1933 and 1945 the Holocaust took place in Nazi Germany. The Holocaust involved Hitler and his Nazi party killing hundreds of Jewish for no other reason other than the...
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...Gender Based Violence Continued 4 Warfare Economy Water Solutions ARC Offer 4 Countries Principles Benefits ARC Give 6 Success Stories 6 Maybe Brown Alice Kollie Murekezi Simeon Works Cited 8 “The American Refugee Committee International (ARC) is a major international non-profit, non-sectarian organization focused on helping refugees and displaced people regain control of their lives.” Problems ARC Confronts The American Refugee Committee currently serves seven countries and focus on several main concerns: warfare, civil violence, economic crisis, unsanitary water and shortage, and lack of healthcare, concerning AIDS/HIV outbreaks and other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, “today, there are roughly sixty-seven million people in need of international protection and assistance. Approximately, sixteen million are refugees and fifty-one million are internally displaced people” (American Refugee Committee np). Healthcare and HIV/AIDS: The numbers in these statistics outlines a significant problem the ARC is taking on in some areas. Uganda is one of the countries ARC provides help in and the considerable amount of people that are being affected by HIV/AIDS is shocking: “There are currently an estimated 940,000 people living with HIV in Uganda, and a further 1.2 million children who have been orphaned by AIDS.” There have been approximately...
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...JSBMHA and HIPAA Case Study Jsbmha and Hipaa Case Study How does HIPAA serve to protect patient rights? HIPAA protects any individual’s past their present and future information whether it be physical, mental or any other condition that affects that person. It also protects anything that identifies the individual involved, that would their name, address, birth date and Social Security number. Nothing should be discussed about any individual that an agency is helping. It should not be discussed with anyone who is not directly involved with the case even if that person works for the agency. If they are not involved then it should not be discussed. What areas of the JSBMHA did HIPAA compliance impact? HIPAA has a great impact on patients rights, all areas of the JSBMHA were affected by these two individuals. They affected the patients, and put the agency in an awkward position. They affected the agency, the grandmother could make others aware about what happened and this could affect the agency negatively. People who are involved with the agency could be made to feel uncomfortable about giving them any information. It would mean that information at the JSBMHA is not secure, the trust has been violated. What actions should the JSBMHA director take about the HIPAA violation? Explain your answers in detail. I feel that both individuals should be suspended, this is a serious violation. The have put the agency in a very bad situation and have lost the trust of the...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix G Security Assessment Directions Choose two settings from Ch. 9 of the text and list each setting. Then, complete the following tables. List five threats appropriate to the environment from the setting you chose. Rate the risk for each threat from 0 (low) to 10 (high). Then, list five appropriate countermeasures, including at least two countermeasures specific to physical security and one countermeasure specific to personnel and security management. Once you have completed the tables, write a brief explanation of each countermeasure, stating how the countermeasure reduces the risk associated with that threat. Setting 1: airport security | | | | |THREAT |RISK |COUNTERMEASURE | | |Probability |Criticality |Total | | |Example: | | | | | |Information theft |4 |7 |11 |Employee screening, limited computer | | | | | |access, and computer monitoring...
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