...attempt to find the distance from Earth to the Sun by mathematical means (Charbonneau, 2008). He reasoned that since the angular size of the Sun and Moon are the same, that the Sun was 18-20 times larger than the Moon. Although scientists now know that these calculations are incorrect, Aristarchus’s trigonometric method was the first to set the relative ratios of distance in the cosmos; at this time in astronomy, there were no ratios of distance in space, only the order of the planets (Hoskin, 2007). Aristarchus’s method involved a simple triangle connecting the Earth, Sun, and Moon. With the Moon at a 90-degree angle relative to the Earth, the angle from the Moon to the Sun (also relative to the Earth) could be measured, leaving the final angle in the triangle easily found. Using the ratio between these angles, trigonometric functions can be used to determine the ratio between the distance to the Moon versus the distance to the Sun in relation to the Earth (Charbonneau, 2008). The next mathematical attempt to find a relative distance in space was through Eratosthenes, a Greek mathematician who...
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... The size of the Sun compared to the size of the Moon is a big difference. The Sun and the Moon look to be the same size, but it is deceiving because they are nowhere close to being the same size. The Sun is 1,392,000 kilometers across and the moon is 1,737 kilometers. So about ten moons can span across the width of the Sun. The Moon and the Sun are at two difference distances from the Earth. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from the Earth and the Sun is 149,600,000 kilometers from the Earth. The Earth is smaller then the Sun, but larger then the Moon. In the picture below, the cacti look like they are all the same size. When you are standing right next to the cacti that are father way they are actually all different sizes. It is like looking at the Sun and the Moon; they look the same size when looking at them but in...
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...Big Bang? * The event that marked the beginning of the expansion of the universe * What do we mean when we say that the universe is expanding? * Average distances between galaxies are increasing with time. * Based on observations of the universal expansion, the age of the universe is about _________. * 14 billion years * A television advertisement claiming that a product is light-years ahead of its time does not make sense because _________. * it uses "light-years" to talk about time, but a light-year is a unit of distance * The term observable universe refers to _________. * that portion of the universe that we can see in principle, given the current age of the universe * On a scale in which the distance from Earth to the Sun is about 15 meters, the distance from Earth to the Moon is _________. * small enough to fit within your hand * On a scale where the Sun is about the size of a grapefruit and the Earth is about 15 meters away, how far away are the nearest stars besides the Sun? * About the distance across the United States * The number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy is approximately _________. * a few hundred billion * An astronomical unit (AU) is _________. * the average distance between Earth and the Sun * This distance is about 150 million...
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...Jupiter’s Moons Lab Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to determine the period and semi-major axis for the orbit of each moon around Jupiter. We then apply Kepler’s Laws to calculate the mass of Jupiter from out observations of each moon. Procedure: Choose a moon per lab partner. Open the Moons of Jupiter program by clicking on START → Programs → Academic Department → CLEA Exercises → Jupiter Moons. The Moons of Jupiter program simulates the operation of an automatically controlled telescope with a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera that provides a video image to a computer screen. It is a sophisticated computer program that allows convenient measurements to be made and the telescope's magnification to be adjusted. The computer simulation is realistic in all important ways, and using it will give you a good feel for how modern astronomers actually collect data and control their telescopes. Instead of using a telescope and actually observing the moons for many nights, the Moons of Jupiter computer simulation shows the moons to you as they would appear if you were to look through a telescope at the specified time. Click on File → Log In. A dialog box appears. Enter the names of each student working at your computer. When all the information had been entered to your satisfaction, click OK to continue. Click on File → Run. The next dialog box to appear is called Start Date & Time. Startup values are needed by the computer to establish your initial observation session...
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...time. It has got 27 moons and they are divided into three different groups: thirteen inner moons, five major moons and nine irregular moons. The moons are named after characters...
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...until it is no longer visible. The field of view refers to the region you can see in the image. The angular distance is a measurement used by astronomers to tell the distance between two objects in the sky. For example, an astronomer might say, “the star was two degrees from the moon”. The ways this works is that; pretend there’s an imaginary line between your eyes and a star in the sky, then pretend there’s another imaginary line from your eyes to the moon. The distance between these two imaginary lines is the angular distance between two objects (view photo on page19). Units of angular distance: astronomers measure distances in degrees called -Arc minutes: 1/60th of a degree -Arc seconds: 1/60th of an arc minute The angular size/diameter of an object is the angular distance from one edge of the object to the other. The sun and moon are about half a degree in diameter, while the “bowl” of the big dipper is about 10 degrees wide. -The angular size of something is NOT equal to its true size. Astronomical unit (AU): is a unit of measurement, which in length is the average distance from earth to the sun. For example, the distance between the earth and the sun would be 1 AU, & the average distance from mercury to the sun is about 0.39 Au. The Solar system: the motha-fuckin solar system consists of the sun, its family of planets, and smaller bodies such as moons and comets. You’ve got me fucked up if you believe that “our solar system” is the...
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...must reach the top of a building. The base of the ladder will be 25′ from the base of the building. The angle of elevation from the base of the ladder to the top of the building is 64°. Find the height of the building (h) and the length of the ladder (m). tan64° = _h_ 25′ 2.05 = _h_ 25′ h = (25′) (2.05) h = 51.25′ cos64° = 25′ m .4384 = 25′ m m = _25′_ .4384 m = 57. 02′ Prepared by Danica Jane Maling IV-St. Ambrose (IHMA) Page 1 Right Triangles Word Problems with Illustrations and Solutions 5. The earth, moon, and sun create a right triangle during the first quarter moon. The distance from the earth to the moon is about 189,589.27 miles with an angle of 82.750. What is the distance between the sun and the moon? Solution: Let d = the distance between the sun and the moon. We can use the tangent function to find the value of d: tan(82.750) = d 189,589.27 d = 189,589.27tan(82.750) d= 1,490,293.427 miles Therefore, the distance between the sun and the moon is 1,490,293.427 miles. 6. You are standing 20 feet away from a tree, and you measure the angle of elevation to be 38°. How tall is the tree? Solution: The solution depends on your height, as you measure the angle of elevation from your line of sight. Assume that you are 5...
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...region of space where many individual galaxies and many groups and clusters of galaxies are packed more closely together than elsewhere in the universe * Universe (cosmos): the sum total of all mater and energy * Observable Universe: the portion of the entire universe that can be seen from Earth * Universe is expanding, Big Bang occurred 14 billion years ago * Planet: moderately sized object that orbits a star and shines primarily by reflecting light from its star; an object is a planet if it (1) orbits a star, (2) is large enough for its own gravity to make it round, and (3) has cleared most other objects from its orbital path * Dwarf planet: object that meets the first two criteria but not the third, like Pluto * Moon (or satellite): an object that orbits a planet * Asteroid: a relatively small and rocky object that orbits a star * Comet: a relatively small and ice-rich object that orbits a star * Small solar system body: an asteroid, comet, or other object that orbits a star but is too small to qualify as a planet or dwarf planet * Star system: a star (sometimes more than one star) and any planets and other materials that orbit it * Star: large, glowing ball of gas that...
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...winter solstices C vernal and autumnal equinoxes D zenith and North Celestial Pole E latitude of your geographic location 2. Compared to its period of revolution, the Moon's period of rotation is A longer B shorter C the same length D sometimes longer, sometimes shorter E the Moon does not rotate 3. The period of a planet revolving around the Sun can be found if we know its A average distance from the Sun B density C mass D period of rotation E more than one of the above are necessary 4. At what latitude on Earth is the North Celestial Pole on the horizon? A the Arctic Circle B the equator C the North Pole D the South Pole E there are many latitudes where this occurs 5. Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus helped convince him that A the Moon goes around the Earth B the Sun goes around the Earth C Venus goes around the Earth D Venus goes around the Sun E Ptolemy's model of the solar system was correct 6. The angular distance of an object in the sky, above the observer's horizon is called its A azimuth B altitude C declination D latitude E right ascension 7. The ecliptic is A the line passing from north to south directly overhead B the orbit of the Moon C the path of a star in the sky D the path of the Earth's north pole in the sky E the path of the Sun in the sky 8. Which of the following statements about the Copernican solar system model is correct? A it did away with the need for epicycles B it had the Earth motionless C it...
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...the sun and the second smallest planet in the Solar System, after Mercury. * Distance to Earth: 140,000,000 miles. * Gravity: 3.711 m/s * Radius: 2,106 miles * Surface area: 55.91 million sq. miles * Moons: Phobos and Deimos * Mass: 639E21 kg Mercury * Mercury is the smallest and closest to the sun of the eight planets in the Solar System, with an orbital period of about 88 earth days. * Distance from Sun: 35,980,000 miles * Gravity: 3.7 m/s * Radius: 1,516 miles * Surface Area: 28.88 million sq. miles * Mass: 328.5E21 kg * Moons: 0 Neptune * Neptune is the eight and farthest planet from the in the solar system. It is the fourth largest planet by diameter and the third largest by mass. Among the gaseous planets in the solar system, Neptune is the densest planet. * Distance from Sun: 2,798,000,000 miles * Gravity: 11.15 m/s * Radius: 15,299 miles * Surface Area: 2.941 billion sq. miles * Mass: 102.4E24 kg * Moon: Triton, Nereid, Naiad, Larissa, Proteus, Galatea, Despina, Thalassa, Neso, Halimede, Psamathe, Laomedeia, Sao. Uranus * Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun. it has the third largest planetary radius and fourth largest planetary mass in the solar system * Distance from Sun: 1,787,000,000 miles * Gravity: 8.69 m/s * Radius: 15,759 miles * Surface Area: 3.121 billion sq. miles * Mass: 86.81E24 kg * Moons: Miranda, Titania, Umbriel, Oberon, Ariel, Puck, Cordelia, More...
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...statistical information. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, are called the terrestrial planets because they have solid rocky surfaces. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and are called gas giants. Earth is the only planet of the eight that has life forms as we know them. All other planets have extreme conditions such as temperatures, atmospheres and weather that make life as we know it impossible to exist, but we still keep looking for alien signs of life. Mercury Mercury is a small planet that spins very slowly in orbit around the sun. It is the planet closest to the sun and has extreme temperature changes. During the day the temperature can soar to 870° Fahrenheit and at night time down to -300° Fahrenheit. Mercury has no moons and a very small and weak atmosphere because the Sun’s solar winds have blown it away. This causes very little to no air on Mercury. Venus Venus and Earth are just about the same size, but Venus always has a thick cloud cover making it impossible to see the surface of the planet, and traps a lot of the Sun’s heat making it the hottest average temperature of all the planets. The average temperature is 850° Fahrenheit. Venus is very similar to earth because it has mountains, valleys and volcanoes but its atmosphere makes it too hot for any life to exist. Earth Earth is about 4.55 billion years old, as are most of the other planets that are in this paper. It is our home planet of course, and is the largest of all the terrestrial...
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...universe. It was left to Galileo, a prominent mathematician of Padua University to announce his discovery on January 17, 1610 that the Earth is a planet just like other planets revolving round the Sun, which is a star. It was also established that the sun due to its gravitational pull attracts all these planets which revolve round it. Apart from the Earth there are some other planets which go round the sun. These planets, however, vary in size and also in their distance from the sun. They have their own orbits, and the period of rotation also varies in each case. Some of these planets have satellites called moons, varying in number. Some do not have any satellites. Normally, if they do not have a counter pull, they should have been dragged into the sun by the gravitational pull. These gravitation pulls of the sun and the counter pulls of the planets are called centrifugal forces. The planets revolve round the sun in their own specific orbits. These planets could be arranged in an order based on their distance from the sun. The nearest to the sun is Mercury and the next is Venus. Third comes the Earth. Later in the same order come Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Pluto is the most distant planet. If the are arranged in the order of size, the order would be ; 1. Jupiter, 2. Saturn, 3. Neptune, 4.Uranus, 5. Earth, 6. Venus, 7. Mars, 8. Pluto and 9. Mercury. The solar system has a diameter of 17,900 million kms. The nine planets can be grouped into two...
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...see at night happened in 1913 because light takes time to travel through space. B. Where are we in the universe? 1. Earth’s place in the solar system is the third planet nearest to the Sun, a star. It is very small but the only dense planet with life forms. 2. The nearest stars to the Sun and compare the distance between the Sun and Earth a. The nearest star system is Alpha Centauri that is 4.4 light-years away. b. The distance between the Earth, and the Sun is 92,600,000 miles; it takes eight minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth. 3. The Milky Way galaxy is about one hundred thousand light-years in diameter. 4. It is estimated that one hundred billion stars are in our galaxy. 5. The Earth is only four and one-half billion years of age in comparison to the universe is 14 billion. C. Motion in the universe 1. Earth orbits the Sun at 66,000 miles per hour that is equal to 107,000 kilometers per hour, which is one hundred times faster than a speeding bullet. 2. Our Sun is moving fast at 40,000 miles per hour in the galaxy. 3. We do not notice the galaxies moving fast around the Milky Way galaxy at 500,000 miles per hour because of the enormous distance from us. II. The sky and the science of astronomy A. Explain the significance of the celestial sphere. 1. Directions and coordinate systems a....
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...sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State a problem II. Analyze and interpret data III. Develop a hypothesis IV. Share the results with other scientists V. Design and perform experiment to test the hypothesis A. I – II - III - IV – V B. III – I - V – II – IV C. V – IV – III – II – I D. I – III – V – II – IV E. V – II – I – III - IV 5. Ptolemy's model sought to explain retrograde motion by _____. A. adding circles to epicycle orbits B. adding circles to elliptical orbits C. adding epicycles to elliptical orbits D. adding epicycles to circular orbits 6. Due to retrograde motion some planets will rise in the west and set in the east. True or False 7. Which of the following is correctly ordered from largest to smallest in size? A. Moon, neutron star, white dwarf, galaxy B....
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...Tides and the Moon Name AST/101 Date Teacher Tides and the Moon I was recently tasked with examining the relationship between the Earth’s moon and the Earth’s tides. I took that to mean literally: how are the tide levels of Earth’s bodies of water affected by the Moon? When approaching this question I want to do so with the scientific method in mind. The scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge (Goldhaber & Nieto, 2010). The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. It is also a good tool when we are searching for cause and effect relationships in nature. We already know the primary question being asked: How are the bodies of water on Earth affected by the Moon? To begin to answer our primary question we next ask: what causes tides? There are several kinds of tides. The ones that break upon a beach every 10 seconds to a minute are caused by sea level disturbances out in the ocean produced by such things as storms. Also the various circulation currents of sea water can have velocity components directed toward the land which will bring water up onto the beach. As this water travels toward the beach from deep water to shallow water, its amplitude will increase until it finally “breaks” as a full-fledged breaker, suitable for surfing, etc. Underlying this minute to minute activity is a slower...
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