...Unit 2, Ind. Project , American Intercontinental University Theories of Crime causation Criminal justice 105 Abstract This paper discusses the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. The author of this paper includes examples that she found through research studies. The author also includes the results and findings for twin, adoption and testosterone studies that were conducted by top professionals in the study of genetics and the biological environments that surround us. The author also has listed some of the dangers of suggesting that there is in fact a criminal gene in the field of Criminal justice that is in existence and what the repercussions would be if it was proven to be the truth. This paper is informative and professionally cited. Discuss the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. Criminality is definitely influenced by genetic factors as well as environment. For example studies were conducted among adopted children that have a biological parent that is a criminal these children have a higher risk of engaging in criminal activities, according to Richard J. Hernstein. He asserts that there have been many other studies that confirm certain physical traits, such as muscularity, gender and some have an extra Y chromosome, these children were also at a higher risk of committing crime. Therefore the late Hernstein argues, it’s refutable that criminal behavior has a genetic source. All...
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...Unit 2, Ind. Project , American Intercontinental University Theories of Crime causation Criminal justice 105 Abstract This paper discusses the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. The author of this paper includes examples that she found through research studies. The author also includes the results and findings for twin, adoption and testosterone studies that were conducted by top professionals in the study of genetics and the biological environments that surround us. The author also has listed some of the dangers of suggesting that there is in fact a criminal gene in the field of Criminal justice that is in existence and what the repercussions would be if it was proven to be the truth. This paper is informative and professionally cited. Discuss the merits of the idea that genetics are a source for criminal behavior. Criminality is definitely influenced by genetic factors as well as environment. For example studies were conducted among adopted children that have a biological parent that is a criminal these children have a higher risk of engaging in criminal activities, according to Richard J. Hernstein. He asserts that there have been many other studies that confirm certain physical traits, such as muscularity, gender and some have an extra Y chromosome, these children were also at a higher risk of committing crime. Therefore the late Hernstein argues, it’s refutable that criminal behavior has a genetic source. All...
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...Epigenetics is the study of chemical changes that alter the genome and lead to a resultant change in expression of the genes. These changes may result in detrimental effects, especially in an individual's early life, when most organs are developing. Epigenesist brings such changes in development because it will lead to expression of undesired proteins from the genome which the core requirement for phenotypic expression (Mitchell et al., 2013). After the process, the genomes formed will be different from the usual ones hence a different protein will be expressed by the affected cell; and this may be an adverse effect. The epigenetics video shows how various chemical modifications occur to the genome, interacting specifically with DNA, and the...
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...Are Imprinted Genes Adaptive or Maladaptive? Epigenetics is referred to be the study of heritable changes other than those in the DNA sequence that encompass two major modifications of DNA or chromatin: DNA Methylation, the covalent modifications of cytosine, and post-translation modification of histones including methylation that is a highly intricate process that occurs within each cell as well as supplying fluid in the brain and within the liver, acetylation , phosphorylation and sumoylation (Callinan and Feinberg 2006) which is the is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle . Epigenetics is the mechanism that leads to parent-of-origin effects via imbalanced expression of maternally and paternally inherited copies of a gene. It plays a role in several Mendelian diseases and there is growing evidence for its role in common diseases as well as cancer. It is a dynamic mechanism with varying degrees of monoallelic expression between tissues and developmental stages (Wolf et al. 2008; Kong et al. 2009; Skaar et al. 2012; Lawson et al. 2013; Peters 2014). In addition, recent evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs predominantly microRNA contribute to the stock of epigenetic mechanisms that are found in major diseases and that can occur at critical developmental times (Esteller 2011)...
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...Abstract This paper analyzes what epigenetics precisely is as well as the effects of epigenetics on our human body throughout time. I further my analysis by going in depth on the effects epigenetics can have on a child going all the way back to their grandparent’s medical history and life experiences. The different articles provide a better understanding on how epigenetics can impede a person drastically, but also ensuring us that scientist are working efficiently to find out ways to manipulate the epigenome. This paper examines my own personal Family History Questionnaire findings and how they are relative to epigenetics. The last part of this paper explores a Bluzone Life Expectancy Questionnaire which identifies the longevity of my life by asking me various questions about everyday experiences and how I can improve my health. Life expectancy Epigenetics is defined as superior to the genome (Epigenetics, 2007). It simply commands the genome on how to work, how much to work and when to react in a specific way. The epigenome tells our cells precisely what type of skin, hair type, and heart we should have. Twins may be born exactly comparable with the same gene structure, but the epigenome is the part of a person’s gene structure that is altered from the day they are born. A genome can be linked to a computer’s hardware that makes up a computer while the epigenome is seen as the software the runs the computer entirely. Epigenome can change a cell just by a person’s diet...
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...water that can break down the chemical structure of DNA. This type of exposure damages DNA by randomly breaking the molecules into smaller pieces. Inhibitors of the polymerase chain reaction can also interfere with the ability to recover a full DNA profile from biological evidence (Forensic DNA, 2014). Current technology is being researched and developed to recover information from smaller regions of DNA, which are more likely to be intact following any possible damage. These new tests include mini short tandem repeats (STRs) which use PCR primers close to the STR repeat region and single nucleotide polymorphisms (Forensic DNA, 2014)....
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... aiming to infer the unknown sample donor’s appearance from DNA, is expected to reduce the number of potential suspects (4, 5). To date, the most well studied externally visible characteristic (EVC) markers are the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with pigmentation, e. g., the variations in the coloration of the iris, hair, and skin (6–8). However, such pigmentation markers may not be useful in certain populations such as Asians and Africans with little color variation. More recently, age has been suggested as an EVC that can be used regardless of ethnicity to predict an individual’s appearance, thereby providing an investigative lead to track an unknown suspect or identify a missing person....
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...stability to the original centromere is known as neocentromere. First report of such de novo centromere formation came during 1993, when rearrangement of chromosome 10 to an acentric ring chromosome mardel-10 was identified from cytogenetic screening of clinical samples from patients with developmental abnormality. Stable inheritance of the acentric ring lacking alpha satellite repeat was completely unprecedented, challenging the then popular dogma of DNA sequence based genetic identity of centromere (1). Since then, more than hundreds of neocentromeres have been reported in the human...
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...cancer development in the United States is radon gas radiation that generated from radioactive radium. Annually it is leads to 21.000 deaths. It is observed that approximately 1 out of 15 houses in the US have radon level higher than recommended. Air pollution with nitrogen dioxide, sulfate aerosols and other dangerous substances cause 1-2% of lung cancer cases. Genetic inheritance related to polymorphism in chromosomes 5, 6 and 15 provokes 8% of all lung cancer cases. ( American cancer society, 2014) . Lung cancer also called pulmonary carcinoma or carcinoma of the lung. It is characterized by abnormal cell growth in the lung tissue that caused by DNA damage and epigenetic changes. It provokes disorders in cell functioning that include apoptosis or programmed cell death, cell growth or proliferation and DNA repair. Lung cancer divided to two types. They are small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung...
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...analyze the successive evolved species of plankton throughout time (layers of rock), and to analyze if this evolution was common across the species in distant regions of the ocean floor (Hull & Norris, 2009, p. 21225). What was previously understood through analysis of the bedrock was that the species of plankton G. plesiotumida transformed directly into G. tumida over a period of ~300,000 years (Hull & Norris, 2009, p. 21225). After deeper analysis of morphology, the researchers found that G. plesiotumida did not entirely contribute to the evolution of G. tumida, but had a subpopulation that changed into an alternative form, one distinct from both G. plesiotumida and G. tumida (Hull & Norris, 2009, p. 21225). Remarkably, the alternative form was indeed the precursor to G. tumida, and had abruptly evolved over ~44,000 years into G. tumida (Hull & Norris, 2009, p. 21226). To add to the findings, Hull and Norris (2009) found that “stratigraphic analysis from other sites has shown that G. plesiotumida persists after the evolution of G.tumida”, suggesting that the parent species coexisted with its two descendants rather than being cut...
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...• HDAC is so important because... • HDACs are grouped into class I, II, III and IV based on their sequence homology to their yeast orthologues. HDAC 1, 2 and 3 are subunits of multiprotein nuclear complexes. HDAC4, 5, 7, 9 are defined by a large, functionally important N-terminal domain regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and specific DNA-binding. HDAC6 contains two tandem deacetylase domains and a C-terminal zinc finger. • Many HDACs exist as components of multiprotein complexes and then targeted to specific genomic regions by interactions with DNA binding factors that include transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and other epigenetic modifier genes. • Based on data of siRNA knockdown or enforced expression. Targeting of the same HDAC can have different biological effects depending on the cellular context. • Expression level of HDAC1 in primary human gastric cancer tissues through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. The expression level of HDAC1 was compared in paired normal and GC tissues. The expression pattern was also topologically examined through an immunohistochemical method. • Overexpression of HDAC1 was detected in 68% of GC tissues • Increase in the expression of HDAC1 protein was detected in 61% of GC samples, also high HDAC1 mRNA levels. • Immunohistochemical staining was considered positive only if a strong nuclear staining was observed, since HDAC1 is known to be present in nuclei. • In normal pyloric glandular epithelium,...
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...Personalized medicine Personalized medicine is defined as a medical model of customized healthcare in which the medical decisions, practices, and/or products are tailored for the individual patient. In this model, the diagnostic test is often used to select appropriate and optimal treatments based on the context of a patient’s genetic content, other molecular or cellular analysis. The application of genetic information has played an important role in certain aspects of personalized medicine such as pharmacogenomics, and the term was first invented in the genetic background although it has been broadened to encompass a variety of personalization measures [1]. Some use cases of personalized therapies, devices, or technologies that demonstrate...
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...Chapter 6 Blast program for sequence comparisons and blast p-values- test whether 2 or more sequences (protein or DNA) share a common evolutionary origin (p >10^-3 = due to chance) Lack of relationship between number of genes in a genome and its biological complexity 10-nm versus 30-nm chromatin fibers – condensed chromatin= 30nm wide, “beads-on-a-string” =10nm wide nucleosome core histone composition (2 each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) – Histones exists as octamers. Core is wrapped by 147 bp, about 2turns of DNA= CONSERVED IN ALL EUKARYOTES two turns of DNA around histone core (147 bp) variable size of DNA between nucleosomes (15-90 bp) – depends on species structure of 30 nm fiber and role of H1 histone – resting chromatin will be 30nm wide, H1 binds where DNA enters and exits nucleosome core histone tail modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation) – methylation & DEacetylation condensing of chromatin (30nm) acetylation DE-condensing of chromatin (10nm) phosphorylation & ubiquitination chromatin remodeling euchromatin versus heterochromatin chromosome scaffold – hold the 30nm chromatin loops attached, genes far apart on the chromosome are close at the base of the loops called SARS (Scaffold Associated Proteins) width of fully condensed metaphase chromosomes (500-750 nm) – 500-750nm wide chromosome banding and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) – identification of karyotypes (chromosome composition) allows painting of each...
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...F after Lecture, in front of Campbell Hall and by appointment (after Oct. 22, T at 9 AM in Bio II, Rm. 5123). Approximate Lecture Schedule for Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Date | TOPIC | Reading in Text*[chapter (pages)] | | | | 9/27 | Introduction to class and Biochemical Principles | 1 (1-20); 2 (21-37) | | | | 9/30 | Introduction to Macromolecules/ Lipids and Polysaccharides | 3 (39-42; 51-61);6 (105-109) | | | | 10/1 | Macromolecules: Polysaccharides and Proteins | 3 (42-51) | | | | 10/2 | Macromolecules: Proteins and Nucleic Acids | 4 (62-67);13 (259-280) | | | | 10/4 | Macromolecules: Nucleic acids as Genetic Material | 13 (259-280) | | | | 10/7 | The Central Dogma: DNA Replication | 13 (259-280) | | | | 10/8 | The Central Dogma: Transcription and Translation | 14 (281-303) | | | | 10/9 | The Central Dogma: Translation and Mutations | 14 (281-303)15 (304-308) | 10/10 | First Honors Meeting | | 10/11 | The Central Dogma: Post-Translational Modifications, Alternative RNA Splicing and MicroRNAs | 14 (300-304;312-313) 16 (346-349) | | | | 10/14 | Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism | 8 (144-164) | | | | 10/15 | Chemical Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy | 9 (165-184) | | | | 10/16 | Chemical Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy | 9 (165-184) | 10/17 | Second Honors Meeting | | 10/18 | Finish up, loose ends, special topics (time permitting) | ...
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...purpose of this paper was to analyze the data and investigate many of the factors that contribute to human longevity. The first and longest study of centenarians centered around the centenarian population of Okinawa, a tiny island in Japan that is isolated culturally and geographically from the rest of the country, and not subjected to acculturation. The Okinawans live a distinctive lifestyle that includes social identity, language, and religion, as well as dietary habits, physical activities, and art forms. The centenarians of Okinawa typically marry and bear children with individuals residing primarily on their own island, which suggests a high rate of inbreeding that may contribute to genetic mutations responsible for long life. An analysis of the data illustrates that the ApoE (apoplioprotein) gene is a possible contributor to human longevity, specifically ApoE2, whereas ApoE4 is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Centenarians in Okinawa have relatively low rates of dementia compared to other elderly populations. Okinawa centenarians also possess a polymorphism of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that lower occurrence of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and disorders, and higher levels of heart-protecting HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) contributing to cardiovascular health. A key gene is the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) polymorphisms found in centenarians and animal models of longevity, suggesting that defective IGF-I receptors may increase sensitivity to...
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