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Strategy and Tactics of Distributive Bargaining in Roy J. Lewicki et al., Essentials of Negotiation, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin, pp.59-93.

一、簡述
談判是一種良好的衝突管理過程,透過談判的進行,人與人之間的衝突才有 機會求得最妥適地解決方法。什麼時候會用到談判?想跟老闆要求加薪時;與朋 友決定要看那部電影時;生活中處處可見。在談判的策略應用上,有許多方法, 而這一章節主要在介紹分配式談判(Strategy and Tactics of Distributive Bargaining) 的基本架構、策略與戰略。 1.1 分配式談判 分配式談判(Strategy and Tactics of Distributive Bargaining),也稱之為競爭型 或輸贏(win-lose)談判,而雙方的目標基本上是直接衝突的,資源有限,而雙方 基本上是在競爭,都想在有限資源中分到最多,故會運用策略來贏得其極大值。 以賽局理論的角度來看,這為零和遊戲(zero-sum game)。因此需謹慎地掌握資 訊,僅透露對我方有利的資訊,並期望盡可能地獲得對方資訊以利於我方處於最 佳情勢。分配式談判的意思為:在不暴露自己可以接受的最低價的前提下,找出 對方願意付出的最高價(Kennedy, 1998)。適用場合如下: 1. 雙方的目的是短期的,無意建立或培養一長期關係。 2. 雙方假設他們的目的是不相容的,討論的議題被視為一塊份量固定的大餅, 一方得,另一方則必失,且瓜分大餅的方法有限。目標在於獲得最大塊的餅, 如果得的多,那對方便得的少,反之亦然,因此談判的目標便是盡可能的獲 取最大份的餅。 3. 最重要的是實體或更能數量化的客觀利益,諸如像價格、利率、件數和合約 上的措辭等要素,在對立談判中,價格是最常見的實體利益;非實體或心理 層面的要素,如尊重、原則或是雙方的福利,雖然也需列入考慮,但是較不 受到重視的要素。 而另外要注意的是,由於雙方想在關鍵資源的有限下(或關鍵資源受到控 制),亦即在餅是固定的情況下,都希望成為贏家,以取得更大的利益。在這種 情境下,雙方的目標是彼此互斥的,並因此而引發矛盾(或衝突對立)。 1.2 買方的基本策略 買方的基本策略主要在於:尋找對方抗拒值,擴大定案範圍及探究對方對於 成果的價值觀、抗拒值、信心來源及動機;一方面探究對方的機密,另一方面防 止我方機密外洩。可運用的方法如下: 1. 影響對方抗拒值,擴大協商範圍 影響抗拒值的因素。 對方針對特定結果所額外增加的價值。 對方於談判延後必須額外增加付出的代價。

2.

對方於談判失敗會額外增加的成本。 影響分配式談判的過程 對方的抗拒值將視其對談判的延遲或失敗,所預估的額外成本不同而 有所差異,需使對方認為談判延遲或失敗對我方影響不大,以降低對 方的抗拒值。 對方的抗拒值會因談判延遲或失敗額外增加的成本而有所調整。基於 此,需說服對方談判延遲或失敗將對其造成很大的損失,使對方降低 抗拒值。 對方的抗拒值會依其結果所額外增加的價值有所不同,應說服對方目 前的狀態無法獲得他期望的結果,或提供我方在他處更有吸引力的條 件。 對方的抗拒值會因我方對結果所額外增加價值之認定不同而有不同。 越能說服對方接受協商範圍外的特定結果,則我方就越能施壓以迫使 對方向下修訂其抗拒值。

1.3 分配式談判的戰略性策略 1. 主導對方對我方所欲達成結果的看法 利用遮掩行動進行資料保密,並直接以動作引導對方的看法。 選擇性表現:轉變態度或情感反應來誘導對方。 故意顯示出無能為力:派出只被告知部分訊息的代理人(律師、產權代 理人、調查人員),以保護自己的訊息,並帶回對方的資訊。 2. 影響對方對其所欲達成結果的看法 選擇性的呈現有利我方論點的事實、引導對方模擬我方的抗拒值、以我 方的角度重新解讀已知的事實、故意在小地方讓步,並要求對方作出同 等讓步回應 3. 談判延遲或失敗增加對方的成本,其方式主要有三種 找對方麻煩(disruptive action):提高對方不達成共識必須付出的代 價。 與外人合作(ally with outsiders):在談判過程中引入一個對結果有 影響力的人,影響對方。 掌控談判的進度(scheduling of negotiations):改變談判進度,使對

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