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‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ)ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺠﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬

‫ﻤﺅﻴﺩ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ/ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﻨﺔ، ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ، ﺒﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ، ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺁﻥ، ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻋﻠـﻡ ﺃﻻﺭﺽ،‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ، ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﻨﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺫﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺨﺎﺹ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﺭﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﹰ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ)ﺹ( ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰ، ﻟﻘﺩﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﻔﻭﺍﺌﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ، ﺍﺫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﻐﻼل‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺯﻴﺘﻪ، ﻜﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻏـﺫﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻁﻔـﺎل ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻴﻭﺥ،‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﺍﺽ، ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻭﺭ ﻨﺎﻫﻴﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺨﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺜـﺎﺙ، ﺍﻻﻤـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻟﺠﻨﻲ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻜﺭﻜﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻱ.‬

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Olive(the green gold)in the Quran and Sunna,and its development inIRAQ on light ofSome COUNTRIES
EXPERMJENTS.
Moayed Salih Abdyl-Kadir
Asmaa Jasim Mohammed
College of Administration and Economics/
University of Baghdad

Abstract
Olive is considered a branch of Horticulture ,and
Sometime is regarded of forest.,its plantig requires knowing every science related to the QURAN, earth, financing, marketing, cooperation, agricultural policy and agricultural ECONOMY for each SCIENCE clarifies olive importance as a productive unit.
Olive planting has a unique privilege as it is firstly meusioned in the QURAN and in the sayings of the Prophet
OHAMMED and secoudly for its religious importance, andits numero us benefits, it can be exploited, in additionto its OIL benefit,it is a consumptionat product for theinfants, youngs, olds food. Fur theremore, olive invoe Imvolves in freating varions disueases and enters in Some industries Link Perfume and furniture So We have to develope its pLanting increase.
The attention in it to get its benefits as an assential material and To develop these benefits and generalize its developing Role and effects.

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﻪ ﺒﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻷﺠﻴﺎل ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻶل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻤﻌـﻪ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻶﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻷﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺘﻪ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﻤﺜـل‬

‫ﺸﺭﻁﺎ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺫ ﺒﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ:‬

‫1. ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ.‬

‫2. ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻤﻶﺌﻡ ﻷﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻅـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴـﺔ، ﻓـﻀﻼ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ.‬

‫3. ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻤـﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ.‬
‫4. ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ.‬

‫5. ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩﻩ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﻋـﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ، ﺍﺫ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺘـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻬﻴﺄﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ، ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺠﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.‬

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‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻜﺄﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻓـﻀﻼ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ... ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺎﻨﺕ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎل ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘـﻪ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻅـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻼل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ، ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ، ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺩ،‬

‫ﻭﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﻭﻋﺎﺕ.‬

‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:‬
‫1. ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﺎﻥ.‬
‫2. ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ.‬

‫3. ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ.‬

‫4. ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ.‬
‫5. ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘـﺼﺩﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺽ.‬

‫ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ:‬

‫1. ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.‬
‫2. ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻭﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ، ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.‬

‫3. ﺍﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴـﺔ ﺒﻜـل ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺒﻬـﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.‬

‫69‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ، ﻓﺘﻡ‬

‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺍﻻﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ، ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻭﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ، ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ، ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ:‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ: ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ:‬

‫ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ، ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻴﺒﺭﻴﺔ، ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ، ﻭﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻗﺒل 0053‬

‫ﺴﻨﺔ)62(، ﻓﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺤـﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ، ﻭﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻏﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘﻐـﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻤﻴﺭﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ.‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﻭﻫﺎ )62( ﻭﻗﺎﻤﻭﺍ‬

‫ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ )ﺯﻴﺕ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺩﺴﺕ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻭﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻏﺼﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫)ﺍﻜﻠﻴل ﻏﺎﺭ( ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻼﻡ)1(، ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺫﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺍﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺭﻤﺯﺍ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ، ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺒﻨﻲ ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺎﺨﺫ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺤﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﺠﻴﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻓﺎﻥ، ﻓﺎﺭﺴل ﺤﻤﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﺎﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺒﻔﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﺼﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺭﻤﺯﺍ ﻷﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻏﻀﺏ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﻏﺼﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻜﺔ، ﻭﻴﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭل ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻨﺒﺘﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻓﺎﻥ )02( )ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻭﺡ‬

‫79‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ( ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺒﺯﻭﻍ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻜﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ،‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻜﻨﺒﺘﻪ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ.‬

‫ﻭﻅﻬﺭ ﻴﺎﺴﺭ ﻋﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ 31- ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ 4791 ﻭﻫﻭ‬

‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻘﻲ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻘﺎل: "ﺍﺘﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺤﺎﻤﻼ ﻏﺼﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺩﻋﻭﻩ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺩﻱ" ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺠﺎﺀ ﻴﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﻴﻭﻨﻲ.‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ، ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤل ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻟﻑ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ، ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻁﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺌﻴﺱ، ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺒﺔ، ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﺘﺭﺍ)7(.‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻨﺤﻭ 77% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻠﻴﺔ )ﺩﻴﻡ(، ﻭﻨﺤﻭ‬
‫32% ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﻭﻯ ﺭﻴﺎ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 9.86% ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ، ﻭﻨﺤﻭ‬
‫08% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻴﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺕ)52(.‬

‫ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻌﺕ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻔﺘﺨﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﻁﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ، ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ، ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 9- 05 ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ،‬
‫ﻓﺘﻘل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ، ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ )31(.‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺸﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺭﻫﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ )ﺒﻴﺕ ﻟﺤﻡ(، ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻨﺤﻭ 021 ﻤﺸﻐﻼ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫0006 ﻋﺎﻤل، ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ، ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺒﻭﺍ ﺨﺒﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻲ ﺒﻴﻊ 06% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ، ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬
‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ 04%)73(.‬

‫ﻭﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻭﻭﺼل‬

‫ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ، ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺼﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﺘﻬﺎ، ﻭﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ، ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫02- 06 ﻜﻐﻡ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﻤﺭﻫﺎ، ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ، ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻭﻥ ﻴﻀﺎﻋﻔﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺘﻬﻡ‬

‫89‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻭﻴﺭﻜﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻭﺍ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ)8( .‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ، ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ 0002 ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ 182 ﺍﻟﻑ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ)12( .‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤل ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻻﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺜﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﹰ، ﻭﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ4.0% ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻤﺭﺓ )11(، ﻭﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 03 ﻜﻐﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ‬

‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 06 ﻜﻐﻡ.‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ، ﻓﺎﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻡ 512 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ 5 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل 72% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ، ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ)83(.‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ, ﻓﻬﻲ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺴﻨﺔ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺫﻟﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺠﻬﻭﺩﺍ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺤﻅﻴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻘﻭﺩ‬

‫ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺴﻠﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ.‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ : ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ:‬

‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ, ﻨﺤﻭ ﺴﺒﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻟﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ: ‪‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻨﺯل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﺄﺨﺭﺠﻨﺎ ﺒﻪ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻜل ﺸﺊ ﻓﺎﺨﺭﺠﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺨﻀﺭﺍ ﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺒﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺨل ﻤﻥ ﻁﻠﻌﻬﺎ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﹲ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻨﻅﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺜﻤﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﻨﻌﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻜﻡ ﻵﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﻭﻡ ﻴﺅﻤﻨﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻨﻌﺎﻡ– ﺁﻴﺔ 99.‬
‫ٍ ٍ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﻭﻟﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ: ‪‬ﻤﺜل ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﻜﻤﺸﻜﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻭﻜﺏ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ِ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻱ ﻴﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﺔ ﻻﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻏﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﻀﺊ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻤﺴﺴﻪ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ٍ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻨﺎﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺭ – ﺁﻴﺔ 53‬

‫ﻓﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻨﺸﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ، ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫99‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺴﺘﺭﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻻ ﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﻻ ﻏﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻏﺭﺒﺕ ﻓﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ, ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻁﺒﻲ: ﻗﺎل ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ "ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ، ﻴﺴﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺒﺤﻁﺒﻪ ﻭﺘﻔﻠﻪ، ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺸﺊ ﺍﻻ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ، ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎﺩ ﻴﻐﺴل‬
‫ﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺒﺭﻴﺴﻡ )ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺭ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻭل ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻭل ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻨﺒﺘﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻓﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺘﻨﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻨﺒﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ( ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ )ﺹ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎل: ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ- ﻗﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ)5(، ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻼل "ﻴﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﻪ" ﻨﻭﺭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺼﻔﻰ ﻨﻭﺭ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜل، ﺍﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ، ﻅﻼل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ، ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻗﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻨﺒﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻫﻥ ﻭﺼﺒﻎ ﻟﻼﻜﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻨﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ، ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﺸﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ" )92(، ﻓﻔﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻗﺎل ﺃﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ "ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻁﻭﺭ ﺴﻴﻨﻴﻥ" ﺁﻴﺔ 1،‬
‫2.‬

‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ: ‪‬ﻴﻨﺒﺕ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻨﺎﺏ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻜل‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﹸ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺍﺕ، ﺇﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻵﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻭﻡ ﻴﺘﻔﻜﺭﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤل- ﺁﻴﺔ 11.‬
‫ٍ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﻭﻟﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ: ‪‬ﻓﺎﻨﺒـﺘﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺒـﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺒﺎ ﻭﻗﻀﺒﺎ ﻭﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻨﺎ ﻭﻨﺨﻼ‪ ‬ﻋﺒﺱ- ﺃﻴﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫72-92.‬

‫ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﺁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺭﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺃﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﻌﺎﻡ،‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻫﻥ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩ، ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﺎﺥ، ﻭﺒﺄﻤﺭﻩ ﺭﻜﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﺒل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺒﺩﻟﻙ ﺍﺠﺴﺎﺩﻫﻡ)92(، ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل، ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ.‬

‫001‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ: ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴ ّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ:‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﹼ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻭﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ )ﺹ( ﺃﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﺄﻜﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ، ﻭﻨﺒﻬﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻁﻌﺎﻡ، ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﻻ ﻭﻓﻌﻼ، ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺘﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ، ﻓﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭل)ﺹ( ﻗﺩ ﺃﺯﺍل ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ.‬

‫ﻓﻌﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﺴﻴﺩ ﻗﺎل ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( )ﻜﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ()2(.‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺱ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻙ )ﺭﻀﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ( ﻗﺎل: "ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﻴﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻥ ﺭﺍﺴﻪ ﻭﺘﺴﺭﻴﺢ ﻟﺤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﻜﺄﻥ ﺜﻭﺒﻪ ﺜﻭﺏ ﺯﻴﺎﺕ)4(.‬

‫ﻭﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﺌﺸﺔ )ﺭ ﺽ( ﻗﺎﻟﺕ: ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ )ﺹ( ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺭﻡ ﻏﺴل ﺭﺍﺴﻪ‬

‫ﺒﺨﻁﻤﻲ ﻭﺃﺸﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﻫﻥ ﺒﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ)01( .‬

‫ﻭﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﻓﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺼﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺞ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﺼﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻙ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺞ ﻴﻌﺘﺼﺭ ﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺎﻕ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ، ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺼﺒﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﺌﺘﺩﻡ ﺒﺜﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺯل ﺤﻁﺒﻬﺎ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻫﻴﻜﺴﻠﻲ ﻟﻭ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﺎ ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﻟﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻜﻡ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ )01(.‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ، ﻭﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺤﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ، ﻓﺒﺎﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﺭﻜﺕ ﻗﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻔﻜﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻁﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺍ، ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻫﻼ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ.‬

‫101‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫א‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ:‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺩﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ )ﺼﻠﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ( ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻭﻱ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺩﺭﺠﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻭﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻜﺩﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻱ، ﻭﻻ ﺯﺍل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﺎﺌﻡ‬

‫ﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ، ﻭﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﻭﺘﺴﻭﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﺼﺎﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺎﺒﺽ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻻﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻬﺎل ﻭﻗﺒل‬

‫ﺘﺨﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺏ )12(.‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ 91% ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‬

‫6.1% ﻭﺍﻻﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ 5.1% ﻭﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ 8.5% ﻭﻓﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ ،A B C‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺯﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ 79%)92( .‬

‫ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜل 001 ﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ:‬
‫1‬

‫ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫5.1 ﻏﻡ‬

‫2‬

‫ﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫5.31ﻏﻡ‬

‫3‬

‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫4 ﻏﻡ‬

‫4‬

‫ﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬

‫09ﻏﻡ‬

‫5‬

‫ﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬

‫22 ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

‫6‬

‫ﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬

‫16 ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

‫7‬

‫ﻓﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬

‫71 ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

‫8‬

‫ﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬

‫1ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

‫9‬

‫ﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬

‫22 ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‬

‫01‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫4.4 ﻏﻡ‬

‫11‬

‫ﻜﺎﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬

‫081 ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻏﺭﺍﻡ‬

‫21‬

‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻤﻴﻥ ‪A‬‬

‫003 ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬

‫201‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺏ ﺘﺸﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ، ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻴـﺩﺨل ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻨﺴﺎﻥ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻀﻌﺔ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ ﺘﻐﻨﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﻤﺎﻍ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻓﻌـﺎل،‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻠﻭﻏﻪ ﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻭﺨﺔ، ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺨﻀﻊ 003 ﺸﺨﺹ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﺒـﻴﻥ 56-48‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺎ، ﻓﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻭﻩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺠﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺫﻜﺭ, ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻴﻘﻅﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﺒل ﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﻴﺯﺭﻋﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭﺭ)23(.‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ)23(:‬

‫1. ﺍﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺓ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺤﺼﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫2. ﻴﺤﻭل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭ ﻭﻴﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ.‬

‫3. ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻨﺎﻥ.‬
‫4. ﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻭﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻨﻤﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﻪ ﻭﻴﺒﻁﺊ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺏ.‬

‫5. ﺯﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻼﻤﺴﺎﻙ, ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺩﻭﺀ ﺍﻻﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻠﻁﻑ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺭﺓ.‬

‫6. ﻴﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺴﺘﺭﻭل ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﻭﻴﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻻﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﺭﺽ ﺘﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻁﺔ.‬

‫7. ﻴﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺨﻔـﻀﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ.‬

‫8. ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺴـﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜـﺩﻱ ﺒﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫04%ﻭﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺴﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ.‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ، ﺸﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺅﻜل ﻨﻴﺌﺔ ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻨﺎﻀﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﺼﺭ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻬﻲ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻤﻨﺔ، ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﺒﺤﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻻﻁﻌﻤﺔ، ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻀـﻭﺀﻩ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴـﻪ ﻓﻲ )ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺭ(.‬

‫301‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻨﺤﻭ 51 ﻜﻐﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ 03% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ، ﻓﻀﻼ‬

‫ﻋﻥ ﺠﻨﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻴﻠﻭل ﻭﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل )62(.‬

‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺼﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺒﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ ﻓﺎﺼﺩﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻀﻭﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ 795- ﻟﻌﺎﻡ6991* ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻲ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺜﻔل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﻤﺭﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺒل ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ.‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ‬

‫03% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭ 61% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺎﺙ)32(، ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤل ﻭﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺭﻗﺏ، ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ، ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ )23(، ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ* ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻔﺘﺸﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤل ﻭﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ 081 ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﻼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ، ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ.‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﻁﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﺎﺌﺩ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ,‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺔ ﻭﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﻴل‬

‫* ﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ 08ﻡ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ/ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻁـﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻭ05 ﻡ ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻟﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺘﺸﻜل 8.41% ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺸﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ- ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ 9002 ﺹ3.‬

‫401‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﻌﻠﻑ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ, ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺒﺩﻴﻼ ﺭﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻥ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻟﻌﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺸﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﺍﺴﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻓﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﺨل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ ﻭﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺌﺭ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺨﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﺘﺠﺕ ﻤﻜﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻁﻌﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺎﻨﺎﺱ، ﻭﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ، ﻜل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁل ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺨﺎﻀﻭﺍ ﻏﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ.‬

‫ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 4002 ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﻭﻁﻌﻡ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻀﺎﻋﻔﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺴﺘﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻓﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺸﻤل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺠﺘﺜﺎﺙ ﺍﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻉ.‬
‫ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻠﻜﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺴﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ، ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺨﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ.‬

‫501‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ: ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﺃﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ: ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ:‬

‫ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ)43(:‬

‫1. ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﻻﺘﻴﺔ:‬

‫ﺃ- ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭ‬

‫‪:Virgin olive oil‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ:‬

‫* ﺯﻴﺕ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺍﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ ‪ :Extra virgin oil‬ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺘﻪ ﻭﻁﻌﻤﻪ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺤﻤﻭﻀﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻯ‬
‫1%.‬

‫* ﺯﻴﺕ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻜﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ‪ :Ordinary – semifine v.oo‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺤﻤﻭﻀﺘﻪ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ 3% ﻤﻊ ﺴﻤﺎﺡ 01% ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.‬

‫* ﺯﻴﺕ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻜﺭ ‪ :V.oo Lam panate‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻴﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ 3.3% ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ.‬

‫ﺏ- ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﺭ ‪ : Refned olive‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﻴﺭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭ.‬
‫ﺝ- ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪ :Olive oil pure‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل .‬

‫2. ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ‪ :oil olive pomace‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺘﻔل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺼﻴﺭ‬

‫ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﻨﻔﺘﺎ ﻫﻜﺴﺎﻥ، ﺒﺘﺭﻴﻥ، ﺘﺭﻴﺎﻟﻴﻥ(‬

‫ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ )ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﺍﻑ( ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ:‬

‫ﺃ- ﺯﻴﺕ ﺘﻔل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ: )ﺍﻟﻨﺊ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ.‬

‫ﺏ- ﺯﻴﺕ ﺘﻔل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﺭ ‪ :Pomaccen oil‬ﻫﻭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺯﺠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭ.‬

‫ﺝ- ﺯﻴﺕ ﺘﻔل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ‪ :Olive– pomaccen oil‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ.‬

‫601‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ: ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ)12(:‬
‫•‬

‫ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ.‬

‫•‬

‫ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫•‬

‫ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫1. ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ: ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺃ- ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺘﺎﻭﻱ: ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺸﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺸﻜل ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 09%، ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﺘﺄﻗﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺵ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ، ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺫﻨﺠﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻭﺝ، ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ 5.3-‬
‫5.4ﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 61-12%.‬

‫ﺏ- ﺍﻻﺸﺭﺴﻲ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ، ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ،‬
‫ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﻀﺭ ﺍﺭﺠﻭﺍﻨﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﺘﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ‬

‫5-6 ﻏﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ 41- 81%.‬

‫ﺝ- ﺩﻫﻜﺎﻥ: ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻭﺩﻫﻭﻙ, ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ، ﺫﻭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل، ﻭﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻁﺵ ﻭﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ، ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ 6-8 ﻏﻡ، ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ 91-12%.‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ )ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﻠﺔ( ‪Drupe‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺘﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺯﻴﺕ 03-07% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻭ 21-22%‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻱ، ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺍ ﺩﺍﺨﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ.‬

‫2. ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺨﻠﺕ‬

‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ:‬

‫ﺃ- ﺸﻤﻼﻟﻲ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺘﻭﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺫﻭﺭﻩ ﻹﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺃﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻨﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ، ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻏﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل، ﻭﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺯﻥ 1 ﻏﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ 22%، ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻭﺝ.‬

‫701‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺏ- ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ, ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﻗﻠﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ– ﺃﺩﺨل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2002، ﻭﺒﻘﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻼل ﻓﻲ 3002، ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴـﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺘﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ 3-4ﻏﻡ, ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ 82-23%.‬

‫ﺝ- ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻴﺭﻱ: ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 3002، ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺤﺘﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ، ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ 22-62%،‬
‫ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺨﻀﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻋﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل.‬

‫ﺩ- ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺴﻲ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺴﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ، ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ، ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻜﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ 2002، ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻼل ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺴﺘﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ، ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫5 ﻏﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ 81%.‬

‫ﻭ- ﻨﺒﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻱ: ﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﻲ ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ, ﻭﺃﻏﺯﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺯﻴﺘﺎ ﻭﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺒﻜل ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ، ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ، ﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ 52 ﺍﻟﻰ43.‬

‫ﻱ- ﻨﺒﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺤﺴﻥ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺼﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻭﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ 053-004ﻤﻠﻡ، ﺍﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﺎﻡ 0991 ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡ 1002، ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺘﺯﺭﻉ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ- ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ 71-81%.‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﺒﺤﻭﺜﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺭﻭﻭﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﺏ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺸﺭﺤﻪ .‬

‫3. ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬

‫ﺍﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺃﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬

‫ﺃ- ﻤﻨﺯﻨﻴﻠﻠﻭ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺍﻕ, ﻏﺯﻴـﺭ ﺍﻷﺜﻤـﺎﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ 4-5 ﻏﻡ, ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ 61-12%.‬

‫801‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺏ- ﻜﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﻭﻱ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ، ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ، ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ ﺘﺯﻥ ﻤﻥ 5-7 ﻏﻡ, ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ 22-42%.‬

‫ﺝ- ﺴﺎﻨﺘﺎﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻨﺎ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺠﺤـﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ، ﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺘﺯﻥ ﻤﻥ 6-7 ﻏﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ 21-61% ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل.‬

‫ﺩ- ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺍﺘﻴﻨﻭ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺘﻲ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻭﻜﺭﻜﻭﻙ ﻭﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ 004 ﻤﻠـﻡ, ﻭﻴـﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫـﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻹﺨﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ, ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺠﺩﹰ، ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ 2-3 ﻏﻡ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ 61-81%.‬
‫ﺍ‬

‫ﻭ- ﺭﺍﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﻭ: ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴـﺔ، ﺫﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﻁـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ,‬
‫ﺜﻤﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ، ﻭﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ 2-3 ﻏﻡ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ 81-03% ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ.‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺯﻴﺘﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻴﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﻻﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ )ﺴﻭﺒﺭ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺕ( ﻭﺠﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﻭل‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻐﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻻﺼﻘﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻭﺍﺕ.‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 0008-00001 ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻋﺭﺍﻗﻲ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺜﺒﻭﺕ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺴﻌﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ 00041‬

‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ.‬

‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ، ﻭﺘﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ.‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫901‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )1( ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ.‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭﺓ /ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺘﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل/ ﺒﻌﺸﻴﻘﻪ‬

‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ 5,3 -4 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺒﺎﺫﻨﺠﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫61-12 %‬

‫ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺵ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺍﺽ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺌﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺸﺭﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ 5-6 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ/ﺍﺭﺠﻭﺍﻨﻲ‬

‫41-81%‬

‫ﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﻤﺭﺽ ﺘﻴﺒﺱ ﺍﻻﻏﺼﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل‬

‫ﺩﻫﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ – ﺩﻫﻭﻙ‬

‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ 6-8 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫91-12 %‬

‫ﺩﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻼﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺘﻭﻨﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ 1 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺴﻭﺩ‬

‫22%‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻔﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺼﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‬

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ 3-4 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫82-23%‬

‫ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻋﻁﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻴﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ 3-4 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺨﻀﺭ ﻓﺎﺘﺤﺔ‬

‫22-62%‬

‫ﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ 5 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫81%‬

‫ﺍﺩﺨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺒﻌﺩﺍﻻﺤﺘﻼل‬

‫ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴل‬

‫ﻨﺴﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ 2 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﺜﻡ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫52-43%‬

‫ﺘﻨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﻀﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﻨﺴﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺤﺴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﺃﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ –ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫71-81%‬

‫ﺍﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 0991 ﻭﻨﺠﺢ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺸﻤﺎل ﻭﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ 4-5 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﻤﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫61-22%‬

‫ﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ‬

‫ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴل‬

‫ﻜﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ 5-7 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫22-42%‬

‫ﺘﺠﻭﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺴﺎﻨﺘﺎ ﻜﺎﺘﺭﻴﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬

‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ 5-7 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫21-61 %‬

‫ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺭﺯﺍﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﻴل‬

‫ﻜﻭﺭﺍﻨﺘﻴﻨﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻭﻜﺭﻜﻭﻙ‬

‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ 2-3 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫61-82%‬

‫ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴل‬

‫ﻓﺭﺍﻨﺘﻭﺭﻴﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺩﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ 2-3 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺨﻀﺭ‬

‫81-03%‬

‫ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻨﺯ ﻨﻴﻠﻠﻭﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ 3-4 ﻏﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫011‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل، 1( ﺍﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ 053-004 ﻤﻠﻡ ﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ 97% ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ، ﻭﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻼﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻨﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ 41%، ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻴﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻼل 3002 ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎﻡ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﺒﺘﺩﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺒﻅﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ.‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻟﻸﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻨﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ:‬
‫ﻨﻴﺒﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬

‫52-54%‬

‫82-23%‬

‫ﻓﺭﺍﻨﺘﻴﻨﻭﺭﻭﻴﻭ‬

‫81-03%‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻴﺭﻱ‬

‫22-62%‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺭﺍﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫22-42%‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻼﻭﻱ‬

‫22%‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺴﺘﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺸﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻻ ﺘﻬﻤل ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﺨﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻭل‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻬﺎ ﺸﻌﺒﻴﺎ، ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴل، ﻭﺍﻻﺼﺒﺎﻍ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﻭﺭ، ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻏﺼﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁ ... ﺍﻟﺦ.‬

‫111‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫א‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬

‫ﺍﻭﻻ: ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ:‬

‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻴﻼﺤـﻅ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل، 2(.‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )2(: ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ.‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ/‬

‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ/‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫63%‬

‫02%‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻜﻐﻡ‬
‫21‬

‫ﺘﻭﻨﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫23%‬
‫52%‬

‫52%‬

‫6.5‬

‫03%‬

‫9.11‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫81%‬

‫9%‬

‫12‬

‫2%‬

‫2.1‬

‫ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ‬

‫4%‬
‫3%‬

‫3%‬

‫6‬

‫2%‬

‫6.1‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘﻐﺎل‬

‫1%‬

‫2%‬

‫1.7‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫2%‬

‫ﺼﻔﺭ%‬

‫4%‬
‫4%‬

‫4.3‬

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺼﻔﺭ%‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ%‬

‫3%‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﺼﻔﺭ%‬

‫2%‬

‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ‬

‫5%‬

‫8%‬

‫4.1‬
‫1.1‬
‫5.0‬
‫1.0‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ: ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ/ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ 3002.‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ 28% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺘﻐﺎل، ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﺤﺴﺒﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻭﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ 81%، ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫211‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﺩﺭﺠﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺴﻡ 1002- 2002 ﻭﺍﺩﺭﺠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻜﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ )13( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ 262 ﺍﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ، ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺩ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻥ، ﻤﻨﻬﺎ 06 ﺍﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ.‬

‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﺍﺓ 891 ﺍﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ 994 ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ، ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ 58‬
‫ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ)33(.‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ، ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﺃﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻪ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻟﻪ،‬
‫ﻭﻟﻭ ﺍﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻟﻤﺘﺄﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺴﻴﻘﺭﺭ ﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻴﻌﻠﻥ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺃﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻟﺫﺓ ﻭﺍﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻨﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﺡ ﻤﻌﺎ- ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺭﺓ، ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﺯﺍل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺩﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺴﺎﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ، ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ، ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺤﻴﻭﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬
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‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺯﻴﺘﻪ ﻻﺸﺒﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺍﻭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﻏﺒﻴﻥ ﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﻁﺎﻋﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ، ﺃﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺩﻫﻨﻲ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﺵ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺙ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ، ﻤﺜل ﺍﺸﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺩﻫﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻀﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻀﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻫﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ.‬

‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺸﻬﺩ ﻨﻤﻭﺍ ًﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺭﺓ 1002-2002 ﻨﺤﻭ 2.5‬

‫311‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ، ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ 0002-1002 ﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬
‫ﻨﺤﻭ 2.6 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ، ﻭﺤﺼل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ 9991-0002 ﺍﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﻠﻎ 2.3 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺫﺒﺫﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻯ.‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ)33( ﻓﺎﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻲ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺃﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺃﻷﻭل ﻟﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺘﻪ 892ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ، ﻭﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ‬

‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ 39 ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﻅﻴﺕ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻎ 58 ﺃﻟﻑ ﻁﻥ، ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ 01 ﺁﻻﻑ ﻁﻥ.‬

‫ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ، ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﻤﺠﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ.‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺨﻼل 6991 ﻭﻋﺎﻡ 1002 ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ 2.73‬

‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻥ، ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ 4.1 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫5991 ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل 5651 ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻋﺭﺍﻗﻲ ﺒﺄﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ، ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﻏﺭﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫5002 ﻭ 6002 ﺍﻟﻰ 4 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل 0244 ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ.‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ: ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻲ، ﻭﻟﻤـﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺭﺩ )ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ( ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻨﻀﻭﺏ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺒﺩﻴﻠﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ )ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﻀﺭ( ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.‬

‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻪ،‬

‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺴﻴﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ، ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﻭﺩ.‬

‫)ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل، 3( ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺩﺍﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺠﻠﺏ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻋﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻁﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻻﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﻨﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ 0002 ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫411‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻤل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﺩﺓ 51 ﻋﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻭﻟﻰ، ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺎﻗﺕ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺫﻟﻙ،‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ 03 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ 555 ﺍﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻘﻰ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺴﺘﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺼﻭل ﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺎﺘل ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ.‬

‫ﻭﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ 5 ﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﻭ01‬
‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ، ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﻤﺩﻋﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ، ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺒﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ، ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻜﺭﺩﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺼﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ )12(.‬

‫511‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫א‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل )3(: ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺭﻩ ) 5002- 0102(.‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ*‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ**‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫5002ﻁﻥ‬

‫6002/ﻁﻥ‬

‫7002/ﻁﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ8002/ﻁﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ9002/ﻁﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ0102/ﻁﻥ‬

‫0057‬

‫0057‬

‫0008‬

‫0528‬

‫0578‬

‫0009‬

‫0672‬

‫0672‬

‫0663‬

‫0114‬

‫0105‬

‫0645‬

‫705‬

‫976‬

‫567‬

‫738‬

‫329‬

‫329‬

‫0831‬

‫0831‬

‫0841‬

‫0351‬

‫0361‬

‫0861‬

‫117‬

‫117‬

‫347‬

‫957‬

‫197‬

‫708‬

‫048‬

‫048‬

‫078‬

‫588‬

‫519‬

‫039‬

‫072‬

‫072‬

‫682‬

‫492‬

‫013‬

‫213‬

‫0651‬

‫0651‬

‫1651‬

‫1651‬

‫2651‬

‫2651‬

‫03‬

‫03‬

‫73‬

‫04‬

‫54‬

‫05‬

‫204‬

‫204‬

‫734‬

‫274‬

‫705‬

‫705‬

‫525‬

‫525‬

‫056‬

‫056‬

‫576‬

‫576‬

‫ﺩﻫﻭﻙ‬

‫0071‬

‫0071‬

‫5702‬

‫5702‬

‫0542‬

‫0542‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫55281‬

‫58181‬

‫46502‬

‫19312‬

‫86532‬

‫26343‬

‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺼﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺴﻁ‬
‫ﻜﺭﻜﻭﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫ﻜﺭﺒﻼﺀ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺒﻴل‬

‫* ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﻁﻪ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ -ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ 03 ﻜﻐﻡ.ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﺒﻴﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ 06 ﻜﻐﻡ.‬
‫** ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ.‬

‫ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺒﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬

‫1. ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﺸﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ،‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻨﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ، ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺏ 03 ﻜﻐﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺭﺍﺌﻬﻡ.‬

‫2. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻑ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ..‬

‫3. ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ.‬

‫4. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﺨﺸﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺦ ﺍﻭ ﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺯ، ﺍﻭ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺩﻓﺌﺔ.‬

‫611‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫5. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻻﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺫﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫5002– 6002 ﻭ7002 ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺠﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻴﻬﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻀﻤﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺒﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺜﻭﺍ‬

‫ﻭﻴﺩﻤﺭﻭﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻠﻭ ﻟﻬﻡ.‬

‫6. ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻜﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﺎﻕ ﻨﻤﻭ‬
‫ﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ.‬

‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤل ﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺒﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ 2%- 3% ﺴﻨﻭﻴﹰ، ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻡ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺒﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻤﻜﺎﻨـﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﺩﺨﻼ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ 02 %، ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭﺍﻟﻰ 63 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍل 51 ﻋﺎﻤﺎ ﺃﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﻪ، ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ 03 ﻜﻐﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ 06 ﻜﻐﻡ ﻜﺤﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺴﻁ، ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻰ 5×5 ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺒـﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ، ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻜﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻤﻜـﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻬل ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﺠـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ، ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺘل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻏﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺌـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﻟﺸﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻁـﺭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺯﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ ﺘﺭﺴـﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺨﻔﺎﺀ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ، ﻭﺯﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺤﻭل ﻭﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﺒﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﻠﻔﻪ ﺘﻔﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﻭﻨﺔ )22(.‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﻨﺸﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺼﺩ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫711‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫א‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ, ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ، ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )4(: ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ 5002.‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻤﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭﺓ )ﻁﻥ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ )ﻁﻥ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ )ﻜﻐﻡ(‬

‫0057‬

‫6.1‬

‫03‬

‫6.0‬

‫03‬
‫03‬

‫ﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬

‫1‬

‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬

‫000052‬

‫2‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫00092‬

‫0672‬

‫00061‬

‫705‬

‫9.0‬

‫4‬

‫ﺩﻴﺎﻟﻰ‬

‫00064‬

‫0831‬

‫3.0‬

‫03‬

‫5‬

‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫00732‬

‫117‬

‫5.1‬

‫03‬

‫6‬

‫ﻭﺍﺴﻁ‬

‫19972‬

‫048‬

‫8.1‬

‫03‬

‫7‬

‫ﻜﺭﻜﻭﻙ‬

‫0009‬

‫072‬

‫6.0‬

‫03‬

‫8‬

‫ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫00025‬

‫0651‬

‫3.3‬

‫03‬

‫9‬

‫ﻜﺭﺒﻼﺀ‬

‫0001‬

‫03‬

‫70.0‬

‫03‬

‫01‬

‫ﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﺭ‬

‫00002‬

‫385‬

‫3.1‬

‫03‬

‫11‬

‫ﻤﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫00002‬

‫385‬

‫3.1‬

‫03‬

‫21‬

‫ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫00002‬

‫835‬

‫3.1‬

‫03‬

‫31‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺓ‬

‫00002‬

‫835‬

‫3.1‬

‫03‬

‫41‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‬

‫00002‬

‫835‬

‫3.1‬

‫03‬

‫51‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻑ‬

‫00002‬

‫0006‬

‫9.1‬

‫03‬

‫61‬

‫ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫00005‬

‫0651‬

‫3.0‬

‫03‬

‫71‬

‫ﺍﺭﺒﻴل‬

‫00005‬

‫0651‬

‫3.0‬

‫03‬

‫81‬

‫ﺩﻫﻭﻙ‬

‫00005‬

‫0651‬

‫3.0‬

‫03‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫196787‬

‫81092‬

‫79.91‬

‫045‬

‫3‬

‫ﺼﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ: ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﻁﻪ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ- ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﻋـﺎﻡ 5002‬
‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ/ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ– ﺍﻴﻠﻭل ﺹ6.‬

‫811‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ 8.84 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ 555 ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﺨﻼل 51 ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫7.0% ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ، ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ‬

‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﺸـﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﻬـﺔ، ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ:‬

‫1. ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﺒﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﻤﻼﻙ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺨل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺠﻪ.‬

‫2. ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻠﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ.‬

‫3. ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ، ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠـﺏ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻭﺝ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 01 ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ.‬

‫4. ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻟﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻠﺩﻫﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﺩﻱ.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ:‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺘﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ )ﻻﻨﻪ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺃﺨﻀﺭ(ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘـﺸﻜﻴل‬
‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ )ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ(.‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺒﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻋﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺒﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻲ ﻴﺯﺭﻋﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻨﺠـﺎﺡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻴﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﺎﺌﻀﺎ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻻﻋﻁﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺭﺩﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ ﻤﺯﺭﺍﻋـﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻨﺠﺩﻫﻡ ﻴﺯﺭﻋﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻻﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﺴـﺭﻱ ﻭﻤـﻥ‬

‫911‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫א‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺫﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻴﺭﻜﺯﻭﻥ ﺠل ﻭﻗﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻴـﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﺎﻨـﺏ ﻭﻀـﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺸﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﺨﺭ.‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﺸﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻌﺎﻀﺩﻫﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺘﻜﺎﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻀﺎﺒﻁ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ، ﺍﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺯﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ)3(:‬

‫)‬
‫)‬

‫(‬
‫(‬

‫ع س1‬
‫أ ف ح س1‬
‫=‬
‫ع س2‬
‫أ فح س2‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬

‫)ﺃ ﻑ ﺡ( ﺱ1 = ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺱ 1‬

‫)ﺃ ﻑ ﺡ( ﺱ2 = ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺱ2‬
‫ﻉ ﺱ1= ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺱ 1‬

‫ﻉ ﺱ 2= ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺱ 2‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩﻱ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰ، ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻨﻀﻭﺝ ﺜﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻭﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ:‬

‫)‬

‫(‬

‫)‬

‫(‬

‫ق أ ف ح س1 ق أ ف ح س 2‬
‫=‬
‫ع س2‬
‫ع س1‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ) ﻕ ﺃ ﻑ ﺡ(= ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ,‬

‫021‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫א‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ )ﻕ ﺍ ﻑ ﺡ(= ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﻲ:‬

‫) ق أ ف ح( س1 ) ق أ ف ح( س 2 ) ق أ ف ح( س ن‬
‫=‬
‫=‬
‫عسن‬
‫ع س2‬
‫ع س1‬

‫= ل‬

‫ﻭﺃﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻻﻜﺒﺭ ﻋﺎﺌﺩ ﻨﻘﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻭﺴﻌﺭﻩ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺠﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ, ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻜﻠﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺘل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﺎﻨﻴﺭ,ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ,ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺭﺸﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل.‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ )51(:‬

‫1. ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ: ﻭﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺎﻻﻴﺎﻡ.‬

‫2. ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ 5 ﻏﻡ ﻟﻜل ﻟﺘﺭ ﻤﺎﺀ، ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺩﺓ 42‬
‫ﺴﺎﻋﺔ, ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ/ ﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻋﻤل ﻭﺸﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻀﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ.‬
‫3. ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺘل/ ﺍﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻤل.‬
‫4. ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل/ ﺃﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻤل.‬

‫5. ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻭل ﻟﻤﺩﺓ 3 ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺸﺘﻠﺔ، ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﻌﻴﻡ/ ﺍﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻤل.‬
‫6. ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ/ ﺍﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻤل.‬

‫7. ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺕ/ ﺍﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻤل.‬

‫121‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘل ﻭﺘﻌﻘﻴل ﺍﻷﺼل ‪ Asexul propagation‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﻴﻤﺘﺩ ﻟﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭﺍﺱ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺨﻼل ﺴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ.‬

‫ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ:‬

‫1. ﺘﻬﻴﺄﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺒﻁﻭل 1-4 ﺴﻡ/ ﻭﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺸﺏ ﻨﺎﻀﺞ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ 51- 02ﺴﻡ, ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ 3-4 ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺭﻁﺏ/ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻠﻑ ﻋﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻁﺔ.‬

‫2. ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻗﻼﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻌﻴﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ/ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻤل.‬

‫3. ﺤﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﺭﺍﺜﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻷﺠل ﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ/ ﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻤل.‬

‫4. ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻤﺎ 5×5 ﻡ2 ﺃﻭ 6×6 ﻡ2 ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ 7× 7ﻡ2 ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ)12( .‬
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‫5. ﺤﻔﺭ ﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ 05 ﺴﻡ ﻭﻁﻭل 05 ﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ 05 ﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ)51( .‬

‫ﻭﻴﻔﻀل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ 5.1ﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺨﺘﻨﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﻭﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ 4-5 ﻤﻠﻴﻤﻭﺯ/ ﺴﻡ ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ 8 ﻤﻠﻴﻤﻭﺯ/ ﺴﻡ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ 41- 02% ﻤﻠﻴﻤﻭﺯ ﺤﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺘﺼﺭﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ 31/11/0102.‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ*، ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺘﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ‬

‫ﺒﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﺴﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻠﻭﺴﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﻭﺯﺠﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ, ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺨﻁﻁ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ، ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻀﻌﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ 0202، ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻵﺨﻀﺭ( ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ‬

‫221‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺘﻘﺭﺒﺒﺎ ﻋﺎﺌﺩﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺩ( ﺒﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ.‬

‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻻ ﺯﺍل ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺩﺩ ,ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺒﺩل ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻗﺒﻭﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻟﻪ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫×‪N‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫‪ =A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ=555 ﺍﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ.‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫‪ =T‬ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻤﺭﺓ ً 01 ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ.‬
‫‪ =N‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ 001-002 ﺴﻨﺔ.‬

‫01 × 055‬
‫001‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﻀﻡ 05 ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ.‬

‫= 55 ﺍﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﻤﺭ 01 ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ.‬

‫05 × 55=57.2 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ 55 ﺃﻟﻑ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﺭ 01 ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ.‬

‫57.2 ﺸﺠﺭﺓ × 03 ﻜﻐﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ = 005.28 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﻐﻡ ﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺴﺘﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻻ ﺒﺎﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬

‫1. ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺘل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.‬
‫2. ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.‬
‫3. ﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.‬

‫4. ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.‬

‫5. ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﺒﻐﻴـﺔ ﺘـﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ.‬

‫321‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫6. ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘـﺎﺯﺓ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫7. ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻻﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻁﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻨﻡ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺯﻴـﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﺸﻙ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺤﺴﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩ، ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺒـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺃﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ، ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻋﺎﺘﻘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻭﺃﻻﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻜﻤﺩﺨل ﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ، ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺩﺨﻼ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻤﻠﻤﻭﺴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﻴﺭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻠﻴﻡ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ.‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺘﺠﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒﺎ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋـﺩﻡ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺜﻤـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺘـﻪ,‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺸﺘﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺨـﺼﺹ ﻟﻠﻤـﺯﺍﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺭﺯ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺜل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﺁﺨـﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ﻜﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨـل ﻭﺃﻴـﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ.‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺴﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒـﺎﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼـل‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 05 ﺍﻟـﻰ 06‬

‫ﻜﻐﻡ ﻜﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻭﻟﻰ، ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ 081-‬

‫002 ﻜﻐﻡ ﺯﻴﺕ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ.‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺩﻨﺎﻩ:‬
‫‪D= p+ NG‬‬
‫‪ = D‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻪ.‬
‫‪ %3 = P‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ.‬

‫421‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫‪ %7 = N‬ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ.‬
‫‪ %3 = G‬ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ = 3% + )3%×7.0( = 5%‬

‫ﻭﻟﻭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﺍﺭﺴﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻫﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠل ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻱ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻐﺎﻀﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ.‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:‬

‫1. ﺍﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﺁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺭﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ: ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﻟﻠﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻫﻥ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬

‫ﺃﻟﺠﻠﺩ، ﻭﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﺎﺥ، ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻭﺼﻰ ﺃﻟﻨﺒﻲ )ﺹ( ﺍﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﺎﻜﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺩﻫﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ، ﻭﻨﺒﻬﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻁﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﺩﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻻ ﻭﻓﻌﻼ.‬

‫2. ﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺎ، ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺸﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ’ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﺒﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴل ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺤﻔـﻅ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻁﻌﻤﺔ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺄﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺃﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬

‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺃﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻟﻠﺩﺨل ﻭﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ.‬

‫3. ﺘﻨﻭﻋﺕ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ، ﻓﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ.‬

‫4. ﻴﺸﻬﺩ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﻭﺍ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﻭل ﺃﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺒﻲ ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ، ﻭﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﺴﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎ،‬

‫521‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

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‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻪ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻪ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﺫ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺩﺍﻭﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ )ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺠﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ( ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﻭﻋﺎﺕ.‬

‫5. ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺘﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل، ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻨﺤﻭ 03 ﻜﻐﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ 06 ﻜﻐﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺸﻜل 7.0% ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺃﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ، ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺘﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ.‬

‫6. ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻜﻤﻭﺭﺩ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻴﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ، ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻼﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻲ ﺃﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﻴﺘﻬﺎ، ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ، ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩ.‬

‫7. ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻨﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ﻻﺯﻤﻪ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺯﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺒﺭﻓﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺯﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ، ﻭﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺒﺎﻉ ﺒﺄﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩ ﻭﺘﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﺃﻷﺨﺭﻯ.‬

‫621‬

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‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫* ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﷲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺴﻡ )ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ( ﺍﻴﻪ 59 ﻜﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻩ ﻤﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﻁﺎﻋﺔ.‬

‫* ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﺍ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﺼﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺅﺴﺱ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ )ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ(‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﻕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻨﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻓﻀل.‬

‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻭﻻ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺵ.‬

‫* ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﺼﻨﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ.‬

‫* ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.‬

‫* ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻨﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻏﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻨﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ.‬

‫* ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺨﺹ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ، ﻭﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل.‬

‫* ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ )ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺌﻬﺎ( ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ.‬

‫* ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒل ﺍﻻﺨﺫ ﺒﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻜﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ.‬

‫721‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫1. ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻫﺭﻩ، ) ﺸﺒﺎﻁ 9591(. ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ، ﺯﻴﺘﻭﻨﺔ,ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒـﻲ، ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴـﺕ، ﺍﻟﻌـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ.‬

‫2. ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﺠﻪ، ﺴﻨﻥ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﺠﻪ.‬
‫3. ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺸﻊ، ﻁﻪ ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ. )9791(. ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ.‬
‫4. ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﺫﻱ، ﺴﻨﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﺫﻱ.‬

‫5. ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻁﺒﻲ، ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﻻﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ، ﺝ21/71.‬
‫6. ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ.)3002(.‬

‫7. ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ، )ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ/ﺸﺒﺎﻁ /ﺍﺫﺍﺭ/4991(. ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ، ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل، ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ، ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ.‬

‫8. ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ، )22/8/8002(. ﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ،‬
‫ﻨﻘﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺔ.‬
‫ﹰ‬

‫9. ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ، )72/8/9002(. ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ.‬

‫01. ﺩﺍﺭ ﻁﻭﻴﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ، )7241 ﻫـ(. ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻜل ﻟﻜل ﺩﺍﺀ، ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬
‫ﺒﻼ، ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ، ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ.‬
‫11. ﺩﻻﻟﻲ، ﺒﺎﺴل ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ .)1002(. ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ- ﺁﻓﺎﻕ 0102، ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫21. ﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﺒﻭﺩ .)7002(. ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟـﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ ﻭﻨﻘـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ، ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ.‬

‫31. ﻋﺒﺎﻭﻱ، ﻤﺤﻤﺩ .)8002(. ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ، ﺩﻤﺸﻕ.‬

‫41. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ، ﺴﻌﺩﻱ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻑ.)1002(. ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻱ ﻻﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫51. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ، ﻴﺎﻭﺯ ﺸﻔﻴﻕ ﻭﻋﺎﺩل ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﻨﻲ .)5891(. ﻤﺸﺎﺘل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ، ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل .‬
‫61. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ، ﻤﺅﻴﺩ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ .)9791(. ﺍﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻀـﻭﺀ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ، ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﻐﺎﺭﻴﺎ.‬

‫821‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)3(‬

‫)5( 1102.‬

‫71. ﻗﺭﺩﺍﻏﻲ، ﻜﺎﻤﺭﺍﻥ، ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻋﻨـﻪ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋـﺔ،‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫81. ﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ، ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ .)92/9/9002(. ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ،‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘل.‬

‫91. ﻤﻬﺩﻱ، ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﻁﻪ. )5002(. ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺸـﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺍﻕ، ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫02. ﻤﻬﺩﻱ، ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﻁﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺯ، ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ .)4002(. ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ، ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫12. ﻤﻬﺩﻱ، ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﻁﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺯ، ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺴﻠﻴﻡ .)7002(. ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ، ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫22. ﻤﻭﺴﻰ، ﺴﻼﻤﻪ .)2691(. ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.‬

‫32. ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻲ .)3002(. ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻟﻼﺤـﺼﺎﺀ، ﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬
‫42. ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻲ .)5002(. ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻟﻼﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﻜﻨﻠﻭﺠﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ.‬

‫52. ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ .)9002(. ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻗﻁـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘـﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ.‬
‫,‪26. Scott leach, trees on the world .(1977). london, Hamlyn, page‬‬
‫.512‬
‫‪27. Califorina an world olive statistic, http://Economic,ucdsvis‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ .‬
‫.‪28. http:// Islam-on line– net/servle‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ.ﻨﺕ -‪29. http://www.khayma‬‬
‫431=‪30. http://www,drchamspash,com/ar/index show- article and id‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺸﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺸﻤﺱ– ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ- ﻨﺕ‬

‫ﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ , ﻨﺕ‪31. http://Ro unctad org- olive market‬‬
‫‪32. http:// Islam-on line – net/servle‬‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ 02/6/5002.‬
‫. ‪33. http://www.too7i,net‬‬
‫ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺯ، ﺴﻌﺭ ﺯﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ 9002ﻡ، ﻨﺕ.‬

‫921‬

.2011 (5)

(3)

‫א‬

‫א‬

34. http://Foram- Zirasa- net.
35. http://www,Usda-Gov,Nass,pubs,org,5,05.
36. http://www.set ,gov sa,ieh, ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺨﺸﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ , ﻨﺕ‬
37. http://www.hispana arb .org.

130

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‫א‬

‫א‬

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...A doctor entered the hospital in hurry after being called in for an urgent surgery. He answered the call ASAP, changed his clothes & went directly to the surgery block. He found the boy's father pacing in the hall waiting for the doctor. On seeing him, the dad yelled, "Why did you take all this time to come? Don't you know that my son's life is in danger? Don't you have any sense of responsibility?" The doctor smiled & said, "I am sorry, I wasn't in the hospital & I came as fast as I could after receiving the call...... And now, I wish you'd calm down so that I can do my work" "Calm down?! What if your son was in this room right now, would U calm down? If your own son dies now what will U do??" said the father angrily The doctor smiled again & replied: "I will say what Job said in the Holy Book "”From dust we came & to dust we return, blessed be the name of God". Doctors cannot prolong lives. Go & intercede for your son, we will do our best by God's grace" "Giving advises when we're not concerned is so easy" Murmured the father. The surgery took some hours after which the doctor went out happy, "Thank goodness!, your son is saved!" And without waiting for the father's reply he carried on his way running. "If U have any question, ask the nurse!!" "Why is he so arrogant? He couldn't wait some minutes so that I ask about my son's state" Commented the father when seeing the nurse minutes after the doctor left. The nurse answered, tears coming down her face: "His...

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...Original Article Evaluation of initial stability and crestal bone loss in immediate implant placement: An in vivo study Durga Prasad Tadi, Soujanya Pinisetti1, Mahalakshmi Gujjalapudi2, Sampath Kakaraparthi3, Balaram Kolasani4, Sri Harsha Babu Vadapalli Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, 1Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Drs. S and NR Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Chinaoutpally, Gannavaram, 2Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, 4Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental Surgeon, Government Dental College and Hospital, Gunadala, Vijayawada, 3Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Corresponding author (e‑mail: ) Prof. Durga Prasad Tadi, Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Chinaoutpally, Gannavaram ‑ 521 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. Abstract Objectives: (1) To measure the crestal bone levels around implants immediately, and one month, three months, and six months after immediate implant placement, to evaluate the amount of bone level changes in six months. (2) To measure the initial stability in immediate implant placement. Materials and Methods: Ten patients were selected and a total of ten implants were placed in the immediate extraction sites. The change in the level of crestal bone was measured on standardized digital periapical radiographs...

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