...microscopic about the hereditary genetics. I had petite knowledge about the dominant and the recessive genes in which I did not know the parts they played in a human body. The knowledge that I have about genetics is that it is not always guaranteed for the traits of the parents always pass to the children. For instance, leadership is a character that some parents do have but they happen to have some of the rudest children. Moreover, there is no any relationship between genes and a person’s lifespan. Death is a natural happening that comes an unannounced. The only that that I knew genes do influence are the body complexions like the skin color, height, weight gain and eye color. Moreover, intelligence is another trait that is hereditary though it does not always work that way (Alexander, 2013). There are some children from poor background whose parents were not that intelligent and they do manage to be very successful people in their future. According to the research “our potential age is primarily determined at the moment of conception,” something that it is yet to...
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...Nature vs. Nurture - Twin Studies Eimy Ramirez PSY304 Prof. Reed April 11, 2015 Abstract The exponential growth of scientific and biological knowledge over time has facilitated the genesis of fields of specialization, namely biological determinism, sociobiology and eugenics, just to mention a few. The common thread between these fields is their proponents collectively postulate that all human traits, including weight, strength, intelligence, aspects of personality such as temperament (aggression for example), criminality and morality, are ultimately determined by the information encoded in DNA. They espouse that "we are who we are" because of our genes solely; that biodiversity in man is ultimately precipitated by phenotypic variations, caused by purely genetic differences, amongst individuals, therefore ostensibly offering little or no gravity to non-genetic factors. Non-genetic factors, generically labelled as the environment, encompass not only the physical, chemical and biological criterion, but also the numerous social and psychological ones that shape our lives as we grow and mature. Can we seriously take the influence of the environment, an intangible but nonetheless powerful force we experience every single day, out of the equation? Are we really who we are simply because our genes deem it so? What happens when you examine twins who have the same genes but were raised in different environments? Nature versus Nurture For years, the...
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...It's commonly known that people have a few particular physical traits as their parents by sharing the same DNA. But where do people find their interest for other behaviors like the preference of reading specific kinds of book, or their natural abilities? That's what the nature versus nurture controversy tackles (What does "nature versus nurture" mean?, “n.d."). Some scientist claim that nature plays an important role in this issue. For example, in a theory of attachment, Bowlby shows us the “views the bond between mother and child as being an innate process that ensures survival” (“Bowlby, J., 1969”). In addition, Chomsky also claims that “language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisition device” (“Chomsky, N.,1965”). However, other scientists opposed that environmental factors affect individuals more than genetics. For instance, in the social learning theory of Bandura in 1977, he argues that “the aggression is learnt from the environment through observation and imitation.” He also did a famous experiment which is known as “Bobo doll experiment” (“Bandura, 1961”). Besides, Skinner, in addition to the theory, believes that people can learn language...
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...1. Is there such a thing as ESP? There may be no topic in psychology quite as controversial, or as fascinating, as extrasensory perception, or ESP. There are three forms of ESP that psychologists study: 1. Telepathy- transfer of information from one person to another without known mediation of sensory communication, 2. Clairvoyance- acquisition of information about places, people, or events without mediation of known senses, and 3. Precognition- acquisition of a future event that could not be anticipated through any known processes of inference. In a study of telepathy, or psi(link is external), for example, participants are seated in two separate rooms; while one “transmits” signals, the other attempts to “receive” them. However, critics argue that many of the effects demonstrated in ESP experiments can simply be explained by faulty methodology and sensory “leakage” in which participants inadvertently give away the answers. The only extra-sensory feature of ESP would be, if this were true, the fact that people who can perform feats involving ESP are actually very good at reading people’s very subtle signals. 2. Why do we dream? Our dreams mystify us and often leave us waking up confused, disoriented, frightened, or perhaps very, very satisfied. Freud, of course, proposed that our dreams represent unconscious wishes that we’re afraid to express in our waking life. The most recent explanations aren’t totally incompatible with this theory. According to the activation-synthesis...
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...Mock Treatment: Autism Aleksandr Drebskiy Queens College at City University of New York I. Diagnostic Criteria A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by the following, currently or by history: 1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity ranging from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing interests, emotions or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions. 2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction ranging from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understating and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication. 3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understating relationships ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social context; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers. Specify current severity: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 B. Restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history: 1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases). 2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to...
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...Annathur.Kalingan Wednesday, April 18, 2012 W201527095 TEST.III Learning Objectives & Review of Chapters.8, 9 &10. Chapter.8. Schizophrenia Objective.1. Discuss the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, as well as the current criteria for brief psychotic disorder. What is the typical age of onset? What percent of people will develop this schizophrenia? Following is the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. i. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated): 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence) 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. 5. Negative symptoms, (affective flattening, alogia, or avolition ii. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work or school, interpersonal relations, or self-care is markedly below the level expected for the individual or achieved prior to the onset. iii. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or two or more symptoms listed in Criterion...
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...Problems 10th Revision(IDC-10) are used to aid in the psychiatric diagnosis of the disorder. Introduction The term ‘Schizophrenia’ was first used in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, and literally means ‘split mind’. He used the term to describe a general class of disorders that are characterised by a number of similar symptoms. These were: * Disorganised thought processes. * A split between intellect and emotion. * A split between intellect and external reality Schizophrenia typically begins in early adulthood; between the ages of 15 and 25. Men tend to get develop schizophrenia somewhat earlier than women; whereas most males become ill between 16 and 25 years old, most females develop symptoms several years later, and the incidence in women is noticeably higher in women after age 30. The average age of onset is 18 in men and 25 in women. Schizophrenia onset is quite rare for people under 10 years of age, or over 40 years of age. (NICE 2012) The main symptoms of the disorder according to Schneider...
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...What do you learn from Elisabeth Hyde’s article about where she has been and what she has been doing? She describes the trip as a ‘Disneyland’ like experience, emphasizing how she found it scary, yet ‘exhilarating’. “We were a mixed group: our fellow passengers ranged from our thirteen year old twin daughters to a couple in their mid-70s …” This shows that you don’t have to be young to do courageous things and that the trip can be enjoyed by people of any age. ‘One of the most spectacular environments on earth’, we can infer that the group would share a range of fantastic memories ‘screaming with the thrill of the rafting experience’. She describes the different geological features in detail with a comprehensive knowledge of the rock formation. Furthermore, she paints a picture in the reader’s mind of the ‘roller-coaster’ ride of the rapids where the passengers ‘perched on the side tubes’, adding a sense of danger. “Tightest packing system I had ever seen.” This shows us that there was no possible way of ejecting off the raft, therefore it couldn’t be possible to break ‘Ed’s rules’ but somehow she manages to do so. Therefore we learn that she is a rule breaker a ‘rebel’. Explain how the headline, sub-headline and picture are effective and how they link with the text? The large, bold title, “Fearsome Tyrannosaurus rex Sue may of died of a sore throat.” The element of humour plays a strong part in this title, along with the contradicting ideas of this dinosaur being fearsome...
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...Human Life Span- From the moment of conception to the day we pass away, we are in constant change, growth and development. Most results are of biological and psychological changes as people. Some changes are self proposed and some are results of personal choices, we all pass along a chronological timeline of events of which make us who we are. Throughout the use of biological, cognitive and socioemotional processes, we experience various periods of development. Biological is defined as changes in an individual’s physical nature; cognitive is changes in thought, intelligence and language; and socioemotional is changes within a person’s relationships & friendships with others as well as their own emotions and personality. From the prenatal period and along the way, we learn how to use our minds and bodies to communicate, develop friendships, learn how to love, work, play and achieve. From early childhood we are learning to be self sufficient on to adulthood, where we are seeking how to be independent and expand personally and socially. Eventually we get to late adulthood and our bodies are going through a multitude of changes as we get ready to enter the final life cycle. For me personally, the human life span is more linear as described as the periods of development in the book we are reading. It is easy to see the different processes unfold within the various periods of development if you delineate the age categories or specific periods and patterns of change. Nature...
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...the skills they need in their lives when they are born. On the other hand, if an individual’s growth were guided by nurture only, the individual would think and behave in a certain manner because that is how the individual was taught to do so or from experience (Colella, 2013). In this case the individual is also impacted by the environment surrounding them. Although nature has some impact on human development on an individual, nurture has a greater impact on an individual’s development. It has a bigger affect on human development due to early childhood experiences, acquired intelligences and socialization throughout their life. Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life. The experiences gained from birth to the four years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical growth of children (Collins, 2012). The conditions in the house greatly impact how a child develops. Having violence in the house affects the child. Regardless of whether or not our children have been physically abused, or watching their mother being beaten is a frightening experience. They live in an environment characterised by fear, frustration, anger, cruelty and violence (Collins,...
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...seen currently. The first one is Autistic Disorder, also called classic autism. This is usually accompanied by substantial language delays, social and communication challenges, and odd behaviors and interests. The second is Asperger Syndrome. Asperger Syndrome is usually accompanied by some milder symptoms of autistic disorder. Although they may still have social challenges and odd or unusually interested and behaviors, they usually do not have any problems with language disabilities. The third is Pervasive Developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) or also called atypical autism. Most people that are diagnosed with PDD-NOS usually have fewer and much milder symptoms then the others. People that are diagnosed with PDD-NOS may only have challenges in social and communication areas. Although there are different types of autism, they all require the same attention to the signs and symptoms of them. Autism is usually detected in early childhood. It will appear in the first three years of life. Often the child will seem to be normal and then regress. Some parents have described it as their child use to talk and then all of a sudden they just stopped talking. There are also some parents that suspected something was not right for a long time and it didn’t become more obvious until around the fifteen to eighteen month stages. Not one child with autism is the same. It affects children and adults in...
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...of entertainment, i.e. music, art, and plays, but nothing that a person could truly make their own. With romanticism people could use their imagination to evoke their emotions and become connected with the work. Edgar Allen Poe used emotion, imagery, and medicine to explore the dark side of Romanticism. Poe dealt with a lot from the beginning of his life. At the age of one his father disappears and his mother dies. He is then placed in the home of his grandparents and they all move to Great Britain. Poe has dealt with all of this before the age of twenty and has also joined the Army after a fight with his grandfather. While in the Army Poe starts to publish his works and eventually gets out of the Army. His grandfather passes away and does not leave Poe anything. Poe eventually gets...
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...Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder. English term schizophrenia comes from two Greek words that mean “split mind” it was found in 1908 by Eugene Bleuler Swiss doctor. Main characteristic of schizophrenia splitting apart of mental functions. Schizophrenia is a group of disorders, which affects thinking, emotions, behavior. Most of the people who diagnosed with schizophrenia disorder may have enhanced perceptions of sounds, and colors. There are two different types of such disorder type one and type two. It is split in to five different subtypes Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual. Schizophrenia is one of the mental disorders that is more common in one racial group than the other, and have different effect on the person according to their racial group. Many times schizophrenia is misdiagnosed with autism especially in children by the persistence of hallucinations and delusions for at least six months, and a later age of onset seven years old. Children with schizophrenia is educated in special schools where they get extra help and surrounded with the faculty that trained to work with children that have mental disorders. When it comes to outside world people might be discriminated against because of schizophrenia, there for law were created to protect you if you are schizophrenic. There is a lot of treatments and medication to treat such disorder but actual cure is not found. ...
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...Autism spectrum. At the least affected end, you may find labels such as "Asperger's Syndrome", "High Functioning Autism" and "Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified" (PDD-NOS). At the other end of the spectrum you may find labels such as "Autism", "Classic Autism" and "Kanner Autism". Description Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. It is one of three recognized disorders in the autism spectrum (ASDs), the other two being Asperger syndrome, which lacks delays in cognitive development and language, and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (commonly abbreviated as PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for autism or Asperger syndrome are not met. Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained...
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...There are numerous debates in regards to developmental psychology. One of the main debates to begin with is nature vs nurture; some individuals believe that we are products of our environment while others regards us while others believe that we are products of our genetics. John Locke believes that when we are born we are a “tabula rasa” a blank slate which means that he supports the idea that we are products of our environment and also supports behaviourism. Another debate is continuity v discontinuity, some individuals have created continuity theories and others have created discontinuity theories. Continuity theorists believe that the development of an individual is constantly continuous while discontinuous theorists believe that there are specific periods where individuals develop. For example Freud’s psychosexual stages are a discontinuous theory. There is also an issue of nomothetic vs idiographic; some theorists adopt a nomothetic approach while others adopt an idiographic approach. Individuals that adopt a nomothetic approach create theories based on what we share with others, and find general laws that can be applied to large groups of people, for example behaviourism is a nomothetic approach. On the other hand the idiographic approach goes into large detail for the individual to investigate why we are unique, for example Freud’s theory is an idiographic approach. There are six principle psychological perspectives which are applied to the understanding which includes;...
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