...Abstract This paper summarize behaviorism and how it has affected the understanding of learning. It includes a brief history of the founding of behaviorism. The main component of behaviorism learn theory are explored. Pavlov, Watson and Skinners experiments are briefly discussed as well as how behaviorism develops new behaviors. Behaviorism and Its Effect on the Understand of Leaning Behaviorism has many definitions but all have one thing in common, human behavior and actions. Behaviors and actions, not thoughts or emotions are what should be studied. Behaviorists believe that all behavior is learned. Behaviorists believe that all behavior can be unlearned and therefore replaced by corrected behaviors. A main idea to the behaviorist theory of learning is a reward for the correct behavior. The desired response must be rewarded in order for learning to take place. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was the first behaviorist. Ivan Pavlov was studying how digestion works in mammals. He observed data about dogs and their digestive. He was studying what triggers dogs to salivate. The people who fed the dogs in the study wore lab coats. Pavlov noticed that the dogs would drool when they saw lab coats, even when they were not being fed. Classical conditioning was born from this observation. After Pavlov, the two crucial theorist were John B. Watson (1878-1958) and B. F. Skinner (1904-1990). Watson was influenced by Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning and believed that conclusions...
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...Operant Conditioning Paper Operant conditioning is very common in society today. Most people are unaware that they are using it throughout their everyday encounters. There are many different ways to enforce operant conditioning. In this paper we will describe the theory of operant conditioning, compare and contrast positive and negative reinforcement, determine which form of reinforcement is most effective and why, select a scenario where you could apply operant conditioning to shape behavior, and create a reinforcement schedule for the selected behavior. Many people go throughout their lifetime applying psychological concepts such as operant conditioning and they are completely unaware of it. Operant conditioning is simply a method used to enforce punishment and reward to achieve a certain behavior. B.F Skinner was the famous behaviorist that believed this form of conditioning was the most successful. If you ever had a dog from the beginning stages of its life you know that training a puppy is a lot of work. In order to do so successfully, you would need to shape the puppies behavior using a punishment or reward method in order to housebreak the puppy. If you wanted the puppy to never jump on the couch, every time the puppy did you could enforce a reward or punishment to achieve that wanted behavior. By doing this, you would be using operant conditioning (Cherry, 2014). When applying operant conditioning, you have a choice of using positive or negative reinforcement. According...
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...Herrig Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define, compare and contrast three perspectives of psychology. In detail this paper will define and examine the theories of; behaviorism, psychodynamic, and cognitive. This paper will include a description of each perspective and provide an example for each. Included in this paper will be a comparison of the three perspectives. This paper will conclude with an example of how each perspective influences psychology today. Psychology Theories Psychology is the word that is used to define the science of mind and behavior. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word psyche, which means “breathe, spirit, soul” and the Greek word logia, which means the study of something (Nordqvist, 2009). By derivative definition psychology is the study of every aspect of human function and behavior. The human being is extremely complex, evolutionary individual, and new discoveries regarding human development are discovered often. Because of constant stream of new discoveries regarding human psyche, there are many different perspectives that when combined in an eclectic manner provide a unique insight into what makes us, as human beings, so special. The behaviorist perspective is an approach in psychology that proposes that learning comes from either rewards or punishment in association with specific behaviors (Editorial Board, 2011). Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist began experimenting with dogs in order to better understand what causes...
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...In addition to the above PASS criteria, this assignment gives you the opportunity to submit evidence in order to achieve the following MERIT and DISTINCTION grades | Grade Descriptor | Indicative characteristics | Contextualisation | M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions, by using complex problems with more than one variable have been explored | Effective judgements have been made.An effective approach to study and research have been applied | M1: To achieve M1 you need to identify some of the types of benchmarking strategies used by organisations and analyse at least four of the stages used in Benchmarking, state some of the advantages of using the technique OR Identify and analyse the 7 elements in McKinsey’s model (Task1) | M2 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques, by using a range of sources of information | Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied | M2: To achieve M2 you need to compare, strategies and demonstrate how they (PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces ) influence your chosen organisation or as (Task2) | M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings by using an appropriate structure and approach | Coherent, logical development of principle/concepts for the intended audience. | M3: To achieve M3 Present or communicate your choice or chosen strategy using any structured method or approach. (Task 2) | D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusion | Conclusions...
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...family we come from, cultural, our environment or the examples set before us. All these situations can play apart in shaping the behaviors we exhibit; this process is known as conditioning, which is a form of learning. Classical conditioning is a learned process by which a response is prompted by an outside stimulus or the thought of such stimulus. For example, experimenter presented a small child with a white rat, a dog, and a few other furry items. Initially the child showed no fear of the items. Whenever the child would reach out for the white rat the experimenter would hit a metal pipe behind the child resulting a fear response in the child. As a result the child associated the frightening sound with reaching for the white rat. When experimenter later presented the same white rat the child once reached for with no fear he cried, and was fearful of the rat. The same fearful reaction was evoked when experimenters presented the child with other white furry items (Kowaski & Westen, 2004). The process of classical conditioning can cause the development of phobias, as with the case of the small child and the rat. Even though the startling sound that initially scared the child was no longer present just the sight of the rat evokes the same fearful reaction once evoked by the startling noise. Although classical conditioning can be weakened by a process called extinction. Extinction in our example would suggest the child’s conditioned response (the presence of fear)...
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...eVersion 1.0 - click for scan notes DON'T SHOOT THE DOG Karen Pryor To my mother, Sally Ondeck; my stepmother, Ricky Wylie; and Winifred Sturley, my teacher and friend. Contents Foreword 1—Reinforcement: Better than Rewards In which we learn of the ferocity of Wall Street lawyers; of how to—and how not to—buy presents and give compliments; of a grumpy gorilla, a grudging panda, and a truculent teenager (the author); of gambling, pencil chewing, falling in love with heels, and other bad habits; of how to reform a scolding teacher or a crabby boss without their knowing what you've done; and more. 2—Shaping: Developing Super Performance Without Strain or Pain How to conduct an opera; how to putt; how to handle a bad report card. Parlor games for trainers. Notes on killer whales, Nim Chimpsky Zen, Gregory Bateson, the Brearley School, why cats get stuck in trees, and how to train a chicken. 3—Stimulus Control: Cooperation Without Coercion Orders, commands, requests, signals, cues, and words to the wise; what works and what doesn't. What discipline isn't. Who gets obeyed and why. How to stop yelling at your kids. Dancing, drill teams, music, martial arts, and other recreational uses of stimulus control. 4—Untraining: Using Reinforcement to Get Rid of Behavior You Don't Want Eight methods of getting rid of behavior you don't want, from messy roommates to barking dogs to bad tennis to harmful addictions, starting with Method 1: Shoot the Animal, which definitely works, and ending with...
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...PAPER #1: CONDITIONING Definition of classical conditioning Classical conditioning is defined in Psychology as “a process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comes to elicit a response, in reflex—like fashion, after it is paired with one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits a response” (Gray, 1999, p 100). Having to do with the reflexes, the definition of classical condition can be abbreviated into the idea of involuntary behavior. The example of Pavlov’s dog illustrates this as the dog came to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing a reflexive action of salivating, resulting in salivation even when the bell was not paired with food. Personal experience with classical conditioning My boyfriend has two dogs whom he loves very dearly and spends much time playing with. They are both extremely affectionate and smother people with kisses. However, their over¬zealous behavior often leads to fighting between the two of them, especially over attention from any new corner to the house. They also have two different personalities: one is passive and one is very nervous, and sometimes has a problem with uncontrollable urination when very excited. On one occasion when I was at my boyfriend’s house, I was sitting with the passive dog in my lap, watching television when I saw the other dog approaching. Thinking nothing of it, I remained seated, stroking the fur of the dog on my lap. The other dog, watching this, suddenly ran towards...
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...chewing on someone’s shoe. In the office he behaves like any pet dog, but in the field he is like a tornado—focused on finding illegal drugs being smuggled. Declan is a drug-detector dog for the Customs Service and has been busting drug smugglers with his handler, Kevin Hattrill, for eight years. Airport passengers look on with curiosity as Declan darts around people and their luggage. Within minutes he sniffs out a person of interest, who is taken away and questioned by airport authorities. Dogs like Declan are trained to detect illegal drugs, such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine, or explosives. Hattrill said the dogs were dual responsetrained when they detected something. “If the odor is around a passenger, they are trained to sit beside them. If it’s around cargo, they are trained to scratch. When they detect something, their whole temperament will change. “The dogs can screen up to 300 people within 10 to 15 minutes at the airport. Nothing else can do that.” (McKenzie-McLean, 2006, p. 7) module 15 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination module 16 Operant Conditioning The Basics of Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment The Pros and Cons of Punishment: Why Reinforcement Beats Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life’s Rewards Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally Becoming an Informed...
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...page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | | I have carefully proofread the entire paper and have ensured that my paper is free from...
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...1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically conditioned an 11 month old boy called Little Albert to fear white rats. Albert was pre-tested with a white rat, a dog, a monkey, masks, cotton wool and burning newspaper. He was interested...
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...thought, but it can be defined by observable behavior that is researched. Behaviorism projects that individuals are products of their experiences and have become who they are because of conditioning. John Watson, who is credited with Behaviorism, made the comment that he could take “twelve healthy infants and take any one of them and mold them into any given occupation regardless of genetics, race, talents and/or abilities.”(Jenson, 2014) Watson felt that conditioning was a crucial part of behaviorism, as it was an extension of Pavlov’s discovery and his studies of stimulus-response reflexive relationships. In this paper the founding of behaviorism, the main components of the behaviorism theory, a brief description of 3 behaviorist experiments, and how behaviorism develops new behaviors will be discussed. Behaviorism and its effect on the learning process The founder of behaviorism is credited to John B. Watson. According to Watson, behavior was a subject matter in its own right, to be studied by the observational methods common to all sciences. This field of study and learning was founded in 1912, and it was formed as a reaction to the current focus on psychology at the time. In order to form this theory, John Watson studied the research of Ivan Pavlov. Watson felt that “psychology must have an empirical, objective subject matter and that the events to be investigated as possible causes of behavior must also be described objectively and verified empirically through...
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...Sexuality to me is defined as being a heterosexual woman having interests and preferences in the opposite sex and having an emotional and physical connection with that person that I’m comfortable with. Growing up, the only thing I learned about sex was the famous Birds and the Bees talk. Don’t have sex until you’re married or if you masturbate you’ll go to hell. It wasn’t until I got older that I learned that I could have an orgasm and I learned what I liked and didn’t like. I was raised to believe that sexual relationships are to be between a man and a woman and not the same sex. I was taught to believe that sex between a man and woman was for the sole purpose of reproducing. After getting married and having sex, I later learned that sex can be and is a lot more. I was also taught that marriage is between a man and a woman. They meet, fall in love, get married and start a family. Sex is only to be with your spouse and sex before marriage was kept a secret especially if a child was born out of wedlock. Having premarital sex was considered a sin. It was okay for boys to sleep around, like earning some kind of badge of honor, but girls who were promiscuous were called whores or sluts and talked about in the community. Expressing yourself sexually was meant to be in private. Sexual orientation was not discussed when I was growing up. If you were a boy who liked other boys, you were considered weird and an outcast. I remember in high school having a male classmate who was very...
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...Foundations of Psychology The essence of psychology is the scientific study of the human mind, behavior, and mental processes. Psychology seeks to understand through research and application, the behaviors and emotions of human beings. Through this paper, the writer will examine the foundations of the study of psychology, the major schools of thought, and will identify the fundamental biological links to behavior. As a subject of study, psychology was established by Wilhelm Wundt, who in the late 1800s “founded the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p.8). Wundt paved the path for psychology to emerge from what had been simply philosophical debate into scientific investigation. His main method of investigation was introspection, he trained observers to relay information of their mental reactions when presented with several objects, by recording this information, he was able to conclude that “the basic elements of consciousness are sensations (…) and feelings” (Kowalski, et al., 2009, p. 9), although he believed that experimentation was important to understand the basic elements, he knew that it was not the only way to understand psychology. Structuralism One of Wundt’s students, Edward Titchener, did believe that experimentation was not only useful, but that it was the only method of scientific investigation appropriate for psychology. Titchener established what became known as the structuralism school of thought; structuralism catalogued...
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...Abstract Behaviorism is often referred to as behavioral psychology in which its’ theory of learning is focused on the notion that all behaviors are attained by way of conditioning, as conditioning takes place within the environment (DeGrandpre, 2000). Behaviorism focuses heavily on the utilization of conditioning as well as the study of observable behavior which can be scientifically and objectively measured. This paper will; (1) summarize the four conditioning theories of behaviorism, (2) analyze the strengths and weaknesses of behaviorism in general, (3) apply behaviorism to a practical situation in your specialization, describing the situation, how the theory can be applied, and what the expected outcomes would be, as well as (4) describe the relation of behaviorism to self-regulation. The four conditioning theories of behaviorism Connectionism- Thorndike’s connectionism theory explains that as an individual experiences life, the feelings that they develop during the experiences allows that individual to modify their behavior. According to Schunk (2012) the theory of connectionism was developed by Thorndike and is a theory that involves formation associations between responses and stimuli. Thorndike’s theory is composed of three primary laws; (1) the law of effect, (2) the law of readiness, and (3) the law of exercise, it is these three laws that connect the sensory experiences and neural impulses (Schunk, 2012). The law of effect indicates that...
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...is hard to see one happening without the other. Tailgating is a legendary activity that I could not wait to participate in. Surprisingly enough, I was able to find my way onto the tailgating scene for the University of Georgia football game. They were facing University of Tennessee which was a big rivalry in the south. Both of these teams compete in the South Eastern conference, also known as the SEC. The rivalry brought a lot of excitement around campus which meant heavy tailgating. I was brought up to speed on the tailgating by a Georgia alumnus. Thomas was the perfect person to give me the ultimate tailgating experience. Having no previous knowledge on the topic of tailgating, it was surprising to me that tailgating is a detailed process that started days before the event itself. I started my research on the first step of tailgating labeled the “pre-game”. The pre-game step for us started on a Thursday afternoon. We made on who was participating, where we were tailgating at, and what vehicles were being taken. For us, we would bring two four door trucks that could seat eight people total. There were seven total people in this group including me....
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