...ANIMAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT THE AGES Modern human society owes its beginnings to the relationship that existed between our earliest ancestors and their connection with animals. Animals are credited with being alongside early hominids while they achieved three major behavioral changes. Shipman argues that toolmaking, language development, and domestication provides evidence that a connection existed between animals and our early ancestors (2011:15). Evidence for her hypothesis is staggering, and yet sometimes it includes a bit of guesswork. The best evidence one can witness for the validity of her hypothesis is in the modern era. In the United States alone, there are 69 million pet owners and in 2007 owners spent $41 billion on their pets (2011: 271). Clearly humans are connected with animals, and this connection must have developed through a long evolutionary process. As Shipman points out, “no other animal species regularly initiates long-term nurturing relationships with individuals of another species” (2011: 12). Clearly Homo sapiens are unique. But I would argue that this uniqueness is limited. Our early ancestors have given us a long lasting connection with animals, but this connection is selective. In other words we are emotionally or economically connected with only the few species of animals that our ancestors deemed necessary enough to get along with. Today animals that are deemed to have no intrinsic face value to our modern society are being neglected...
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...Research Paper “The Neolithic Revolution” Contents: 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3 2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………..4 3. Neolithic revolution…………………………………………………………………..6 4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….9 5. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………10 Introduction The most important technological development ever to occur in human history was the domestication of plants (agriculture) and animals (pastoralism). Together these developments are called the Neolithic Revolution. To understand how the Neolithic Revolution occurred it is necessary to understand the economic system it replaced. Until the Neolithic, and in most areas for a long time after, all humans engaged in an economic activity called "hunting and gathering". This system is called "food extraction" as opposed to "food production" by agriculture and pastoralism. This period, which occurred between 12,000 and 8,000 years ago, brought along many profound changes to human society and culture, including the creation of cities and permanent dwellings, labor specialization, the baking of bread, personal property, more complex hierarchical social structures, non-agricultural crafts, slavery, the state, official marriage, personal inheritance, and more. I’ve chosen this topic because we can’t imagine our life, if there were not such a revolution. What would we be without the Neolithic Revolution? I think without the Neolithic...
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...Humans began to domesticate plants/animals for their own consumption or use. An example of these domestications is corn. Corn was the most successful plant in history, used in many early societies. Humans began to collect these wild grains, and slowly, began selecting kernels that would stay on the corn husks. In doing this, corn began to lose the ability to fall off the husks. Therefore, becoming completely dependent on humans for survival. As agriculture began to thrive and food supplies became dependable, societies grew. Hunter-gatherers could finally settle into permanent communities without worrying food would move away. They began to domesticate animals and plant crops in their newly founded societies. In doing so, societies began to become more established and complex over time. Complex societies only became more and more complex over time. In terms of agriculture, communities began to need more food and supplies for the large population. So, communities looked for distant resources. Which unified the city dwellers and those who lived outside the city walls. Also, in East Asia,...
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...The five continents Diamond refers to is Australia and New Guinea, Eurasia, North America, South America, and Africa. Diamond states that humans first appeared in Africa around seven million B.C, spreading to Eurasia from one million B.C. to two thousand B.C. Australia and New Guinea was occupied in forty thousand B.C. to thirty-three thousand B.C. North America was occupied from twelve thousand B.C. to eleven thousand B.C., and South America by ten thousand B.C. From Africa, early humans traveled to Europe, then from southern Eurasia, traveled to Australia and New Guinea. From northern Eurasia, they traveled to North America, then South America...
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...Natural Vs Artificial Selection in dogs that has been altered to suit a person’s need Introduction Dogs exist in both wild and domestic set-up whereby they vary in shape and size. This means that there are different breeds of dogs resulting from artificial and natural selection. Each existing species was created separately but they can be modified by the environment. However, these changes are limited hence cannot produce a new species. Artificial selection is whereby a species of a particular plant or animal is modifies by breeders into a distinct breed with unique physical attributes. The offspring obtained from each breeding process may exhibit minimal differences that only a breeder can identify. The aim of this breeding process is to breed an offspring with desired physical attributes, which is then allowed to breed further. An offspring with undesired physical attributes is not allowed to breed. The breeding process is repeated until the small differences observed increase gradually. This represents the process of artificial selection (Venemma). Natural selection represents a similar process that occurs in nature. In a natural setup, organisms normally vary hence reproduce at a specific geometric rate. Survival of these organisms depends on adaptation to the natural environment (Pollan 23). This creates a division whereby organisms that are environmentally suited will reproduce and those not suited will die. This is a resemblance of artificial selection, but this natural...
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...starting point for all this advancement is known as the Neolithic Revolution, also referred to as the agricultural revolution. This was the shift from a nomadic hunter-gatherer culture to a more settled agricultural lifestyle. The domestication of plants and animals was a major turning point in mankind’s evolution, but it took more than a millennia to transform from nomads to agrarians. Archeological data indicates that several different forms of plant and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide. “The earliest Neolithic societies appeared in the Middle East about 8000 B.C.E., in China about 4000 B.C.E., and in India about 3600 B.C.E.” The first farming was largely grain based in fertile river-valleys with adequate climate and natural resources to sustain farming. Over time man began developing the where-with-all to change his surrounding environment to suit his needs even further. Certain crops were grown in areas according to availability geographically and ease of production rather than chosen by preference. Not all attempts were successes; some crops were abandoned only to be produced with great ease a thousand years later. In some instances the crops actually adapted as a response to farming, through production plant species were less prone to natural selection and therefore had their own natural evolution altered. This led to eventually larger crops that were more useful to...
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...Guns, Germs and Steel Page 1 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL: The Fates of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, 1997 About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic...
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...substinence strategy structured many aspects of Indians lives and societies * Its effectiveness and long term viability were shaped by techno, demographics, and sociopolitical relationships Where did NA hunt gather and fish? * Everywhere * Heavy reliant * Pacific coast * Great lakes * Great plains How did hgf peoples obtain food? Some consequences * Mobility * Seasonality of food * Annual migration cycles * Wild plants and animals * Lack of domestication=reduced disease resistance * Acquired immunity * Genetic immunity How did this subsistence strategy structure society? * Clan size=small * Flat social structure=not hierarchical * Kinship unites bands * Loose affiliations * Gendered division of labor * Usufruct property rights=right to use, not to own How did Pawnee Indians rely on hgf lifeways? Where did Plains people come from? * Clovis peoples arrive on Plains 9,000 BC * Plains people/culture emerge from these early arrivals * Simultaneously other culture groups emerge across the Americas * Each defined by culture, language, geographic boundaries, etc How did the Plains peoples mode of production develop? * 9000 BC = Climate Warms * Bison hunting flourishes on Plains > plainsmen culture * 5000-2500 BC=Drought * plainsmen abandon plains. Move west to rocky mountains * 500 BC-AD 1000 * emergence of eastern plains what peoples and...
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...Reading Name Course Date The history of South Asia The people of South Asia underwent various transformations, ranging from economic to social and cultural changes. These transformations were, as a result, the challenges they went through. The ancient South Asia settlers endured so many difficulties that they had to devise means and ways to survive the hunger, harsh climate, religious conflicts. The early religions in this region were Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism (Deborah & Robert, 2007 ). Such human transformation is seen in different parts of the world where people came up with different ways farming and even religions. The need for better clothing made them domesticate the cotton plant, this lead to the domestication of this plant (cotton). Such activities were also found in other parts of the world like Egypt and Mesopotamia. Mud brick structures were constructed to store the harvested cereals (mostly wheat and barley) (Allan, Richard, Robert, Philip, Standish & Edward, 1997).They also started the domestication of animals like the. Goats, sheep, and cattle were among the first animals to be domesticated. The main problem addressed in the Bhagavad Gita The most fundamental concepts that Bhagavad Gita outlines in his scriptures includes; the nature of human existence, a righteous lifestyle that is divine centered, self-discovery and the purpose of living. The scriptures spell out how humankind differentiates the right from the wrong, and the relationship...
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...genetics between different peoples. Though the moral grounding of this theory was incredibly unstable, it still gained popularity in the early 20th century. However, this theory has been proved immoral and incorrect countless times. The real origin of this inequality is the geographical locations of different...
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...grape, is a fruit that is put to good use every day throughout the world. Grape production continues to increase every year around the globe to support the high demand that grapes continue to create. Most of the production is used to make wine, but it is also used for table, and raisin grape production (Rieger 2004). The numerous uses for the grape have been discovered and perfected throughout history. The sweetness of the berry and the ability to produce wine from it has kept it cultivated and put to use for over nine thousand years. The natural history and geological origin of the vitis vinifera is what caused the global spread and economic success of the grape which still is still in high demand today. The original cultivation and domestication of the grape vine is not absolute certain. The first archeological evidence of the grape dates all the way back to the Bronze Age. A clay vase with wine residue was found as well as grape seeds. These artifacts were discovered around the Mediterranean area which is thought to be the original origin (Pastor 2010). Viticulture started to spread from its original location all over the Mediterranean and up through Europe. It started to spread rapidly through France around fifth century B.C. After introduced to this area it continued to spread all over Europe and over the Middle East. At this point in history grapes were being used for food, and to make wine which was being drunk mostly for hydration purposes. A new religious movement would...
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...The History of Tomato By Andrey Popov Introduction The term “tomato” refers to the edible fruit or the plant called Solanum lycopersicum that bears it. The scientific species epithet Lycopersicum was given to the tomato by French botanist Tournefort[4]. It translates as “wolfpeach” and possibly comes from German werewolf myths. Those myths said that deadly nightshade was used to call werewolves. Tomato has a similar but much larger fruit which was called “wolfpeach” when it arrived to Europe[5]. The tomato originated in South America and was spread around the world through the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Today its many varieties are widely grown, often in cooler climates in greenhouses. It belongs to the nightshade family. The tomato has a weak stem that often vines around other plants and it usually grows to 1-3 meters in height. The tomato fruit is consumed in different ways such as raw, as an ingredient in drinks, many dishes and sauces. Its fruit is rich in lycopene, which has potential health benefits. It lives for more than two years in its native habitat, however if grown outdoors in temperate climates its life period is often annual[3]. The origin of tomato Where did the tomato came from? Tomatoes have been grown in gardens around the world and in many places cultivation of the tomato goes back centuries. It is not always easy to pinpoint where it all begun. The idea put forward by Russian scientist Vavilov states that if one wants to determine...
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...latitude with the Fertile Crest. This allowed them to produce related plants and domesticated animals, which genuinely, gave them an early start over other nations. For those who dwell in America and Africa, have very a very large continent that contains great distance from North to South. These nations were truly geographically unlucky and were un able to take advantage of networking and exchanging with international populations. Furthermore, the transition these nations had to agrarian practices brought along with it the domestication of animals. The nations considered “lucky” had been granted species of animals specifically created for the geographical location they lived and were sufficient for domestication. On the contrary, Africa was again unfortunate and had animals that were fierce and killed the animals that they were able to domesticate. America as well, had native animals that were small and could only serve as a single source or food. Therefore, the Eurasian population domesticated animals that not only helped them prosper in departments of food and farming, but also in areas of clothing and military. As I stated before about agriculture, because Europe occupies similar latitude to many of Eurasian nations, they took advantage of their animals and were able to import the same animals without experiencing trouble. Since many Eurasian people and Europeans became proficient in agriculture and domestication of animals, they had in fact created more time for them to perform...
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...Bipedalism also freed our hands for the eventual use and crucial production of tools (Diamond 1992). Through the use of found tools, such as sharp rocks employed as knifes, our ancestors may have been able to scavenge meat to supplement their diet of plant food, allowing them to outcompete other species. The about one million years ago, Homo erectus began to expand to “the Near East, then the Far East and Europe” (Diamond 1992: 37). Biological evolution continued in the way of increased brain size and more rounded skulls, one step closer to anatomically modern humans (Diamond 1992). Brain size was increasing, but how? An analysis of our genome and that of a chimp showed that there are differences in the non-coding regions that control the expression of genes by turning them on and off or by “cranking the volume” (Fischman 2011). Distinct differences between humans and chimps, such as brain size, must be caused by a distinct difference in the non-coding region of the genome. Upon examination...
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...Pig From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Pig A domestic sow and her piglet. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Artiodactyla Family: Suidae Subfamily: Suinae Genus: Sus Linnaeus, 1758 Species See text A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig, its ancestor the wild boar, and several other wild relatives. Pigs are omnivores and are highly social and intelligent animals. Contents [hide] 1 Description and behaviour 2 Distribution 3 Diet and foraging 4 Relationship with humans 5 Species 6 Domestic pigs 7 Cultural and religious reference to pigs 8 Environmental impacts 9 Health issues 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Description and behaviour A typical pig has a large head with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone and by a disk of cartilage at the tip.[1] The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is a very acute sense organ. There are four hoofed toes on each foot, with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the outer two also being used in soft ground.[2] The dental formula of adult pigs is 3.1.4.3 in each jaw, giving...
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