...Electronic Cigarettes on Aircrafts | | | | | | 1. This proposed regulation interests me since I have started flying more often and I wouldn’t want to sit next to someone smoking an electronic cigarette on an airplane. The seating on airplanes are so close together that you wouldn’t want to be able to smell the vapor from someone smoking an electronic cigarette even though it is barely noticeable. This proposed regulation is banning electronic cigarettes from commercial and international aircraft flights. I guess it would affect me and the company I work for since there are hundreds of people in our company that have to fly for business. The discomfort of having to smell an unusual odor even if it was a flavor odor from someone sitting so close to during a 2 -6 hour flight would not be enjoyable. 2. The proposal is intended to change any existing smoking regulations for airlines to ban the use of electronic cigarettes on any passenger flights both domestic and international. The DOT is implementing this change due to the marketing and promotional advertising to increase the popularity of the electronic cigarettes and they are concerned about any safety, health and discomfort concerns that may be imposed on the other passengers on the aircraft. 3. November 13, 2011 Subject: Docket # DOT-OST-2011-0044 – Office of the Secretary (OST) and Department of Transportation (DOT) - Proposed Rule: Ban Smoking of Electronic Cigarettes on Aircrafts Dear Sir or...
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...Contradictions can exist between different levels of law. In the case of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc. Liggett stated that the marketing and advertising was lawful under state law but the federal government has regulated the advertising of certain products such as tobacco and the federal law supersedes the state law regulating the same category (Melvin, 2011). The state and federal government makes laws to protect the public from potential harm which is why the federal law states that tobacco companies must disclose the harm of using their product on the package. This gives the consumer the choice to use that product or not. The disclosure of this information is vital because not everyone knows the dangers of using tobacco products. Before the regulations on advertising were put in place the individual or company selling a product could say almost anything to entice the buyer. This was common practice in the days of the traveling salesmen who sold...
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...Expenditure Plans Competition from established private players like Bharti Airtel & Vodafone & Government owned BSNL. III. External Analysis: One or Two Para's summarizing the exhibits for external analysis Indian telecom has seen phenomenal growth of close to 70% CAGR & recently crossed the 400 mn mark, as far as phone connections are concerned. This growth is primarily driven by mobile connections. However the rural India which accounts for 70% of India’s population, has a tele-density of close to 12% only. This represents huge growth opportunity. Indian Telecom Industry is placed between Government Regulation & Fair Competition. However off late the pull towards Competition is getting fierce. With new entrants like Unitech & Swan there would be on an average 8 operators per circle making going tough. Also the Government Regulating bodies like DOT & TRAI haven’t been prompt enough to bring in the changes. This is clearly proved as critical...
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...Legal Environment of Business II Chapter 19 Review Questions 19-1 Why did Congress create administrative agencies? The administrative agencies were created by Congress because they felt that the anticompetitive conduct of railroads and other corporations could best be controlled by separate administrative agencies with defined statutory mandates. Also during 1929 because of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression Congress felt the need of additional agencies to assist free-market economy and to act in the public interest, convenience, and necessity. 19-2 What are the two major functions of administrative agencies? The first function is rulemaking, where agencies are authorized to create new regulations by virtue of their enabling statutes; if they are not agencies, they need to follow the three ruled making models which are formal, informal, and hybrid outlined in the APA (Administrative Procedure Act). The Second Major Function is the Adjudication of individual cases brought before administrative law judges by agency staff, this function is done in individual cases as oppose to rulemaking for whole industries, and administrative agency usually pursues a four step process. 19-3 Explain the distinction between executive administrative agencies and Independent administrative agency is an agency which appointed heads and members serve for fix terms and cannot be removed by the president except for reasons defined by Congress. Executive...
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...Functions of Law LAW-421 Contemporary Business Law Tad Davis Louis Malinchak February 27, 2014 The functions and role of law in business and society is to keep corporations from exerting power over the citizens as well as implementing a balance between the use of infrastructure such as highways, railroads etc. Examples of this are laws imposed by entities such as the FDA, FCC, DOT, NTSB, and USDA keep businesses from directly or indirectly causing harm to consumers as a collective or individually. By imposing regulations on product testing before it is made available for the general public, the FDA and USDA serve to ensure that society is only furnished with quality products that by law must be safe for use and does what it expressly claims to do. The FCC maintains the integrity of media and ensures proper censorship by enforcing utilization of the rating systems in place for all media aspects such as motion pictures, television shows, web series, XM radio, AM and FM radio, and video games. The DOT, FAA, and NTSB provide the important service of regulating the use of roads, waterways, and airways, by setting up laws holding corporations accountable for safely operating machinery, securing loads, and navigating rivers and bays without posing a threat to the wellbeing of the general populace in their daily lives. There are also laws that regulate interactions between businesses such as laws against monopolies, patent laws, trademarks, and copyright laws...
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...Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Address: MIT Department of Economics, E52-280b, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge MA 02142-1347. Email: nrose@mit.edu. Nancy Rose gratefully acknowledges fellowship support from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and MIT. We thank Andrea Martens, Jen-Jen L’ao, Yao Lu and Michael Bryant for research assistance on this project. For helpful comments and discussions, we thank Jim Dana, Joe Farrell, Michael Levine, Steven Berry, participants in the NBER conference on regulatory reform, September 2005, and seminars at University of Toronto, Northwestern University, University of Michigan, UC Berkeley, and UC Davis. This paper is forthcoming as Chapter 2 of Economic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned?, N.L. Rose ed., University of Chicago Press. 1 Introduction Government policy rather than market forces shaped the development and operation of scheduled passenger air service in almost all markets for the first six decades of the airline industry’s history. Government intervention in commercial aviation coincided with the industry’s inception in the aftermath of World War I, with many...
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...Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology can produce dots as small as 34μm ... But have been pioneering the use of Digital LED technology in printing devices for many years! ... Do you like what you see?Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology can produce dots as small as 34μm ... But have been pioneering the use of Digital LED technology in printing devices for many years! ... Do you like what you see?Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology can produce dots as small as 34μm ... But have been pioneering the use of Digital LED technology in printing devices for many years! ... Do you like what you see?Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology can produce dots as small as 34μm ... But have been pioneering the use of Digital LED technology in printing devices for many years! ... Do you like what you see?Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology can produce dots as small as 34μm ... But have been pioneering the use of Digital LED technology in printing devices for many years! ... Do you like what you see?Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology can produce dots as small as 34μm ... But have been pioneering the use of Digital LED technology in printing devices for many years! ... Do you like what you see?Laser heads can produce dot sizes of 60μm whereas Oki Digital LED technology...
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...and Global Business Applications Introduction: The study of government regulation and the competitive environment for business is relevant to all those who study business. All business candidates need to understand how the competitive environment will impact their employers and businesses. Task: Write an essay (suggested length of 2–3 pages) that describes the relationship between regulation and market structures and how regulation affects the market. A. Define industrial (i.e., economic) regulation. Industrial Regulation happens when government commissions regulate the rates or prices of natural monopolies. 1. Explain why industrial regulation exists. In a market structure of perfect competition industrial regulation is not required because there is a lot of competition and this encourages competing industries to make good use of resources, also the price of their goods are determined by the price the market will bear and consumers benefit. Whereas in a monopolistic competition there exists a market structure that could allow competitive monopolies, duopolies, oligopolies, and monopolies to charge higher than competitive prices or the use inefficient use of resources and limited supplies, creating an environment that is not conducive to the benefit of the consumer. . (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2012) 2. Explain how industrial regulation affects the market. Industrial regulation affects the market by keeping prices for natural monopolies such as public...
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...ministers by January 1, 2019. The question is, however, whether this is the right path to choose and whether these regulations will be able to prevent the world from any future financial markets crisis. So far, the proposed numbers themselves could hardly be described as tough, as the bounce in bank shares testified. Also, it seems that many important issues are not being addressed at all. (Plenty) But what are the issues that should be addressed? What would be the ideal regulatory state and is it possible to ever achieve it? Let us, first, start with our idea of the “ideal” international financial regulatory plan. After having researched various proposals for the international financial markets regulations, we reached a conclusion that finding the ideal path is going to represent a very difficult task and that none proposed regulation will be able to fit all the states. As mentioned in the article “Financial regulation: More questions than answers” which was posted in Businessline in the end of July, due to the variations in institutional legacies, traditions and systems in individual countries over the world, no one size can fit all. Also, however, we believe that as far as financial stability is concerned within any kind of arrangement that is deemed fit in a particular country, there is no need for a central bank to have a lead role. (Opinion) Any regulations will then require a dispassionate assessment of the reasons for the current system’s failure. The complicated issues...
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...the financial accounting system. In response, the NYSE and the NASDAQ proposed increasingly stringent independence requirements, both for overall board membership and for the compensation and nominating committees. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, a group of amendments to existing securities laws intended to strengthen corporate governance and the financial reporting system. These proposals and laws augment existing exchange requirements for listed firms to have independent audit committees. When costly internal regulations that are not necessary for honest corporations are imposed on all corporations that are competitors, honest corporations do not gain a competitive advantage over those who have violated the law. In some situations these honest corporations could bear higher costs than do rogue corporations. Who then benefits from such rules? First, standardized rules make it easier for the regulators to supervise the corporate subjects of the regulation. Regulators include not only government regulators and examiners but also the internal police within large organizations-that is, compliance officers, comptrollers, and accountants. Second, generally applicable...
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...as ethylene glycol butyl ether). It acts as a degreaser and is a colorless, biodegradable chemical with a fruity odor. It is on lists as being a toxic air contaminant and some animal studies indicate that these chemical produced reproductive problems. People exposed to this contaminant have reported nose and eye irritation, headaches, vomiting, and a metallic taste. However, due to low regulation levels, it is difficult for customers to know if their cleaners contain this chemical because it is not listed on the label. Federal and state governments do not regulate air pollution inside the home. An early cleaning company that branded itself as being nontoxic and environmentally friendly used this chemical in its products but did not label it in order to “protect its formula from piracy.” Companies such as Clorox Co. and S.C. Johnson also use this chemical without printing it on the label. They were able to do so when EGBE was removed from the list of hazardous air pollutants and maintains a guideline of for how to prevent chronic inhalation exposure. However, it is a guideline, not a regulation. Professors at University of California, Berkeley not that the EPA erred when it removed the chemical from the hazardous...
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...Proposed regulation: Georgia Super Speeder Law 1. State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interest you. -Office of Highway Safety controls this Georgia Super Speeder regulation. This agency and regulation interests me because as a Georgia resident I have seen the damages that speeding on a Georgia highway can cause. I have had colleagues face bad accidents as a result to speeding and this regulation punishes those drivers that break the new regulation. -This law will directly affect me so much as if I was in violation of the law; I can face an additional $200 in the ticket fee just for being in violation. This fee does not include the actual speeding ticket. 2. Describe the proposal/change -The new law will increase the amount of money that an individual pays along with the speeding ticket fee. The proposal is in place to decrease the number of deaths and accidents from the result of driving above the given speed limit. 3. Write the public comment which you would submit to this proposal. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. -I am in favor of the new super speeder regulation. I believe this law will decrease the amount of ‘speeders’ on Georgia highways. Georgia has a high rate of motor vehicle accidents a day and with a new law that will punish these drivers with higher fines, I believe that more drivers will take caution and actually...
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...The Averch-Johnson Effect Economics of Competition and Monopoly 1 Rate of Return Regulation This form of regulation in its purest form takes costs as exogenous and observable and forms prices on the basis of observed costs included and appropriate rate of return on capital. One of the principal criticisms that have arisen for the kind of rate of return regulation practised in the United States is that the incentive for productive efficiency are reduced. In particular the input choice of the regulated firm will be distorted. While this effect is widely quoted there are a number of misunderstandings regarding the nature and significance of the theoretical result and there has been a fairly substantial empirical literature that has questioned whether it is relevant in practice. We will look at the theoretical result to illustrate what it does or does not show and look at the empirical relevance. The key aspect of rate of return regulation is that the principal restriction on the regulated firm is that the rate of return it can earn on capital is restricted to a value s. In order for the firm to be able to finance its operations, secure funds for its investments, the firm has to be able to earn a return equivalent to its cost of capital r. As it is difficult to determine the exact cost of capital and there is a hard constraint that the permitted rate of return should not be less that r the permitted rate s will typically be above r. The usual (and somewhat misleading) statement of the...
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...There are three possible alternatives to address this situation. Let us discuss each alternative one by one. The first alternative is that company issues a warning that the toy is unsuitable for the children and thus, the whistle should be used with caution. The major advantage of this alternative is that it does not result in any financial losses as the toys can be shipped immediately. However, this alternative can attract legal consequences as the toy fails to pass the regulatory standards. Further, it is highly unethical for the company to ship the toys even without warning as it could be harmful for children. It is unethical for the company to ship the product which is unacceptable by US standards to another country, even though the regulations are not stringent in that country as it can harm the children in that country as well. The second alternative to address this issue is to reproduce the product and meet the acceptable limits for lead and repackage it at a cost of $100,000. This alternative will result in numerous benefits. First of all, it will be a ethical decision on part of the company. Secondly, this decision will not attract any legal liabilities and will allow the company to maintain its reputation. However, the disadvantage is that this option will result in financial losses of $100,000 for the company. The third alternative is to ship the manufactured product to a country where such product is legally accepted or meets the regulatory standard. This situation...
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...Executive summary One chalange that firms face nowadays is how to expand in the Multinational market and still maintain their compatitive advantages. The major issue is to decide for a favorable place or location for their new businesses. Due to our multicultural globus, every country has its specific regulations, markets, interrests, labor, trade zones, facilities and other factores that could affect the decision of the foreing expansion and the choice of the industry location. This paper illustrates the major factors that should influence such decisions. There are several types of observations, how to decide for a specific location for a company. This dicision depend strongly on the activities of the company, in other words with what type of business profile this company identifies itself. There are two major categories in our global observation what a company can be. The first one is the firms that have industrial backround, like goods production. Second one is companies that are based on service. This second category is not descused in this paper due to the less importance of the site selection decision, because it doesn’t matter whether the whole business process is situated at the same location. The communication technologie open the facility to be successfully performend even on different continet. In this paper I will be focused on the industrial corporates that is willing to take the decision of locating its factory somewhere in the global/international trade zones...
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