...Mary Zavala CEM 480 Homework Assignment 1 Due 02/08/2012 Community Garden Introduction A community garden is any piece of land that is gardened by a group of people. According to the American Community Garden Association (ACGA), a community garden can be urban, suburban, or rural. A community garden can grow flowers and/or vegetables and be one or more community plots. A community garden can be at a school, hospital, or in a neighborhood. The ACGA explains the various and numerous benefits of community gardens as stated below: * Improves the quality of life for people in the garden * Provides a catalyst for neighborhood and community development * Stimulates Social Interaction * Encourages Self-Reliance * Beautifies Neighborhoods * Produces Nutritious Food * Reduces Family Food Budgets * Conserves Resources * Creates opportunity for recreation, exercise, therapy, and education * Reduces Crime * Preserves Green Space * Creates income opportunities and economic development * Reduces city heat from streets and parking lots * Provides opportunities for intergenerational and cross-cultural A community garden within the Southern Nevada area must have specific characteristics to be compatible with the dry arid climate and weather of the southwest. This paper will examine 4 case studies of successful community gardens within the Desert Southwest region. Each case study will explain the design including plant types...
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...guard and requested maintenance to the park to include new mulch. The board repaired the bridge and filled the park with 5 yards of kiddie mulch. The board has obtained quotes to replace with rubber mulch at a cost of $5000. The Yard of Month contest was placed on hold due to the drought restrictions. The board will utilize those prizes towards 2012 contests. Social Committee volunteers did help with the entrance decorating. New Business: The landscaper has waited to plant new color annuals at the entrance and will apply the credit towards a new drip irrigation system which is drought friendly and save on water bills. The sprinklers at the basketball court have been capped. Timers and photocells were replaced and updated as well as energy efficient bulbs were replaced at the entrance lights, pedestal lights and park lights. The Hausman Construction Project will being with SAWS updating the irrigation and a temporary easement will be constructed in...
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...1|P ag e Mohammad Ariful Hasan Bappi Barua Muntasir Nowshud Shabab Rony Barua Main Uddin Sotan MD. Foisal Uddin ID: 0920113605 ID: 0920113711 ID: 0920113699 ID: 0920113717 ID: 0920113721 ID: 0920113720 Submission date of Assignment: 1st December 2011 2|P ag e CONTENTS Introduction Brand Name Extension Brand Line Extension & Category Extension Product-Mix width & product-line length Chart Product Mix Product line stretching Product line feeling Page 1 Page 2 Page 2 Page 4 Page 6 Page 7 Page 7 3|P ag e Profile of RFL GROUP: RFL started its journey with Cast Iron (CI) products in 1980. The initial main objective was to ensure pure drinking water and affordable irrigation instruments for improved rural life. Today the company has its wide ranges of CI products like pumps, tube wells, bearings, gas stoves etc and has achieved the prestige as the largest cast iron foundry and light engineering workshop in Bangladesh. With a vision to serve the common people of Bangladesh with quality necessity products, RFL diversified its operation into PVC category in 1996 & in Plastic Sector in 2003. At present it is market leader in all these three sectors-Cast Iron, PVC & Plastic in the country. Sizeable amount is also exported to different countries. It is equipped with in-house R&D facilities to design and develop new products. A well organized own testing laboratory is used to ensure consistency in producing quality products. RFL has been awarded with BSTI certificate...
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...TECHNICAL MANUAL For IDEal micro irrigation systems INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES WATER & FOOD CGIAR Challenge Program on TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 2. Advantages of IDEal Micro Irrigation...................................................................... 2 3. Basic Components of IDEal Drip System................................................................. 3-5 4. Basic components of IDEal Sprinkler System.......................................................... 6-8 5. Types of IDEal Micro Irrigation System................................................................... 9 5.1 IDEal Drip Systems................................................................................................ 9-11 5.2 IDEal Sprinkler Systems........................................................................................ 12-14 6. Customization of IDEal Micro Irrigation System.................................................... 15 6.1 Adjusting Length of Lateral Pipe........................................................................... 15 6.2 Connecting Additional Drip Kits to the Same Source........................................... 15 6.3 Designing a Customized System Using Simple Rules.......................................... 16 6.3.1 Design Inputs..............................................................
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...rock which has been knocked or washed out of planters. Smooth decorative rock surface if it has been disturbed. Check plants for signs of stress or disease. Replace any plants that meet conditions for replacement at the contractor's expense. Request authorization to replace other dead or missing plants. Note: You must request authorization to make replacements within one week of the damage becoming evident! Sweep or blow clean all walkways, curbs, and gutters. Treat for any signs of disease or pest infestation. Complete any items required on the Monthly Checklist. Hand water any plants that are dry and stressed. Check the irrigation system. Make emergency repairs as needed or request authorization to make major repairs. Note: you must request authorization for repairs within one week of the damage becoming evident! Adjust the irrigation controllers for current water needs of plants. Checked by:__________________________________(Print Name) Signature: __________________________________ Date:__________ MONTHLY MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST (See Landscape Maintenance Specifications for details.) January: Prune any tree branches that interfere with public safety. Prune all parking lot and street trees yearly to...
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...Lecture 6: Soil & Water 1. What is Soil Water? 2. What is Groundwater? 3. How does irrigation affect soil quality? 4. What is the significance of soil erosion? 5. An example from the past: the Dust Bowl 1. What is Soil Water? Hygroscopic • Capillary water • Gravitational water 2. What is Groundwater? • What is an aquitard/aquifer? 1 What is the Water Table? Boundary between unsaturated (vadose) and saturated zones What are the consequences of overdrawing groundwater? • What are the consequences of overdrawing groundwater? • Cones of Depression – e.g. O ll l Ogallala aquifer, U.S. – What is the difference between Nonrenewable vs Renewable R bl groundwater? • 2 What are the consequences of overdrawing groundwater? • Consequences of overdrawing groundwater? • Salt water intrusions: i t i San Joaquin Valley California, 1977 Sinkhole in Florida, 1981 3. How does irrigation affect soil quality? What is irrigation? • Types of Irrigation Drip Irrigation Gravity Flow • Turns inadequate cropland into adequate cropland Center Pivot 3 What is Salinization? • Accumulation of salts in and on the soil to the point that plant growth is suppressed • How can it occur? Land impacted by salinization Positive Feedback Mechanism • Low ppt • Low productivity • • • • • • Initially increases productivity • Positive Feedback Mechanism • Low ppt • Low productivity • • Increase in desertification • Decrease in productivity...
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...A Study Comparing the Impacts of Surface Irrigation and Localized Irrigation (Drip Irrigation) Here in the Philippines basing on the studies conducted by adb.org, agriculture has been considered as the primary sector of the economy. It has contributed 19.1 % of the Gross Domestic Product and has provided employment for about 36.7% of the labor force. It is also a factor that primarily affects the economic well-being of the country like in determining the employment rate, total food supply available, economic activity, and the exporting activities. Indeed agriculture takes a major part in the growth of the Philippines, the very reason why the government allots so many budgets when it comes to resolving agricultural matters like for example in putting up irrigation systems or schemes. In general, the government sets aside annual funds for the rehabilitation and improvement of the irrigation for almost 3 percent or 27, 000 hectares. Irrigation development is highest in Luzon containing approximately 51.1 percent of the total irrigated land followed by Mindanao with 38.7 percent and Visayas with 10.2 percent. Development of irrigation systems is very important because through these developments the country could minimize the risk of crop failure by stabilizing the level of water supply and maximize the crop productivity. There are various elements considered in constructing an irrigation system like size of project, budget, type of landscape, availability and source of water...
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...and the species that reside in them. The pollution can run all the way to the coast and even start to damage the oceanic ecosystem. Another important peril to freshwater ecosystems is the building of dams, which are also used for crop irrigation. Dams enable us to store water in a reservoir during a season with lots of rain and then discharge it when we need it in a dry season. Dams also change the flow of water, which disturbs the homes of local birds and fish and can prevent the migration of fish, decreasing reproduction. Dams flow diversion disturbs natural flooding cycles, decreases water flow, deplete wetlands, increase the risk of flooding and is a threat to flora and fauna. The farmers poor drainage and irrigation systems also waste precious water sources. It is estimated that only 20%-50% of water removed for farming actually makes it to the crops [WWF]. With old-fashioned irrigation systems, farmers pump or physically take water to the crops where it basically flows through the field. If the fields are hilly, water ends up gathering in the lower areas and doesn't even reach the higher areas. Changing to a more effective way of irrigation can save water, a huge positive for freshwater reservoirs that are being depleted. Drip irrigation is a much better and more controlled way of watering crops, it is when water slowly runs from hoses to a particular area. Cultivating crops that are more suited to the soil and climate of a specific area is also extremely important like...
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...various techniques of water harvesting are applied on the basis of some criteria Problem | Strategy | Activity Plan | Expected Impact | Over exploitation of Ground water | Ground water Recharge | Rainwater harvesting structures like check dams | Increase in water table | Salinity ingress in coastal aquifers | Checking sea water intrusion | Construction of ‘Bandhara’, sub surface dyke | Improvement in ground water quality | Poor quality drinking water | Storing rain water | Roof top rain water harvesting, filter well in tank | Availability of good quality drinking water | Decreasing crop productivity & Soil degradation | Mitigating ill effect of chemicals and saline irrigation water | Promoting use of compost, green manuring and drip irrigation | IranImprovement in soil quality,...
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...Irrigation Systems Irrigation systems are a huge part of our society with farming, cities, or professional parks including golf courses. The term irrigation literally means to supply the land or crops with water by means of pipes, sprinklers, ditches, or streams. An irrigation system is suppose to apply the water without causing any soil erosion, excessive water loss, or reduction in water quality. There are many different kinds of irrigation systems that perform different tasks and that apply water differently to the land. One type of system is called a Ditch Irrigation. This is more of a traditional method by using ditches to channel the water through pipes to water the crops. That’s just one of the many different kinds that I will get to later. The science behind an irrigation system is incredible. When we use water in places like an industry or even our homes, about 90% of the water used is eventually returned to the environment where it replenishes water sources and can be used for other purposes. However, when water is used in an irrigation system, only about half of the water can be reused. The other half is lost due to evaporation, evapotranspiration, or is lost due to leaking pipes. “For 2005, total irrigation withdrawals were about 128,000 million gallons per day or 144,000 thousand acre-feet per year”(IrrigationWaterUse). The definition of an irrigation system is “a sprinkler irrigation system is a planned system in which all necessary components have been installed...
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...Of those people about 783 million people do not have access to clean water and 2 to 3 billion do not have access to clean sanitation. It is incomprehensible to think that 70% of our planet is covered with water but only 3% of it is drinkable. Of that 3%; 2/3 of that is frozen. The main problem that stands between adequate supply of water for the future starts with us. The need for water is essential to life but to what extent do we need to take to solidify a clean water supply for years to come? The first problem is the over usage of water to meet our ever growing needs. Not only is water used to water crops but also to water plants and yards for people. According to the USDA over 90% of the nation’s water supply is used on irrigation. The irrigation in western states is higher due to the dry climate and lack of rain fall in the warmer months. It would be almost impossible to not irrigate and be able to sustain our current needs on the grain and livestock. The amount of water usage varies by plant...
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...around 500,000 customers daily – Unique menu with Vegetarian products and Nonvegetarian products (Fish, Chicken) …World’s largest democracy … 2nd largest population in the world …fastest growing middle class consumers Incredible India A land of huge opportunities • At 175 million tonnes per annum, India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables ……but more than 15 billion US$ worth fruits and vegetables wasted every year post harvest …. only 2.2% of the produce is processed 3rd largest producer of potatoes …..but less than 5% of potatoes grown are process grade • • World’s largest producer of milk …however yield per lactation cycle of a buffalo is 1/10th of US Supply Chain Challenges Agriculture •Outdated farming and irrigation practices Logistics & Distribution •Poor road and other infrastructure conditions •Cold chain – virtually non-existent •Huge wastage of natural resources (water, electricity etc.) •Lack of proper storage facility at farm level for storing post harvest produce •Crops like iceberg lettuce not commercially grown •Only 200 refrigerated trucks in whole of India •Specialized temperature controlled warehouses (e.g. for potato storage) not available Food Processing •Patty processing – No plant for patty processing (veg or non-veg) •Bakery – identified as small scale industry and bread making, hence limited investments. •Processed Potatoes – French fries not known to Indian...
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...Chapter 9 * Distribution and usability of fresh water * 70% of earth is covered in water, but 97% of that is salt * Remaining freshwater (<.5% salt), 22% is underground, and 77% is frozen (<1% fresh water bodies) * 2.78% Freshwater, 97% found in ocean as saltwater * ¼ of all freshwater underground * ¾ aboveground but mostly in ice and glaciers (not very usable) * Very little resides in lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands * Groundwater structure and Use * Groundwater exists in permeable layers of rock called aquifers. These allow us to get usable ground water * Unconfined aquifers are aquifers that water can easily flow in and out of * Easily recharged from above * Confined aquifers are aquifers that are surrounded by an impermeable layer * Under high pressure and can create artesian wells * Water table is the uppermost limit of saturated rock. Separates zone of aeration from zone of saturation * Zone of aeration = pore spaces are partly filled with water * Zone of saturation = spaces are filled with water * Groundwater recharge zone is where water gets added to an aquifer (harder in confined aquifers) * Springs are where ground water reaches the surface. Naturally clean * Wells are holes dug into the groundwater (cone of depression) * Problems with Depleting Groundwater * Saltwater intrusion- when the pumping of fresh water out of a well is faster than the recharge. Near...
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...Science Daily Using Less Water to Grow More Potatoes ScienceDaily (Sep. 1, 2011) — Research conducted in part at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has confirmed that in some production systems, planting potatoes in flat beds can increase irrigation water use efficiency. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) agricultural engineer Bradley King, who works at the ARS Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory in Kimberly, Idaho, was one of the scientists who led these studies. ARS is USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency, and this research supports the USDA commitment to enhancing sustainable agriculture. When potato production started in Idaho more than 100 years ago, farmers seeded their crops in ridged rows and watered their plants by channeling surface irrigation to flow through the furrows between the rows. Even though most commercial potato producers in the Pacific Northwest now irrigate their crops with sprinklers, they still typically use ridged-row planting systems. But this planting configuration allows irrigation runoff to collect in the furrow and percolate below the crop root zone. This means that the water is unavailable to the crops, and can also lead to increased nitrate leaching from the soil. King and his partners conducted a series of studies on planting potatoes in flat beds instead of ridged rows. One two-year study compared ridge-row planting systems, a 5-row planting configuration on a raised bed where the plant rows were 26...
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...Growth of Yuma Yuma’s County irrigation and agriculture grew over the past years. It helped Yuma expand to new places and to new people. For that to happen many people had to overcome many challenges. The Yuma Project was introduced which helped more people be aware of Yuma. With more food productions Yuma grew and because if the Yuma Project irrigation was all over Yuma to help with agriculture. As for the challenges, many things also help to deal with them like new technology. It helped change Yuma as it right now. The Yuma Project had a lot of both positive and negative effects. Some good effects that it had would have been the increase in food production. Since the Yuma Project was used to provide water to irrigate 68,091 acres in some towns. Which meant more farmland would get watered, then more crops would grow. Which would then increase the value of the farmland. More people would be getting jobs because of all the crops that are growing. Which would then increase the standards of living. For the people growing and selling it would mean an increase in income. The increase in jobs and the increase in income would mean that more people would come to get a good paying job and have a standard lifestyle. It did also have negative...
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