...lycopene can amend BP control with proper acquired facts of drug interactions. Paran and colleagues had a study on lycopene in the treatment of type I hypertension for 8 weeks with 10mg lycopene serum. Abruptly it drop blood pressure and firmly function well in endothelial vessels. Thus supplementations are proven lately to be reliable on exhortation with 10-20mg in lycopene food sources. On effective confirmation investigations proceeded further on vasculatures in cardiac disease on healthy participants. The body weight, height and BMI in kg measured separately for venous occlusion...
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...transport proteins - Can be stored (liver & body fat); daily supplies not as important - More concern about excess intake Bioavailability: the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used; depends on amount in food and amount usable by body Minerals: - Inorganic - Retain chemical identity - Absorption issues: bioavailability (minerals bind to other compounds) - Toxicity issues - Classification: o Macrominerals: >5 grams; ex. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chloride o Trace minerals: --(vitamin B6) NAD/NADP o Redox reactions: Oxidation: • Acts as a hydrogen acceptor • NAD (P) becomes NAD (P)H • Oxidation of numerous fuel molecules (ex. Pyruvate, TCA intermediates, glycolysis intermediates, pentose phosphate pathway) Reduction: • Acts as a hydrogen donor • NAD(P)H becomes NAD(P) • Reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids o NADPH generated from pentose phosphate pathway Note: PPP also generates ribose for nucleic acid synthesis - Deficiency: o Pellagra: 4 D’s : Diarrhea, Dermatitus, Dementia, Death Isoniazoid – competes with pyridoxal phosphate Hartnup’s disease – defect in absorption process for...
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...Hypothyroid Disease A deficiency of the thyroid hormone leads to hypothyroid disease; a disease that may be characterized both in clinical and pathophysiological manifestations throughout the body system. The most prevalent causes of hypothyroid disease include various autoimmune diseases, medication for hyperthyroid disease, and having had surgery on the thyroid. Other not so common causes of hypothyroidism include certain congenital diseases, pituitary disorder, pregnancy, or a deficiency in iodine. Hypothyroid disease may be divided into primary and secondary hypothyroidism. When there is a deficiency in the synthesis of hormones or damage to thyroid tissue, primary hypothyroidism results. Secondary hypothyroid disease, rather, occurs when there is not enough thyroid-stimulating hormone available. This insufficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone could be a result of a defect in the anterior pituitary gland. Secondary hypothyroidism may also be caused by an insufficient amount of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which most likely occurs due to impairment of hypothalamus functioning. Most patients tend to have a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Most frequently this disease is found in women over the age of 60. Autoimmune disorders put a patient at an even higher risk for developing hypothyroidism, as does a family history of autoimmune disorders. In order to test for levels of thyroid hormone or thyroid-stimulating hormone within the body a blood test may be done...
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...Let’s follow the path of a delicious ham and cheese sandwich with lettuce and pickles as it is eaten and digested! Start at the beginning and discuss the anatomical parts as well as the biochemical roles that contribute to this sandwich being turned into chemical energy. Be sure to include mechanical and chemical mechanisms, along with how they are metabolized in the body! Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by various cells within the body. The breakdown is initiated when food is ingested in the mouth and specific enzymes are exposed to components within the food molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication, or chewing, performed by the teeth. The purpose of chewing is to grant the food more exposure to enzymes, therefore allowing chemical digestion to occur faster. The presence of the food in the mouth stimulates exocrine glands. This causes the mouth to secrete digestive enzymes, namely salivary amylase. These secreted enzymes aid in the breakdown of foods, officially starting the digestion process. Carbohydrates in particular are mostly broken down by salivary amylase. Salivary amylase breaks starch, a popular carb, down to maltose. This means that the bread of the ham and cheese sandwich will notably be chemically altered at this point. It is because of this that bread begins to taste somewhat sweet if it is held in the mouth for some time. Muncins, or mucous, found within saliva help hold the food...
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...Substances found in plant foods that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties are phytochemicals 2 Which is NOT an example of moderation in your diet and lifestyle? Going back for seconds on all dinner items, rather than just the item you like best 3 All of the following are macronutrients except vitamins 4 All of the following are macronutrients lipids carbohydrates protein 5 Which of the following statements about proteins is false? Proteins are made of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. 6 following statements about proteins are true Proteins differ based on the combinations of amino acids used in each type of protein. Proteins are composed of amino acids. Dietary protein from animal sources better matches the amino acid needs of humans compared to dietary protein derived from plants sources. 7 If you know you are going to order dessert at dinner tonight, which of these choices would illustrate the concept of balancing your choices? Choosing a salad with fat-free salad dressing for lunch 8 With the exception of _______, all the classes of nutrients are involved in forming and maintaining the body’s structure. vitamins 9 Gram per gram, ______ provide the most kcalories. lipids 10 A deficient intake of _______ is known to produce osteoporosis. calcium 11 Some nutrient deficiencies occur quickly, whereas others take more time to develop. Which of the following nutrient deficiencies are listed in the order...
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...epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional dosage forms may not result in efficient formulation owing to their poor biopharmaceutical properties. Principles of novel drug delivery systems need to be applied to significantly improve the performance of antioxidants. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) would also help in delivery of these antioxidants by oral route, as this route is of prime importance when antioxidants are intended...
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...The Water-Soluble Vitamins: B Vitamins and Vitamin C I. The Vitamins—An Overview Vitamins differ from carbohydrate, fat and protein in structure, function and food contents. Vitamins are similar to the energy-yielding nutrients in that they are vital to life, organic and available from foods. Both deficiencies and excesses of the vitamins can affect health. A. Bioavailability is the rate and extent that a nutrient is absorbed and used. B. Precursors, also known as provitamins, are consumed in an inactive form and become active vitamins in the body. C. The organic nature of vitamins means they can be destroyed by exposure to light, oxidation, cooking, and storage. There are methods used to minimize nutrient losses. 1. Refrigerate fruits and vegetables. 2. Store cut fruits and vegetables in airtight wrappers or closed containers and refrigerate. 3. Clean fruits and vegetables before they are cut. 4. Use a microwave, steam, or simmer in small amounts of water. Save cooking water for other uses. Avoid high temperatures and long cooking times. D. Solubility and storage 1. Water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) are absorbed directly into the blood and travel freely. a. Circulate freely b. Excreted in urine C. Required in more frequent intakes 2. Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, K and E) are absorbed first into the lymph, then the blood. Many require protein carriers...
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...Vyvanse: An Investigation of the New Breed of ADHD Treatment By Craig Leopold Psychopharmacology Dr. Zoladz 9 May 2011 On April 23, 2008, Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) received FDA approval for the adult population. The approval of this drug marked a new era in evolution of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder treatments. After decades of criticism on the rampant abuse and alleged overprescribing of amphetamine ADHD medications New River Pharmaceuticals responded by developing lisdexamfetamine, a compound that is inactive until converted to dextroamphetamine by the gastrointestinal tract. This means that Vyvanse is only effective when taken orally, reducing the potential for abuse. Moreover, that Vyvanse lasts much longer than typical amphetamine ADHD medications. One administration of the drug lasts throughout an entire day. Although this drug removes a few issues pertaining to amphetamine treatment of ADHD, there has been questioning as to its efficacy in treating the full range of symptoms caused by ADHD because it is broken down into dextroamphetamine alone instead of a combination of amphetamines such as Adderall. Nevertheless, Vyvanse has been established as efficacious in the treatment of ADHD symptoms. In order investigate this new breed of ADHD treatment more completely one must understand the neurobiology of ADHD, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of lisdexamfetamine, and what the empirical evidence on Vyvanse suggests. Before...
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...one source of antioxidants. Although there are other sources of antioxidants, such as fresh fruits and veggies, the human body is able to absorb more of these beneficial substances from coffee. Coffee contains caffeine which is a natural stimulant. It helps sports men and women recover from extreme exercise. "If you give an athlete more petrol in the tank, they will go further. What we've done is to give them 50-60 per cent more petrol," said Professor John Hawley, head of the exercise metabolism group at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Victoria, Australia. In the study, athletes cycled to exhaustion before eating a carbohydrate sports drink, bar or gel with a high caffeine dose immediately after the exercise, and then two hours later. "We found that the amount of carbohydrate that could be stored by the muscles when ingested along with caffeine was about 60 per cent higher than with carbohydrates alone. If you've got 60 per cent more fuel there for your next day's run, cycle ride or football game, there is no question that you would be able to go further or faster. "The practical outcome of that is that an athlete training or competing the next day will have a better...
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...Chapter 5: The Skeletal System 1. List six functions of the skeleton. a. Support b. Movement c. Protection d. Storage of minerals e. Fat storage f. Blood cell production 2. Compare compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense bone with very few spaces and is covered by a nourishing membrane called the periosteum. Spongy bone is identified by its many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. Where are the yellow and red marrow found in adults? A long bone in the human body contains both compact bone and spongy bone. The compact bone is found on the outer surface of the bone and compose the shaft. The spongy bone is found at the ends of the long bone. Yellow bone marrow it found in the central shaft of the long bone surrounded by the compact bone. Red bone marrow is found in spaces of the spongy bone. 4. Describe the structure of an osteon, and explain the function of osteocytes and the central canal. The osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes (mature bone cells) in a rigid matrix. O steocytes are located within a lacuna in the matrix. Canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal. This allows for the transport of items between the cells and the blood vesels in the central canal. 5. Describe the formation of bone in a fetus. Explain how bone growth continues after birth. During fetal...
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...Biol 121 lecture introduction 23rd feb : Pass program Little groups * Learning notes topics discussions * Informal * opens Friday 27th feb 5.00 Studies: How the body works Anatomy Gross anatomy – internal structures Microscopic anatomy- study of cells, study of tissues (microscope) Physiology- cellular physiology – e.g. nerves and muscle fibres Integrative physiology- different tissues and organs, functions e.g. cardiovascular Levels of organisation e.g. tissues, organs, organ systems organism levels Go through link called echo – access lecture recordings My unit- weekly feedback quiz Biology and chemistry lessons Textbook folder mastering a&p Lecture d 3rd week on a Tuesday Labour day (Monday) good Friday Assessments In class tests (30%) Quiz a (10 %) quiz b (20%) Worksheet questions (30%) Final exam 40% See unit outline for due dates, methods, extensions Quiz a Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that...
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...Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition * Nutrition: food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up * Herbivores (plants or algae) vs. Carnivores (other animals) vs. Omnivores (All) * Most animals are opportunistic feeders – eat outside their standard diet when their usual foods aren’t available * Animals must eat * But, to survive and reproduce balance their consumption, storage, and use of food 33.1: AN ANIMAL’S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENIAL NUTRIENTS * Diet must satisfy 3 nutritional needs: * Chemical energy for cellular processes * Organic building blocks for macromolecules * Essential nutrients * Activities of animals depends on sources of chemical energy that is used to produce ATP * To meet the continuous requirement for ATP, animals ingest and digest nutrients * Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids for cellular respiration and energy storage Essential Nutrients * Essential nutrients are preassembled organic molecules and minerals * Obtained from an animal’s diet * Include essential fatty acids and amino acids, vitamins, minerals * Key function: serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions * Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids * Animals convert fatty acids to a variety of cellular components * Membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, storage fats * Essential fatty acids – animals can’t...
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...BIOL 301 Human Health and Disease Final Exam Answers Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/biol-301-human-health-and-disease-final-exam-answers/ For More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com PLEASE follow the directions. Submit your answers (as a .doc, .docx, or .rtf) by using the table on the last page (e.g., 1.A, 2.B, 3.C, etc.) and returning only the TABLE by way of your Assignment Folder. Following the TABLE should be your ESSAY Question answers. 50 Multiple Choice Questions at 4 points each. 10 Essay Questions. Choose 2 to answer at 20 points each. 50 Multiple Choice Questions at 4 points each. 1. Dr. Sue Mi is interested in diseases of the retina. The field of study best suited to her interests is 2. physiology B. anatomy C. pathology D. bowling 2. There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is 3. organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B. cell, tissue, organ, system, organism 4. system, cell, organ, organism, tissue D. cell, system, tissue, organ, organism 3. The atomic number of sodium is 11. The sodium ion has a single positive charge (Na+). How many electrons does the sodium ion have? 4. 10 B. 11 5. 12 D. More information is required to answer this question...
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...BIOL 301 Human Health and Disease Final Exam Answers Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/biol-301-human-health-and-disease-final-exam-answers/ For More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com PLEASE follow the directions. Submit your answers (as a .doc, .docx, or .rtf) by using the table on the last page (e.g., 1.A, 2.B, 3.C, etc.) and returning only the TABLE by way of your Assignment Folder. Following the TABLE should be your ESSAY Question answers. 50 Multiple Choice Questions at 4 points each. 10 Essay Questions. Choose 2 to answer at 20 points each. 50 Multiple Choice Questions at 4 points each. 1. Dr. Sue Mi is interested in diseases of the retina. The field of study best suited to her interests is 2. physiology B. anatomy C. pathology D. bowling 2. There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is 3. organ, tissue, cell, organism, system B. cell, tissue, organ, system, organism 4. system, cell, organ, organism, tissue D. cell, system, tissue, organ, organism 3. The atomic number of sodium is 11. The sodium ion has a single positive charge (Na+). How many electrons does the sodium ion have? 4. 10 B. 11 5. 12 D. More information is required to answer this question...
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...Geriatrics Geriatrics Jennifer P. Dugan, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Assistant Professor University of Colorado Colorado, Denver Updates in Therapeutics: The Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Review and Recertification Course 31 Geriatrics Learning Objectives: The following case pertains to questions 2 and 3. J.T. is an 82-year-old community-dwelling woman with a history of stage III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend...
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