...Effects of Methamphetamine Carla Respondo COM/172 November 11, 2012 Susi McFarland The human body is affected in different ways when one uses Methamphetamine, also known as Crystal Meth. The drug is white crystalline drugs that people have been known to induce by snorting it, smoking it or injecting it with a syringe. The effects of the drug last between six to eight hours depending on the way the drug is ingested into the body. It can last up to twenty-four hours in some cases. The effects can cause one to have short-term/ long-term damage physically and mentally. The National Institute on Drug Abuse has research that over a period of time, more than 300,000 people in the United States alone uses this highly addictive stimulant. The earliest uses the Methamphetamine was during World War II. The German and Finnish government would give it to their soldiers. The soldiers would stay awake for days at a time and fight the war. In 1942 Adolf Hitler was known for taking injections of the drug and he developed Parkinson’s disease like symptoms that were a result from using methamphetamine. During the periods of 1940’s top the 1950’s, Japan administered to this drug to their industrial workers to increase their productivity. In 1970 after the Controlled Substances Act it restricted its availability in the manufacturing industry. When that had happened a large “meth labs” that are illegal starting arising in the Southwest, West, and parts of the Mid West...
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...Drug Abuse and its Psychological Effects Jessica Cadett University of Phoenix Abstract Substance abuse causes substance dependence that of which is a group of psychological and physical symptoms which causes addicts and drug abusers to use drugs and other substances compulsively in order to self-medicate. However, because an abuser takes high amounts of drugs daily, they tend to need larger amounts of drugs in order for an addict to receive a decent euphoric feeling from a drug. Withdrawal symptoms are psychological, as well as physical, causing person’s with drug abuse issues to feel the need of drugs in order to live or function, as well as feeling the need of drugs to help subside physical pain, sleeplessness, low energy levels, and stomach virus symptoms. These psychological symptoms are caused by the chemical chain reactions and chemical imbalances within the human brain. Drug abuse, especially a large amount of drug abuse, causes drug abusers to risk attaining addiction, as well as causing many psychological issues and physical issues within their life. Some people who do not understand addiction and drug abuse do not always realize that abusing drugs is not merely a way of life, but instead it is simply a serious health condition usually generated through genetic DNA or because of a physiological chemical imbalance from long-term drug use. Drug Abuse and its Psychological Effects For many years, drugs have become a huge epidemic throughout the world, affecting...
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...Final Paper – Illegal Drug Use ITT Technical Institute - Boise Introduction My position is that illegal drug use is harmful and dangerous. I hope to show in this paper some of the many physical effects illegal drug use can have on the human body. Second, I will show how the use of illegal drugs impacts families in general. Lastly, I will cover the effects of illegal drug use on society as a whole. Background I understand the counter position; others would say that the three most dangerous drugs are drugs that are currently legal. I agree with this statement somewhat, but it is actually the illegal use of the legal drug that is so harmful in this case. So many people and the media focus on illegal drug use and the effects of them that they totally ignore the problems associated with the illegal use of legal drugs and the many problems associated with this type of drug abuse. I believe that the illegal use of prescription drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol, are just as harmful as the drugs that the Federal Government has deemed to be an “illegal drug”. "The misuse of pain medication is probably one of our greatest drug addictions in America right now," Mike Gimbel, a drug expert from St. Joseph Medical Center, said in 2011 (Gimbel, 2011). Another drug that is sometimes used illegally or abused has been around for decades. "Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in our country. I mean, we have over half a million people a year that die as a result of smoking...
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...producers of prescription drugs has created a medicine called Ivermectin for treating animals for such as horses, sheep’s, pigs and others against many intestinal worms, mites, ticks and insects. While they were doing clinical testing Dr. William Campbell who is a researcher found out that it was effective against a parasite in horses that was similar to the parasite that causes river blindness. * River blindness is cause by a tiny black fly near river banks in third world countries that could bit humans with a parasitic worm (Onhocerca Volvulus) that could grow to two feet inside which releases a microscopic offspring’s (microfilariae) which swarm thru the body tissue that cases a very irritating itch that led to some people committing subside. Some 85 million people are infected by this. After many year in the system the microscopic offspring cause skin depigmentation of skin eventually invading the eye causing blindness. What are the ethical issues, concerns, problems? * The ethical issue with this is that the Merck & Co Inc. Dr. P. Roy Vagelos has to decide to either fund the Iermectin drug to be made for humans that have been brought up by Dr. Campbell to cure river blindness. The drug could cure the river blindness but it would not make enough profit to even pay off for the fund invested for research, it is because most of the people who need the drug are in third world countries that cannot pay for it. On top of the production of the drug not making profit they...
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...Reproducible Skills Pages, Including: >>Body & Brain Science >>Reading Comprehension >>Graphs, Charts >>Critical Thinking >>Sequencing 14 Drug Education Activities FROM SCHOLASTIC AND THE SCIENTISTS OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES STEPHEN KRONINGER(ILLUSTRATION) Dear Teacher, One of the most important things you can do as a teacher is to give your students information about the health effects of drug abuse. Together with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), we’ve put together this 16-page book of reproducibles, full of facts and activities on drugs of abuse. This book is just one component of our ongoing drug education program, “Heads Up: Real News About Drugs and Your Body,” a partnership between NIDA and Scholastic Inc. These skills pages can be used alone or to support and extend the feature articles that appeared in your classroom magazine in the 2002- 2003 school year and are continuing this year. This book includes an introduction to the brain, that crucial organ so vulnerable to drugs of abuse. Then, we focus on the health effects of specific drugs, including marijuana, inhalants, nicotine, steroids, prescription drugs, club drugs, heroin, and cocaine. While you can use these reproducibles to support a drug education, health, or human-body science curriculum, the activities extend into other areas. In order to complete the activities, students must read charts and graphs...
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...of serotonin re uptake that would normally be occurring causing there to be an unnaturally high level of serotonin in the system (Sprague et al 1998). This increase in serotonin is thought to be the cause of many of the effects of ecstasy. This essay will firstly support the view that serotonin is the cause of many of the effects of ecstasy but will then go on to discuss how other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and neuroepherine and hormones are also responsible for some of the effects of ecstasy whilst still maintaining the argument that although other neurotransmitters have certain effects serotonin has the most prominent role in the effects of ecstasy. Although the use of ecstasy may feel psychologically euphoric for the user, the impact on the body is far less positive and can achieve detrimental levels (Sprague et al1998). Previous studies have shown that users who use MDMA for prolonged periods or who use it heavily are more likely to reduce the overall number of serotonin transporters (SERT) that remain capable of bringing the neurotransmitter back to the neuron after it is released (Simon et al, 2002)—this creates a damage to the neurons that release serotonin, causing long term and persistent memory problems more than two weeks after the drug has cleared the system. This is also known as the neurodegeneration hypothesis of MDMA and includes the theory that Mdma causes reduction of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) which is the enzyme required for 5HT synthesis. Kish...
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...Every year, about 100 million animals are experimented on in the United States alone. Animals are used in biomedical research to test the effects of drugs, so that humans are not harmed by unforeseen side effects. Although it can lead to new findings, animals experimentation should not be allowed because it does not give accurate results, there are alternative methods, and it wastes resources. First, animal testing does not give accurate results. According to Michael O. Leavitt, former secretary of the US department of Health and Human Services, 9 out of every 10 drugs that are experimented on animals fail in clinical studies (Goodman, 2012). Testing a drug on an animal can only show about one fifth of possible side effects, due to the fact...
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...by assuring the safety and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices. FDA is also responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines more effective, safer, and more affordable and by helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medicines to maintain and improve their health. Finally, FDA plays a significant role in the Nation’s counterterrorism capability. FDA fulfills this responsibility by fostering development of medical products to respond to deliberate and naturally emerging public health threats. What does the FDA regulate? The scope of FDA’s regulatory authority is very broad. FDA's responsibilities are closely related to those of several other government agencies. Often frustrating and confusing for consumers is determining the appropriate regulatory agency to contact. The following is a list of traditionally-recognized product categories that fall under FDA’s regulatory jurisdiction Drugs, including: • prescription drugs (both brand-name and generic) • non-prescription (over-the-counter) drugs • vaccines • blood and blood products • cellular and gene therapy products • tissue and tissue products The Federal Drug Act is the basic food and drug law of the U.S. With numerous amendments, it is the most extensive law of its kind in the world. The law is intended to assure the consumer that drugs and devices are safe and effective for...
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...is indispensable because they require a complete living organism in the process of developing pharmaceutical products. Scientific evidences have proven that humans and animals differ with regard to metabolism, physiology, and anatomy (Portaluppi 101). Further evidences point to different reactions to pharmaceuticals and chemicals among animals sourced from different species (van der Worp et al). Consequently, it is impractical to predict the possibility of humans reacting in a similar manner to pharmaceutical products as animals. A study...
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...products, or drugs, that do not work. Finding cures, and treatments for diseases is important to us. We all want safe medical treatments that will have no side effects. There are those who believe that animal testing is necessary to do. When there wasn’t advanced technology or new methods in the past, animal testing contributed a lot to medicine. Many animal trials helped find treatments for many diseases. They important roles in breaking life-saving discoveries. “Dogs were injected with extracts made from the pancreas of other animals, which led to insulin therapy for human diabetes” according to Ri Scarborough. Scarborough...
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...Perspective on Drugs and Drug Use Erich Goode, Professor of Sociology at SUNY Stony Brook From: Drugs in American Society, Chapter 1 ©1972 Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-31323-2 SOCIAL CONTEXT AND HUMAN MEANING What can a sociologist tell us about drug use that we do not already know? If there is anything particularly distinctive about the sociologist's view, it is his emphasis on social context. It might appear that this concept seeped into the public consciousness long ago, that it is a banality. But if this were so, the stupendous blunders committed every day by drug researchers and commentators would not occur. If the concept were really understood, a large part of the drug problem would also be understood. The social context of drug use powerfully influences—indeed, it might almost be said determines—at least four central aspects of the drug reality, aspects that traditionally have been presumed to grow directly out of the chemical and pharmacological properties of drugs themselves, independent of human intervention. These four aspects are drug definitions, drug effects, drug-related behavior, and the drug experience. The sociological perspective stands in direct opposition to what might be called the chemicalistic fallacy—the view that drug A causes behavior X, that what we see as behavior and effects associated with a given drug are solely (or even mainly) a function of the biochemical properties of that drug, of the drug plus the human animal, or even of the drug plus...
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...will discuss about the causes and effects resulted by the use of hallucinogens. I. Hallucinogens A. Description/Definition of Hallucinogens B. Examples of Hallucinogens II. Reasons For the Use of Hallucinogens A. For Medical Use B. For Other Use III. Effects of Use of Hallucinogens A. Beneficial Effects 1. Physical Effects 2. Mental Effects B. Harmful Effects 1. Physical Effects 2. Mental Effects IV. Laws and Sanctions in Prohibiting the Use of Hallucinogens A. Republic Act No. 7394 B. Republic Act No. 6425 C. Republic Act No. 9165. CONCLUSION Hallucinogens are not all bad. It has good effect to the body and it can be also used in human medication and veterinary setting but should be taken in enough amount/dosage. They usually are in form of crystalline powder in its pure state. INTRODUCTION Drug addiction is common problem to the different parts of the world. In Filipino community, news on the television and radio says about the PDEA (Philippine Drug) or other government agencies that concerns about drug and health executed a drug raid or clearing to a barangay, house or etc. Hallucinogens are used in medication and intoxication in some countries specifically in Asia long before. Yet many parts at the world would strongly consider hallucinogen as an illegal substance. The probable reason for the use of these substances is the pleasure sensation given by the drug to its user. Users would say that...
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...Compare and Contrast how Cocaine, Ecstasy, Heroin and Cannabis Work in the Brain Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis, are of natural or synthetic origin, which can alter the emotional state, perception, body functioning and behaviour of an individual. Drugs are known to work in the brain by activating certain brain circuits via different mechanisms, and stimulate or inhibit different neurons in the pathway. However, due to the effects of each drug being different, a drug will affect either different pathways and neurons in the brain to that of another, or through a different process, i.e. direct or indirect activity. This essay will discuss the different mechanisms of action that cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis have in the brain, in terms of their similarities and dissimilarities. Recent studies are also discussed in relation to such theories, with findings of research having been derived from both humans and animals. Ecstasy and cocaine are psychostimulants that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They both act as ‘indirect agonists’, which increase neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the synapse. By binding to the transporters that normally remove the excess of these neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap, ecstasy and cocaine prevent them from being reabsorbed by the neurons that released them, and therefore increase their concentration in the synapses. Changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline neurotransmitters...
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...Clinical Trial Definition: “Clinical trial” means a systematic study of new drug(s) in human subject(s) to generate data for discovering and / or verifying the clinical, pharmacological (including pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic) and /or adverse effects with the objective of determining safety and / or efficacy of the new drug. “ Drug Development Process: The process of drug development can be broadly classified as pre-clinical and clinical Pre- clinical refers to experimentation that occurs before it is given to human subjects; whereas, clinical refers to experimentation with humans. Within the realm of clinical research, clinical trials are classified into four phases. [pic] Classification of Various phases of clinical trials: There are five different phases of clinical trials, which include: ➢ Phase 0 Trials (Micro dosing trials) ➢ Phase I Trials (Human Pharmacology/ First time in Man Studies) ➢ Phase II Trials (Pilot Trials/ Therapeutic Exploratory trials) ➢ Phase III Trials ( Expanded clinical trials/Therapeutic Confirmatory trials) ➢ Phase IV Trials ( Post Marketing trials) 1. Phase 0 Trails/Micro dosing Trials: Micro dosing, or human phase 0 clinical trials, is a technique whereby sub pharmacological doses of prospective drug candidates are administered to human volunteers. A micro dose study provides early pharmacokinetic data in humans and only requires minimal preclinical toxicology safety testing’ A micro dose...
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... Teacher: Topic: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Drug Abuse. Physiological Effects * Physiological effects of drug abuse vary by the type of drug. Stimulants, such as amphetamines, can delay sleep and elevate a person's mood, but high amounts can cause nervousness and anxiety in the user. Depressants, by contrast, impair mental and physical functions, and slow neural activity in the brain. With some drugs, especially narcotics such as opium or heroin, the body can build a tolerance in which it adjusts to the drug's presence. Over time, the body requires higher doses to maintain the same effect. When an abuser stops taking the drug, the body experiences withdrawal symptoms, such as feeling weak or sick. Withdrawal symptoms are the body's reaction to the absence of the drug to which it had become adjusted. Social Effects * The social effects of drug abuse begin with abusers and their families. Substance abuse has been a factor in divorce, family violence and related problems. The social effects extend into the larger society, as well, such as through crimes committed by drug abusers to get money needed to feed drug habits. Further, the lucrative nature of drug trafficking fuels crime as rival drug gangs fight for control of the traffic. The U.S. government, for example, noted increased drug-related violence on the U.S.-Mexico border and cited drug gangs in these areas as the nation's leading organized crime threat Economic Effects * Reports by UNDCP have pointed...
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